血管搭桥治疗颅内复杂性动脉瘤(附39例报告)

目的 探讨应用血管搭桥治疗颅内复杂性动脉瘤的疗效.方法 39例颅内复杂性动脉瘤患者中11例患者有动脉瘤破裂,Hunt-Hess分级分别为I级和Ⅱ级.28例未破裂动脉瘤以头痛、脑神经压迫和脑缺血发病.用大隐静脉移植搭桥10例,桡动脉移植搭桥13例,颞浅动脉搭桥10例,枕动脉搭桥6例.搭桥动脉与接受动脉的血管吻合:大脑中动脉24例,小脑后下动脉5例,大脑后动脉P2段4例,大脑前动脉A2远端2例,椎动脉V5段2例,颈内动脉1例,小脑前下动脉1例.移植血管与供血动脉的吻合:颈外动脉19例,大脑中动脉8例,大脑前动脉A2段2例,椎动脉V3段2例,颈内动脉C2段1例,后交通动脉1例.另外6例枕动脉搭桥,无近心端血管吻合.在搭桥血管完毕后,将动脉瘤近心端和远心端的供血动脉结扎或夹闭,行动脉瘤孤立术.对19例有压迫脑神经或颅内占位的高颅压的患者,将动脉瘤切除.结果 35例术后恢复良好,3例出院后需要照顾,1例术后9 d死于脑干梗死.35例术后脑血管造影检查,34例移植搭桥血管畅通,动脉瘤消失;1例吻合血管未通,但无神经功能缺失表现.结论 血管搭桥可作为治疗难治性颅内复杂动脉瘤的有效方法 .     

血管搭桥技术在颅内复杂动脉瘤治疗中的应用

目前,大多数动脉瘤可以通过手术直接夹闭或夹闭重建,以及血管内弹簧圈栓塞、球囊或支架辅助栓塞达到治疗目的.但是,仍有一部分复杂动脉瘤患者采用手术或血管内治疗存在一定困难.例如:位于后循环基底动脉干和颈内动脉岩骨段到床突上段之间、术野显露不清楚的动脉瘤,尽管颅底外科技术不断发展,但仍会给患者造成较大创伤,术后并发症多、病死率高;载瘤动脉或动脉瘤颈严重硬化或钙化的动脉瘤,术后发生缺血性卒中风险高,亦属于不可夹闭性动脉瘤;外伤后的假性动脉瘤或血泡状动脉瘤,由于缺乏完整的动脉瘤壁.直接手术夹闭也存在困难;对于血管内治疗而言.宽颈、瘤体巨大、梭形或半梭形、伴有夹层、呈蛇形,或自瘤体发出重要分支或穿支血管起于动脉瘤壁等因素.也使动脉瘤的血管内治疗极为困难,即使采取部分栓塞治疗方案,复发率也极高.因此,牺牲载瘤动脉,必要时行血管吻合术则成为一种间接处理动脉瘤的选择.     

颅内外血管搭桥术治疗颅内巨大型动脉瘤

目的 报告采用动脉瘤夹闭联合颅内外血管搭桥术治疗6例颅内巨大型动脉瘤患者的临床经过,探讨手术适应证及治疗效果.方法 回顾分析6例颅内巨大型动脉瘤患者颅内外血管搭桥术前血流动力学状态、搭桥方式,以及临床和影像学转归.结果 6例患者中3例施行动脉瘤夹闭、切除(或载瘤动脉重建)联合颞浅动脉.大脑中动脉搭桥术,3例行动脉瘤夹闭、切除(或孤立)联合高流量搭桥术(颈外动脉.桡动脉,大隐静脉.大脑中动脉搭桥术).手术后平均随访17个月,近远期脑血管造影和CT血管造影检查显示,搭桥血管及吻合口血流通畅;临床症状与体征得到不同程度改善,随访期间无急性出血性或缺血性脑血管事件发生.3例行联合低流量搭桥术患者远期改良Rankin量表评分2例0分、1例2分;3例联合高流量搭桥术患者远期改良Rankin量表评分1例0分、2例1分.结论 对于脑血管重建术可能牺牲载瘤动脉或远端大脑中动脉血流的颅内复杂动脉瘤患者,可根据具体情况联合各种颅内外血管搭桥术使血流得到有效代偿.脑血管造影联合CT灌注成像对颅内巨大型动脉瘤远端组织灌注状态及侧支循环评价具有一定参考价值.     

