茯苓醇提取物抗心脏移植急性排斥反应的实验研究

目的　研究茯苓醇提取物对心脏移植急性排斥反应的抑制作用。方法　以Wistar大鼠为供者、SD大鼠为受者 ,建立异位 (腹腔 )心脏移植模型 ,移植前按组分别以橄榄油、茯苓醇提取物及环孢素A灌胃 ,并设SD大鼠空白对照组。术后观察移植心的存活时间 ,测定各组术后第 7d外周血中白细胞介素 2 (IL 2 )和γ干扰素 (IFN γ)含量以及CD3+、CD4 +、CD8+细胞和CD4 +细胞与CD8+细胞的比值 (CD4 +/CD8+) ,并观察移植心的病理变化。结果　接受茯苓醇提取物 2 5mg·kg-1·d-1或 5 0mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃的大鼠 ,移植心存活时间显著延长 ,病理损害程度减轻 ,外周血IL 2及IFN γ的含量以及CD3+、CD4 +、CD8+细胞百分比和CD4 +/CD8+比值降低 ,与环孢素A 5mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃的结果相当。结论　茯苓醇提取物对心脏移植急性排斥反应具有明显的抑制作用。     

灵长类动物预致敏后肾移植加速排斥反应模型的建立

目的 建立灵长类动物预致敏后肾移植加速排斥反应模型.方法 取血型相容的正常猕猴配对,预先将供者腹部全层皮肤移植到受者背部,使受者预致敏.2周后再将同一供者的左侧肾脏移植到受者腹腔内,间时切除受者自体双肾,术后予以环孢素A、霉酚酸酯和泼尼松治疗(致敏用药组),不用免疫抑制剂者为对照(致敏对照组),以未致敏的肾移植作为对照组.术后观察受者血肌酐变化、移植物存活时间及病理特点.结果 对照组的4只移植肾存活时间分别为9、18、8、7 d;致敏对照组的3只移植肾存活时间分别为3、3、4 d;致敏用药组的3只移植肾存活时间分别为2、3、4 d.移植皮肤于术后10 d出现排斥反应,至术后14 d被完全排斥.对照组于肾移植1周以后才发牛排斥反应,而致敏者均在肾移植后3 d左右发生较严重的排斥反应.结论 受者被供者皮肤预致敏后再行肾移植,可以加速移植物的排斥,且不能被环孢素A、霉酚酸酯及泼尼松所组成的三联免疫抑制方案逆转.     

雷公藤多甙及环孢素A在大鼠心脏移植中的协同作用

目的探讨心脏移植术后单用雷公藤多甙(TWHF)及与环孢素A(GsA)合用对大鼠心脏移植物生存期的影响.方法供体为雄性PVG(RT1C)大鼠,受体为雄性Lewis(LEW;RT11)大鼠.采用改良的Ono和Lindsey方法实施腹部异位心脏移植.根据术后处理不同将实验动物分为4组第1组(5只)对照组(非治疗组);第2组(7只)TWHF 60 mg·kg-1·d-1;第3组(6只)CsA 15 mg·kg-1·d-1;第4组(5只)TWHF 40 mg·kg-1·d-1+CsA1 mg·kg-1·d-1.用吐温80及蒸馏水将TWHF配制成1%悬液;CsA使用前以注射用水配成5g/L.术后当天即给药,TWHF为灌服,CsA为肌肉注射.直至发生排斥反应或最多给药14 d.每天通过触摸监测移植心脏的功能.结果4组移植大鼠心脏平均存活8.8、12.0、17.0、34.6 d.结论心脏移植术后给予雷公藤多甙及CsA联合治疗,能明显延长移植心脏的功能存活时间.     

他克莫司延缓移植肾功能衰竭进程的临床研究

目的　观察他克莫司 (FK5 0 6 )延缓慢性移植肾功能衰竭进程的有效性及安全性。方法　选择肾移植术后肾功能异常 ,并经病理证实为慢性排斥反应者 ,将原先以环孢素A (CsA)为基础的免疫抑制方案切换成FK5 0 6为主的免疫抑制方案 ,FK5 0 6起始剂量为 0 .15mg·kg-1·d-1。结果　 10例肾移植受者在换用FK5 0 6治疗后 ,血胆固醇水平和血压明显降低 ,用于控制高血压的药物明显减少 ,血肌酐水平明显降低 ,肾小球滤过率得到明显改善。结论　FK5 0 6对延缓移植肾慢性排斥引起的肾功能衰竭的进程是安全有效的。     

