雷米普利、地高辛、利尿剂联用治疗慢性充血性心衰的临床观察

目的:比较雷米普利(ramipril)、地高辛、利尿剂合用与地高辛、利尿剂合用对慢性充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患者心功能、心率、心胸比率及左室射血分数(LVEF)的影响。方法:60例CHF患者随机分配至两个组,分别接受雷米普利、地高辛、利尿剂(简称雷米普利组)及地高辛加利尿剂(简称对照组),治疗12周。结果:两组患者治疗1周后、心率减慢与治疗前相比有显著差异(P<0.01),雷米普利组治疗12周与治疗1周相比、心率减慢仍有显著差异(P<0.01),而对照组则改善不显著(P>0.05);雷米普利组治疗12周后心胸比率缩小,LVEF提高较治疗前有非常显著差异(P<0.01),而对照组治疗后LVEF提高较治疗前无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:雷米普利、地高辛、利尿剂联用对CHF患者心率减慢、心胸比率缩小、LVEF提高的疗效较好。     

培哚普利与倍他乐克联用治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭的疗效观察

目的:观察雅施达和倍他乐克联合治疗对慢性充血性心力衰竭(CHF)病人的心功能、心率、血压、心胸比率及左室射血分数(LVEF)的影响。方法:75例CHF病人随机分为两组,治疗组36例采用倍他乐克、雅施达、地高辛、利尿剂治疗;对照组39例采用地高辛、利尿剂、扩血管药治疗,均治疗12周。结果:治疗组心率减慢,血压下降,心胸比缩小,LVEF提高,与治疗前相比差异有显著意义(P<0.05),亦优于对照组(P<0.05),而对照组治疗后心率减慢,心胸比缩小,LVEF提高,但与治疗前相比差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论:雅施达与倍他乐克联合治疗CHF可明显使病人的心率减慢,血压下降,心胸比率缩小,LVEF提高。     

培哚普利并美托洛尔治疗充血性心力衰竭的临床观察

目的:观察培垛普利,美托洛尔联合治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭(CHF)病人对心功能,心率,心胸比及左室射血分数(LVEF)的影响。方法:CHF病人60例随机分为2组,对照组28例采用洋地黄,利尿剂,培垛普利治疗,治疗组32例采用洋地黄,利尿剂,培垛普利,美托洛尔治疗,疗程均6周。结果:治疗组经治疗后,心率减慢,血压降低,心胸比缩小,LVEF提高,与治疗前比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。而对照组治疗后心率减慢,心胸比缩小,血压降低,LVEF提高,但与治疗前比较无显著性差异。治疗组治疗后心率,血压,心胸比,射血分数与对照组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:培垛普利,美托洛尔联合治疗CHF,可明显使病人心率减慢,血压降低,心胸比缩小,LVEF提高。     

雷米普利对慢性心衰患者运动耐量、再住院率及血钾、血肌酐的影响

目的　比较雷米普利 (Ramipril)、强心利尿药联用与强心利尿药单用对慢性心力衰竭 (CHF)患者运动耐量、再住院率及血钾、血肌酐的影响。方法　符合入选条件的CHF患者随机分配至两个组 ,分别接受雷米普利、地戈率、利尿剂 (以下称雷米普利组 )治疗 12周与地戈率、利尿剂(以下称对照组 )治疗 12周。结果　治疗 12周后雷米普利组患者 6min步行距离增加明显 ,与治疗前比较 ,统计学有非常显著差异 (P <0 0 0 1) ;而对照组治疗后 6min步行距离无明显增加 ,雷米普利组再住院率明显低于对照组 ;治疗 12周后 ,雷米普利组血钾明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,而两组患者血肌酐则无统计学差异。结论　在强心利尿药的基础上加用雷米普利治疗CHF ,可明显提高患者运动耐量及降低再住院率。雷米普利对CHF患者血钾有升高作用 ,对血肌酐影响不明显     

美托洛尔治疗慢性心力衰竭临床观察

目的观察美托洛尔治疗慢性心力衰竭（CHF）的疗效。方法将60例CHF病人随机分为治疗组和对照组，对照组常规接受利尿剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）、吸氧、休息等治疗，治疗组在此基础上加用美托洛尔治疗，临床随访观察2个月后测试两组的心率、心胸比率、左室射血分数等指标。结果治疗组在减慢心率、缩小心胸比率、提高左室射血分数方面明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论在常规治疗CHF的基础上加用美托洛尔可以更好地改善CHF病人的心功能及预后。     