颅内复杂动脉瘤的颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术远期疗效评价

目的 探讨颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤的远期疗效.方法 采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)和日常生活活动能力(ADL)量表(Barthel指数),评价17例接受颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术患者术后临床症状和13常生活活动能力改善程度,以及日常工作能力恢复情况.结果 17例患者入院时平均mRS评分为1.06 ±0.87、ADL评分91.10±10.30,分别施行颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉(8例)、颈外动脉-大隐静脉-大脑中动脉(5例)、颈外动脉-桡动脉-大脑中动脉(3例)和枕动脉-小脑后下动脉(1例)血管吻合或搭桥术,以及经翼点入路动脉瘤孤立术.共随访19～39个月,平均28.67个月,其中手术相关病残率为5.88%(1/17)、病死率5.88%(1/17),总体病死率11.76%(2/17);平均mRS评分1.07±1.16,ADL评分96.40±10.30.结论 对于难以通过手术直接夹闭或血管内栓塞治疗的复杂动脉瘤患者,采用颅内外血管吻合或搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术可获得较好的结局.     

搭桥血管重建技术在颅内复杂动脉瘤治疗中的应用

目的 探讨搭桥血管重建技术在颅内复杂动脉瘤治疗中的应用.方法 24例颅内复杂动脉瘤经血管搭桥、血管重建治疗.分别采用动脉瘤切除远近端血管吻合,动脉瘤孤立加大隐静脉高流量搭桥,颞浅动脉低流量搭桥等方式处理动脉瘤.结果 4例行动脉痛切除远近端血管吻合,16例行大隐静脉高流量血管搭桥术,4例行颞浅动脉低流量血管搭桥.出院时GOS评分5～4分者22例,重残1例,死亡1例.结论 搭桥血管重建技术是颅内复杂动脉瘤治疗的一种安全有效的方法,在前循环复杂动脉瘤治疗中,大脑中动脉M2段与颈外动脉吻合是最适宜的选择.     

颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术治疗颅内巨大型动脉瘤的疗效观察及随访

目的 探讨颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术治疗颅内巨大型动脉瘤患者的有效性及长期预后.方法 回顾2006年12月-2010年10月因颅内巨大型动脉瘤而施行颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术患者的临床经过,根据术后临床症状和影像学改善程度评价手术良好率、病死率和搭桥血管闭塞率,Glasgow预后分级(GOS)标准评价患者近远期预后.结果 25例颅内巨大型动脉瘤患者近期(出院时)疗效良好率(GOS评分4～5分)为56.OO%(14/25)、不良率(GOS评分1～3分)44.00%(11/25).手术相关病死率8.00%(2/25),血管闭塞率12.OO%(3125);远期(随访期间)疗效良好率(GOS评分4～5分)78.95%(15119),不良率(GOS评分1～3分)21.05%(4/19),病死率15.79%(3/19).搭桥血管闭塞率10.53%(2/19).结论 颅内外动脉血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术是治疗颅内巨大型动脉瘤的有效方法.     

血管重建：颅内动脉瘤治疗的新纪元

在各种颅内疾病中。颅内动脉瘤是最为凶险的一类,为此,人们对于治疗这一疾病的努力从未停止。传统手术治疗动脉瘤时,需解剖脑组织后行动脉瘤夹闭。但颅内动脉瘤是一种脑血管病,脑组织并无病变,因此．避开脑组织直接针对动脉瘤进行治疗,避免脑组织的无谓损伤．在理论上是最为直接和科学的。     

颅内外血管重建用于颅内复杂动脉瘤的治疗(附11例分析)