1O-羟基喜树碱和环孢素A诱导异基因大鼠心脏移植受者免疫耐受的实验研究

目的以中药制剂10-羟基喜树碱(HCPT)和环孢素A(CsA)诱导异基因大鼠心脏移植受者免疫耐受,并探讨免疫耐受的特异性和形成机制.方法以纯系SD大鼠为供者,纯系Wis-tar大鼠为受者行异体颈部心脏移植.将移植后50只受者大鼠随机分成5组,分别接受不同剂量HCPT、CsA或二者联合应用.A组接受安慰剂.B组接受HCPT 1.0mg·kg-1·d-1,腹腔注射.C组接受HCPT 2.0 mg·kg-1·d-1,腹腔注射.E组接受CsA10.0 mg·kg·d-1,导管灌胃.F组联合应用HCPT和CsA,方法剂量同B组和E组.心脏移植物长期存活受者术后60 d停用免疫抑制剂,120 d同时行供者来源(SD)大鼠和无关供者(SHR)大鼠皮肤移植.结果3只C组大鼠和5只F组大鼠心脏移植术后停用免疫抑制剂长期存活超过730 d.8块SD大鼠皮肤移植物长期存活超过610 d,而8块SHR大鼠皮肤均被排斥,平均存活时间(4.50±1.25)d.结论大剂量HCPT或小剂量HCPT与CsA联合应用可诱导异基因大鼠心脏移植受者免疫耐受,且形成的免疫耐受具有明确的抗原特异性.     

羟喜树碱和环孢素A对异基因大鼠心脏移植物急性排斥反应的协同抑制作用

目的 探讨羟喜树碱（OPT）和环孢素A（CsA）对异基因心脏移植物急性排斥反应的协同抑制作用。方法 以纯系SD大鼠为供者,纯系Wistar大鼠为受者,行异体颈部异位心脏移植。40只受者大鼠心脏移植后随机分成4组。A组接受安慰剂。B组接受 OPT1.0mg·kg-1·d-1,腹腔注射。E组接受CsA　10mg·kg-1·d-1,导管灌胃。F组联合应用OPT和CsA,方法剂量同B、E组。结果A组平均存活期为（6.05±0.76）d,B组为（11.45±1.99）d,E组为（14.45±4.85）d,F组有5只大鼠平均存活期为（45.00±19.43）d,另5只大鼠在移植60d后停用OPT和 CsA,存活期超过730 d,并经试验证明形成特异性免疫耐受。结论OPT和CsA的联合应用显著降低异基因大鼠心脏移植物急性排斥反应,明显延长心脏移植存活期。     

益生注射液延缓大鼠慢性移植肾肾病的进程

目的　探讨中药益生注射液对大鼠慢性移植肾肾病(CAN)的防治效果。方法　分别采用封闭群雄性SD大鼠和Wistar大鼠作为供、受者进行原位肾移植,术中强化缺血再灌注损伤,建立CAN加快动物模型。将成模大鼠随机分为4个组,A组术后仅给予环孢素A(CsA)10 mg·kg-1·d-1治疗10 d;B、C组除接受CsA治疗外,还分别给予益生注射液4 mg/kg、8 mg/kg;D组除接受CsA治疗外,还给予霉酚酸酯(MMF)10 mg/kg。观察各组术后4、8及12周时的血肌酐水平、移植肾形态学变化及移植肾组织中转化生长因子β1(TGF β1)的表达。结果　术后4周起,A组的血肌酐水平明显高于其它三组(P<0.05);C组第12周时的血肌酐水平高于D组(P<0.05)。除A组术后12周出现TGF β1 表达下调外,各组术后TGF β1 的表达均呈上升趋势,A组4周和8 周时的表达最强;C组和D组的TGF β1 表达较弱。术后8周A组出现明显的CAN病理改变,而C组和D组出现明显血管内膜增生的时间明显晚于A组,且程度较轻。结论　中药益生注射液具有与霉酚酸酯类似的能够延缓慢性移植肾肾病进程的作用。     