卡维地洛改善充慢性心力衰竭患者心功能的临床研究

目的:观察卡维地洛(Carvedilol)治疗慢性心力衰竭(CHF)的临床疗效.方法:将80例NYHA心功能Ⅱ～Ⅳ级CHF患者随机分为两组:Carvedilol组40例,采用常规治疗(ACEI、利尿剂、血管扩张剂、有或无洋地黄) Carvedilol;Betaloc组40例,常规治疗 Betaloc.随访1～2年,观察两组治疗前后血流动力学、左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、6 min步行距离(6-MWD)及心功能变化. 结果:两组治疗后心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、心肌耗氧量(HR×SBP)、LVEDD、LVESD、LVEF、左室短轴缩短分数(LVFS)、NYHA心功能分级均较治疗前显著改善(P＜0.01),而Carvedilol组在血流动力学及心功能改善上较Betaloc组更明显(P＜0.05);但治疗后组间HR降低无显著差异(P＞0.05).两组治疗后6-MWD也均较治疗前显著增加(P＜0.01),尤其Carvedilol组(P＜0.05).Carvedilol组无不良反应出现. 结论:联用Carvedilol治疗CHF安全有效.     

卡维地洛对慢性心力衰竭患者血管内皮功能及细胞因子的影响

目的观察卡维地洛对慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure,CHF)患者血管内皮功能的影响,同时观察卡维地洛对患者细胞因子的影响以及与心功能的相关性.方法入选CHF患者52例,随机分为常规抗CHF治疗组(25例)和卡维地洛组(27例),后者在常规抗CHF治疗基础上加用卡维地洛.疗程为12周.正常对照组为健康者(26例).所有CHF患者治疗前后均测定左室舒张末期内径(LVDd)和收缩末期内径(LVDs)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、肱动脉反应性充血状态下血管内径和血流量的变化、血一氧化氮(nitrogen monoxide,NO)、内皮素(endothelin,ET 1)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)等指标.结果CHF患者肱动脉反应性充血状态下血管内径扩张程度和血流量增加程度均低于正常对照组(P＜0.01),CHF患者血NO、ET 1、TNF-α、IL-6等指标均高于正常对照组(P ＜0.01).12周治疗后,卡维地洛组改善肱动脉反应性充血状态下血管内径扩张程度和血流量增加程度均优于常规抗CHF治疗组(P＜0.01),改善LVDd、LVDs和LVEF均优于常规抗CHF治疗组(P＜0.01).同时,卡维地洛组ET-1、IL-6等指标的下降也优于常规抗CHF治疗组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).另外,52例CHF患者治疗前LVEF值与TNF-α值或IL-6值存在一定的负相关,相关系数分别是r=-0.55(P＜0.01)和r=-0.57(P＜0.01).结论CHF患者存在着内皮功能紊乱,TNF-α及IL-6等细胞因子被激活;卡维地洛可有效改善CHF患者的心功能和血管内皮功能,缩小心腔,降低TNF-α及IL-6等细胞因子.     

氯沙坦治疗充血性心力衰竭的临床观察

目的探讨氯沙坦治疗充血性心力衰竭(CHF)的临床疗效.方法30例CHF病人规律服用氯沙坦16周,观察治疗前后的心胸比例、左室舒张末内径(LVDd)、左室射血分数(LVEF)及6min步行距离变化.结果治疗后CHF病人的LVEF显著提高(0.32±0.02 vs 0.51±0.02,P＜0.01),LVDd显著缩短(67.1 mm±3.5 mm vs 60.4 mm±4.5 mm,P＜0.05),心胸比降低(0.67±0.06 vs 0.57±0.04,P＜0.01),活动耐量增加.结论氯沙坦是治疗心力衰竭的有效药物,必要时可作为血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂的替代药物.     

小剂量甲状腺激素治疗伴低T 3综合征的顽固充血性心力衰竭

目的：观察小剂量甲状腺激素治疗伴低T3综合征的顽固性充血性心力衰竭（CHF）的临床疗效。方法：53例经常规洋地黄、利尿剂、硝酸甘油及硝普钠等治疗效果欠佳的顽固性CHF患，在原治疗的基础上给予小剂量甲状腺激素优甲乐8．25－12．5ug/d，治疗两周，观察治疗前后心率、心胸比、左室舒张末期内径（LVDd）、左室射血分数（LVEF）以及心功能的变化。结果：治疗后心率、心胸比以及LVDd均明显下降（P＜0．01，P＜0．05，P＜0．05），LVEF增加（P＜0．01），心功能改善1－2级，基本无副作用。结论：顽固性CHF时，应考虑合并有低T3综合征， 明确诊断后，在常规抗心力衰竭治疗的基础上联合小剂量优甲乐治疗疗效较好。     

美托洛尔治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭的临床观察

目的 观察美托洛尔对慢性充血性心力衰竭(CHF)的临床疗效。方法 30例CHF患者均经超声心动图及X线心脏三位片确诊，在临床病情稳定2周且在用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)、利尿剂、地高辛基础上给予美托洛尔12.5～100mg／d，连续服药4～8周后，观察用药前后心率、血压、心功能及左室射血分数(LVEF)情况。结果 美托洛尔使30例CHF患者的心率减慢、血压下降、心功能改善，左室射血分数提高。结论 慢性充血性心力衰竭患者长期使用美托洛尔可使心功能改善，生活质量提高，改善预后。     