目的探讨应用颅内外血管重建技术治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤的技术要点。方法回顾性分析应用颅内外血管重建技术治疗11例颅内复杂动脉瘤的经验。行颈外动脉-大隐静脉-大脑中动脉搭桥手术5例,颈外动脉-桡动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥手术3例,颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥手术2例,枕动脉-小脑后下动脉搭桥手术1例。搭桥手术后行动脉瘤孤立术5例,载瘤动脉近心端阻断术6例。结果术后血管造影或3D-CTA显示吻合血管通畅9例,急性闭塞1例,慢性闭塞1例;动脉瘤不显影10例,动脉瘤接受对侧椎动脉供血而需行进一步介入栓塞治疗1例。术后随访6～67个月,平均40.6个月;1例移植血管慢性闭塞病人在术后第50个月死亡,余10例病人临床表现不同程度改善,未发生再出血。结论颅内外血管重建结合载瘤动脉近心端阻断或动脉瘤孤立术是治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤的有效方法。     

低孔率支架治疗颅内动脉瘤的现状与展望

颅内动脉瘤介入治疗的传统方法是应用弹簧圈进行栓塞．低孔率支架的应用使颅内动脉瘤介入治疗的理念由瘤体栓塞转变为载瘤血管的重建。目前，体外实验、动物实验及临床初步应用均证明了低孔率支架治疗颅内动脉瘤的有效性和安全性，本文即对低孔率支架治疗颅内动脉瘤的现状与展望进行综述。     

颅内蛇形动脉瘤的外科治疗（附21例报告）

目的 探讨蛇形动脉瘤的手术治疗方法。方法 21例蛇形动脉瘤中,14例未破裂动脉瘤,主要症状为头痛4例、可逆性脑缺血发作3例、颈项强直和后组脑神经压迫5例、视野缺损1例、癫痫发作1例;有动脉瘤破裂的7例中,Hunt - Hess Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级6例、Ⅲ级1例。病程从20d至3.5年,平均7.3个月。动脉瘤位于大脑中动脉M1段6例,M2段近端4例;大脑前动脉A1段1例,A.2段近端1例;大脑后动脉P1段2例;基底动脉主干2例,椎动脉5例。动脉瘤直径0.3 ～2.5 em,平均1.2 cm。13例动脉瘤长3.0 cm以上,8例动脉瘤长5.O cm以上。桡动脉移植搭桥7例,颞浅动脉搭桥6例,枕动脉搭桥6例,大隐静脉移植搭桥2例。12例为颅内外动脉搭桥,供血动脉为颈外动脉5例,枕动脉4例,颌内动脉3例。接受动脉为大脑中动脉5例,小脑后下动脉3例,大脑后动脉P2段3例,小脑前下动脉1例。9例为动脉瘤近端与远端间的血管间插入移植搭桥,包括大脑中动脉M1与M2段间的插入移植搭桥3例,M1段间的搭桥2例,大脑前动脉A1远端与A2近端插入搭桥2例,椎动脉颅内与颅外端间搭桥2例。在搭桥外血管完毕后,11例行动脉瘤孤立术;7例行动脉瘤切除;3例仅将动脉瘤近心端阻断,保护穿通动脉开通,避免缺血发生。结果 20例术后恢复良好,包括头痛缓解,癫痫局部发作或大发作消失,肢体活动障碍的改善和视力的恢复。1例出院时需要照顾。术后脑血管造影检查,19例移植搭桥血管畅通,动脉瘤消失;1例吻合血管未通,但无神经功能缺失表现;1例颅内外搭桥后,术后第2天手术部位出现血肿,手术清除血肿,术后肢体肌力Ⅳ级。结论 对于单纯手术无法夹闭的蛇形动脉瘤,通过适当血管搭桥或插入性移植的方法可得到满意的效果。     

Endovascular management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms

Endovascular coil embolisation is increasingly used to treat unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIA). Endovascular coil embolisation of UIA is associated with a 5-10% risk of morbidity and nearly zero mortality from the procedure. Complete or near complete occlusion is usually achieved in >90% of cases, and endovascular therapy seems to reduce the risk of future rupture significantly. Specific selection criteria for endovascular embolisation and novel approaches to endovascular treatment of aneurysms are discussed. Endovascular therapy appears to be a safe and effective treatment for selected UIA. Treatment failure rates will probably decrease with greater experience and advances in techniques and devices. Further study with long term follow up, however, is still necessary to characterise the efficacy, durability, and cost efficiency of endovascular treatment of UIA.     