10-羟基喜树碱对异基因大鼠心脏移植物急性排斥反应的抑制作用

目的　探讨 10 羟基喜树碱 (HCPT)对移植物急性排斥反应的免疫抑制作用。方法　以SD大鼠为供者 ,Wistar大鼠为受者 ,行大鼠同种异体异位心脏移植。用中药制剂 10 羟基喜树碱(HCPT)预防和治疗移植物急性排斥反应。结果　HCPT 1.0mg·kg-1·d-1组与对照组比较 ,移植物存活时间明显延长 (6.0 5d/ 11.45d ,P <0 .0 0 1) ;HCPT 2 .0mg·kg-1·d-1组作用更为显著 (>2 41.6d) ,其中 3只大鼠于术后 60d停用HCPT ,移植心脏长期存活 ,超过 73 0d ,并经证实已形成免疫耐受。大鼠心脏移植物发生急性排斥反应时 ,HCPT 10 .0mg·kg-1·d-1能使排斥反应完全逆转 ,移植心脏功能完全恢复正常。较大剂量HCPT可导致轻微的胃肠道反应 ,但未观察到明显的肝、肾、心、脾、睾丸和造血系统损害。结论　HCPT对大鼠移植心脏急性排斥反应具有显著的抑制作用 ,且具有剂量相关性     

比较他克莫司和霉酚酸酯对大鼠慢性移植肾肾病的影响

目的 比较他克莫司(FK506)和霉酚酸酯(MMF)对慢性移植肾肾病(CAN)大鼠移植肾组织中趋化因子FKN以及受体CX3CR1表达的影响.方法 以 SD大鼠为供者,Wistar大鼠为受者,肾移植后制作慢性移植肾肾病模型.实验分为4组,每组均有24只.假手术组:只游离左肾血管和结扎右肾;对照组:受者为CAN对照;FK506组:受者为CAN,使用FK506 0.15 mg·kg-1·d-1;MMF组:受者为cAN,使用MMF 20 mg·kg-1·d-1.除假手术组外,每组受者术后均先使用环孢素A(CsA)10 mg·kg-1·d-1×10 d以渡过肾移植急性排斥期,然后予相应干预措施.分别于术后4、8及12周时处死受者,每组各时点处死的受者均为8只.光镜下检测移植肾组织的病理改变;采用免疫组织化学染色和实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测移植肾组织中FKN和CX3CR1蛋白及其mRNA的表达.结果 对照组术后4周时移植肾问质小血管内膜开始增厚,肾小球开始出现硬化表现.8周时上述变化更为显著,12周时移植肾50%以上的肾小球出现硬化以及肾小管萎缩、间质明显纤维化等改变.FK506组出现CAN病理改变的时间较对照组早,且病变程度相对较重.MMF组出现明显CAN病理改变的时间较对照组晚,且病变程度相对较轻.FKN和CX3CR1主要表达于肾小管上皮细胞的胞膜和肾小管间质,部分见于间质血管,偶见于.肾小球壁层细胞.术后各时点的移植肾标本中,对照组FKN和CX3CR1的mRNA和蛋白表达均高于假手术组;FK506组均高于对照组;而MMF组均低于对照组.结论 FKN和CX3CR1在肾小管间质中的表达可能与CAN中肾小管损伤、间质纤维化等病理改变密切相关.MMF可能通过下调FKN和CX3CR1的表达对CAN的进展具有延缓作用;而FK506可能通过上调FKN和C2X3CR1的表达来促进CAN病变的发展.     

环孢素A药代动力学的个体差异对术后早期移植肾功能的影响

目的　探讨服用环孢素A(CsA)的肾移植受者药代动力学特性与术后早期移植肾急性排斥及CsA肾中毒的关系。方法　 4 7例肾移植受者术后服用CsA 6mg·kg-1·d-1,7d后留取服药即刻及服药后 1、2、3、4、5、6、8、10及 12h的血样 ,测定全血CsA浓度 ,计算各自的药代动力学参数。根据检测后 1个月内移植肾功能状况进行分组 ,回顾分析各组受者药代动力学指标的差异。结果　 4 7例肾移植受者中 ,观察期内共有 12例出现急性排斥反应 ,7例出现CsA肾中毒 ,其余 2 8例移植肾功能稳定。急性排斥组CsA吸收半衰期 (T1/2 (a) )、清除半衰期 (T1/2 (e) )、药物清除率 (CL/F)、达峰值时间 (Tmax)及浓度 时间曲线下面积 (AUC)与肾功能稳定组比较 ,差异有显著性 ;CsA肾中毒组的T1/2 (e) 、CL/F、Tmax及AUC与稳定组比较 ,差异均有显著性。结论　通过多点浓度进行CsA的药代动力学检测可以较准确反映肾移植受者的药物暴露剂量强度 ;CsA吸收清除较快的患者 ,容易出现急性排斥 ,而清除慢的患者存在并发CsA肾中毒的危险。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.