Biliary microlithiasis,sludge,crystals,microcrystallization,and usefulness of assessment of nucleation time

BACKGROUND:The process of microcrystallization,its sequel and the assessment of nucleation time is ignored.This systematic review aimed to highlight the importance of biliary microlithiasis,sludge,and crystals,and their association with gallstones,unexplained biliary pain,idiopathic pancreatitis, and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.DATA SOURCES:Three reviewers performed a literature search of the PubMed database.Key words used were"biliary microlithiasis","biliary sludge","bile crystals","cholesterol crystallisation","bile microscopy","microcrystal formation of bile","cholesterol monohydrate crystals","nucleation time of cholesterol","gallstone formation","sphincter of Oddi dysfunction"and"idiopathic pancreatitis".Additional articles were sourced from references within the studies from the PubMed search.RESULTS:We found that biliary microcrystals account for almost all patients with gallstone disease,7%to 79%with idiopathic pancreatitis,83%with unexplained biliary pain, and 25%to 60%with altered biliary and pancreatic sphincter function.Overall,the detection of biliary microcrystals in gallstone disease has a sensitivity ranging from 55%to 87%and a specificity of 100%.In idiopathic pancreatitis,the presence of microcrystals ranges from 47%to 90%.A nucleation time less than 10 days in hepatic bile or ultra-filtered gallbladder bile has a specificity of 100%for cholesterol gallstone disease.CONCLUSIONS:Biliary crystals are associated with gallstone disease,idiopathic pancreatitis,sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, unexplained biliary pain,and post-cholecystectomy biliary pain.Pathways of cholesterol super-saturation,crystallisation, and gallstone formation have been described with scientificsupport.Bile microscopy is a useful method to detect microcrystals and the assessment of nucleation time is a good method of predicting the risk of cholesterol crystallisation.     

Antibacterial activity of cefpodoxime in comparison with cefixime,cefdinir, cefetamet,ceftibuten, loracarbef,cefprozil, BAY 3522, cefuroxime,cefaclor and cefadroxil

Summary The new oral cephalosporins cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten demonstrate enhanced activity against Enterobacteriaceae susceptible to the established compounds as well (e.g. cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefadroxil). In addition, cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten include in their spectrum species hitherto resistant to oral cephalosporins (Proteus vulgaris, Providencia spp.,Yersinia enterocolitica). Besides, the majority of these compounds demonstrate relevant activity (MIC₅₀ equal to or below 2 mg/l) againstEnterobacter spp.,Citrobacter freundii, Serratia spp. andMorganella morganii. Ceftibuten is the most potent oral cephalosporin against most of the Enterobacteriaceae. Non-fermentative bacilli (Acinetobacter spp.,Pseudomonas spp.) remain completely resistant to oral cephalosporins (except someAcinetobacter species against cefdinir andPseudomonas cepacia against ceftibuten). Antistaphylococcal activity for oral cephalosporins is highest for cefdinir followed by BAY 3522, cefprozil, cefuroxime and cefpodoxime. Loracarbef, cefaclor and cefadroxil are about equally active, while the other compounds are only weakly active (cefixime) or inactive (cefetamet, ceftibuten). Enterococci are insensitive to new generation oral cephalosporins as they have been to established compounds. The most active oral cephalosporins against hemolytic streptococci are cefdinir and cefprozil.Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus milleri andStreptococcus mitior are most susceptible to cefpodoxime, cefdinir, cefuroxime and BAY 3522. Penicillin resistant pneumococci have to be regarded as resistant to all oral cephalosporins. Fastidious pathogens likeHaemophilus spp.,Moraxella catarrhalis andNeisseria gonorrhoeae are more susceptible to cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten than to the other oral cephalosporins. The activity of oral cephalosporins is only weak againstListeria spp.,Helicobacter pylori and anaerobic pathogens (except BAY 3522).Bordetella pertussis remains resistant to all absorbable cephalosporins. Progress in antibacterial activity of oral cephalosporins was mainly achieved by cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten against Enterobacteriaceae and the fastidious pathogens and against staphylococci and the nonenterococcal streptococci by cefdinir, BAY 3522, cefprozil and cefpodoxime.