颅内复杂性动脉瘤外科处理

目的报告52例共57个颅内复杂性动脉瘤,探讨临床病理生理特征、手术方案制定以及术中处理技巧。方法52例中40例有蛛网膜下腔出血、脑受压或脑缺血等症状。18个位于颈内动脉,17个位于大脑前动脉,15个位于大脑中动脉,7个位于后循环。瘤体大小:直径≥2.5cm为15个,1.5～2.4cm为23个,≤1.5cm为19个。囊状动脉瘤50个,非囊状动脉瘤7个;以往治疗失败病例5例包含7个动脉瘤。全部病例接受手术治疗。结果根据GOS评分,疗效好36例,轻残10例,重残2例,植物生存1例,死亡3例。结论对颅内复杂性动脉瘤应采取积极外科治疗。对于瘤体巨大或解剖部位特殊、载瘤动脉近端难以显露的病例,可辅以血管内介入不可脱球囊临时阻断,或应用颅底外科技术切除骨质以利载瘤动脉及瘤周结构显露。术中常需采用串联夹闭或(和)血管成形夹闭等组合技术夹闭动脉瘤,术中应用微血管Doppler确认夹闭是否可靠有无误夹正常血管、以及评估载瘤动脉的通畅程度。     

Surgical management of giant intracranial aneurysms

OBJECTIVES: The natural history of giant intracranial aneurysms is generally morbid. Mortality and morbidity associated with giant aneurysms is also higher than for smaller aneurysms. This study was carried out to assess the demographic profile, presenting features, complications, and outcome after surgical treatment of giant intracranial aneurysms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of the medical records of all patients with giant intracranial aneurysms treated in the Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosciences Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, from January 1995 through June 2007 was performed. The demographic profiles, presenting features, radiological findings, surgical treatments, and outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 1412 patients harboring 1675 aneurysms were treated. Out of these, 222 patients had 229 (13.7%) giant aneurysms, and of those, 181 aneurysms in 177 patients were managed surgically while 48 were treated with endovascular therapy. In the patients treated with surgery, common clinical presentations included subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in 110 (62%) cases followed by mass effect in 57 (32%) cases. In patients who presented with SAH, the Hunt and Hess SAH grading was: grade I in 43 (39%), grade II in 40 (36%), grade III in 23 (21%), grade IV in two (2%), and grade V in 2 (2%) patients. One hundred and seven aneurysms (in 103 patients) were treated using direct surgical clipping. Forty-six patients with good collateral circulation were treated by gradual occlusion and ligation of the internal carotid artery (ICA) in the neck with a Silverstone clamp. Another nine patients with good collateral circulation, but persisting symptoms after ICA ligation, required trapping for obliteration of the aneurysm. Eleven patients with poor collateral circulation required extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass before proximal ICA ligation. A post-operative digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed in 118 patients and revealed well-obliterated aneurysm in 106 patients. The total treatment mortality rate was 9%. In the last 5 years, 117 patients were operated on with four operative deaths. Overall, the outcome was excellent in 131 (74.0%), good in 22 (12.4%), and poor in eight (4.5%) cases. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that 14% of all intracranial aneurysms are giant. The most common clinical presentation is SAH followed by features of an intracranial mass lesion. The cavernous ICA is the most common portion of the ICA affected. Direct surgical clipping is a safe and effective method of treatment and should be considered the first line of treatment whenever possible. With proper case selection, optimal radiological evaluation, and appropriate surgical strategy, it is possible to achieve a favorable outcome in almost 90% of the cases.     