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Antibakterielle Aktivität von Cefpodoxim im Vergleich mit anderen oralen Cephalosporinen

Zusammenfassung Die neuen oralen Cephalosporine Cefpodoxim, Cefixim, Cefdinir, Cefetamet und Ceftibuten zeigen eine verstärkte Aktivität auch gegen solche Enterobacteriaceae, die gegen etablierte Substanzen empfindlich sind (z.B. Cefuroxim, Cefaclor, Cefadroxil). Zusätzlich schließt das Spektrum von Cefpodoxim, Cefixim, Cefdinir, Cefetamet und Ceftibuten Spezies ein, die gegen die bisherigen oralen Cephalosporine resistent waren (Proteus vulgaris, Providencia spp.,Yersinia enterocolitica). Daneben zeigt die Mehrheit der neuen Substanzen erhöhte Aktivität (MHK₅₀<2 mg/l) gegenEnterobacter spp.,Citrobacter freundii, Serratia spp. undMorganella morganii. Gegen die meisten Enterobacteriaceae ist Ceftibuten das wirksamste orale Cephalosporin. Non-Fermenter (Acinetobacter spp.,Pseudomonas spp.) bleiben gegenüber oralen Cephalosporinen vollständig resistent (mit Ausnahme einigerAcinetobacter-Spezies gegen Cefdinir undPseudomonas cepacia gegen Ceftibuten). Die Antistaphylokokken-Aktivität oraler Cephalosporine ist am höchsten bei Cefdinir, gefolgt von BAY 3522, Cefprozil, Cefuroxim und Cefpodoxim. Loracarbef, Cefaclor und Cefadroxil sind etwa gleich aktiv, während die anderen Substanzen nur schwach aktiv (Cefixim) oder inaktiv sind (Cefetamet, Ceftibuten). Enterokokken sind gegenüber der neuen Generation oraler Cephalosporine ebenso unempfindlich wie gegenüber den etablierten Substanzen. Die aktivsten oralen Cephalosporine gegen hämolysierende Streptokokken sind Cefdinir und Cefprozil.Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus milleri undStreptococcus mitior sind am empfindlichsten gegen Cefpodoxim, Cefdinir, Cefuroxim und BAY 3522. Penicillin-resistente Pneumokokken müssen als resistent gegenüber allen oralen Cephalosporinen betrachtet werden. Anspruchsvolle Erreger wieHaemophilus spp.,Moraxella catarrhalis undNeisseria gonorrhoeae sind gegen Cefpodoxim, Cefixim, Cefdinir, Cefetamet und Ceftibuten empfindlicher als gegen die anderen oralen Cephalosporine. Die Aktivität oraler Cephalosporine gegenListeria spp.,Helicobacter pylori und Anaerobier (Ausnahme BAY 3522) ist nur schwach.Bordetella pertussis bleibt gegen alle resorbierbaren Cephalosporine resistent. Der Fortschritt in der antibakteriellen Aktivität oraler Cephalosporine wurde gegen Enterobacteriaceae und anspruchsvolle Erreger hauptsächlich durch Cefpodoxim, Cefixim, Cefdinir, Cefetamet und Ceftibuten erlangt, gegen Staphylokokken und Streptokokken (außer Enterokokken) durch Cefdinir, BAY 3522, Cefprozil und Cefpodoxim.

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Supported by Luitpold-Werk, a company of the Sankyo group.     

Electrochemical Recovery and Behaviors of Rare Earth (La,Ce, Pr,Nd, Sm,Eu, Gd,Tb, Dy,Ho, Er,Tm, and Yb) Ions on Ni Sheets

The electrochemical behaviors of rare earth (RE) ions have extensively been studied because of their high potential applications to the reprocessing of used nuclear fuels and RE-containing materials. In the present study, we fully investigated the electrochemical behaviors of RE(III) (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb) ions over a Ni sheet electrode in 0.1 M NaClO₄ electrolyte solution by cyclic voltammetry between +0.5 and −1.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Amperometry electrodeposition experiments were performed between −1.2 and −0.9 V to recover RE elements over the Ni sheet. The successfully RE-recovered Ni sheets were fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The newly reported recovery data for RE(III) ions over a metal electrode provide valuable information on the development of the treatment methods of RE elements.     

Clinical trials update: highlights of the scientific sessions of The American College of Cardiology 2002: LIFE,DANAMI 2, MADIT-2, MIRACLE-ICD,OVERTURE, OCTAVE,ENABLE 1 & 2, CHRISTMAS,AFFIRM, RACE,WIZARD, AZACS,REMATCH, BNP trial and HARDBALL

This article continues a series of reports updating recent research developments of particular interest to personnel involved in the treatment and management of patients with heart failure. This is a summary of selected presentations made at the American College of Cardiology 51st Annual Scientific Session held in Atlanta on 17-20 March 2002. Reports of the following clinical studies are included: LIFE, DANAMI 2, MADIT-2, MIRACLE-ICD, OVERTURE, OCTAVE, ENABLE 1 & 2, CHRISTMAS, AFFIRM, RACE, WIZARD, AZACS, REMATCH, BNP trial and HARDBALL.