Screening for unruptured familial intracranial aneurysms. A decision analysis

Decision analysis is used to assess the decision to screen for unruptured intracranial aneurysms (IAs) in two affected families, and to formulate guide-lines for similar decisions. Four strategies are compared: "no screening", "screening directly", "screening twice", and "screening later". Intravenous and intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography techniques (iv-DSA, ia-DSA) are considered. Life years lived with and without disability are computed for each strategy. Loss of life expectancy with and without discounting and quality correction is used as an outcome measure. "No screening" is the preferred strategy when population based estimates of the prevalence of IAs are used. Thus, the results of this analysis provide no justification for screening patients without a familial history. But a physician who thinks that the risk of an IA is increased may rightly decide for screening, especially when the patient is aged 40 to 60. Ia-DSA is preferable over iv-DSA. A scenario analysis suggests that screening with magnetic resonance angiography is only slightly better than with ia-DSA, because the complication rate of screening plays a minor role in the analysis.     

颅内动脉瘤显微手术治疗

目的:报告我院1986年元月至1996年12月以显微手术治愈颅内动脉瘤36例。方法:均经头颅计算机体层摄影(CT)、脑血管造影或数字减影血管造影(DSA)确诊,除1例海绵窦段动脉瘤行颈内动脉“放风筝”栓塞,其余35例均行Yasargil翼点开顿手术治疗。在显微镜下行动脉瘤夹闭33例,2例巨大动脉瘤先行结扎再切除。结果:本组36例痊愈35例,良好1例,无1例死亡。结论:颅内动脉瘤经Yasargil翼点开颅显微手术夹闭是一种安全、有效的方法。对顿内巨大动脉瘤先结扎瘤颈后切除也是可行的。     

颅内巨大动脉瘤的血管内治疗

目的探讨颅内巨大动脉瘤（GAs）血管内治疗的技术和疗效。方法回顾分析42例GAs血管内治疗病人的临床资料。结果29例载瘤动脉闭塞病人中,1例术后2月死于蛛网膜下腔出血,1例术后3个月出现脑缺血症状。9例弹簧圈栓塞和支架结合弹簧圈栓塞的病人,1例完全栓塞,8例有不同程度的弹簧圈移位。4例覆膜支架病人,1例术后6小时GAs再次破裂导致死亡,3例GAs闭塞。结论血管内治疗GAs是安全、有效的,首选载瘤动脉闭塞,弹簧圈部分栓塞能够减低动脉瘤破裂的风险,支架结合弹簧圈栓塞能够增加动脉瘤致密栓塞的可能,降低复发率,随着材料和工艺的发展优化,覆膜支架有希望成为最佳的治疗选择。     

经颅底入路夹闭颅内动脉瘤

报告10例病人经颅底入路夹闭或切除颅内动脉瘤,获得优7例,良1例,中1例,差1例的满意效果.采用的颅底入路有四种:①经额眶入路处理前交通动脉瘤4例;②经眶颧入路处理眼动脉瘤4例,大脑中动脉瘤1例;③经岩骨小脑幕入路夹闭基底动脉中段动脉瘤1例;④经眶颧-颞极入路夹闭基底动脉分叉部动脉瘤1例.在选择的病人中,颅底入路可改善对深部或巨大动脉瘤的显露,因此减少对脑组织的牵拉.对手术的适应证、手术方法、颅底入路的优缺点进行简要讨论.     

自膨胀颅内专用支架治疗大脑中动脉宽颈动脉瘤

目的评价自膨胀颅内支架治疗大脑中动脉宽颈动脉瘤的可行性、有效性及安全性。方法回顾性分析采用颅内自膨胀支架治疗16例16个大脑中动脉动脉瘤病人的临床资料。动脉瘤破裂10例,未破裂5例,复发1例;采用单纯支架治疗3例,支架结合弹簧圈栓塞13例。结果本组支架均成功释放。13例采用支架结合弹簧圈治疗的病人中,动脉瘤致密栓塞9例,瘤颈残留1例,瘤体显影3例。术后发生手术相关并发症1例（大脑中动脉上千闭塞,但无临床症状）。出院时改良Rankin评分（MRS评分）0-2分14例。4分1例,6分1例。本组均获临床随访,平均随访18．7个月;无新发神经系统症状,未发生动脉瘤再次破裂出血。9例行影像学随访,平均随访5．8个月;动脉瘤均保持稳定或改善,载瘤动脉无支架内狭窄。结论自膨胀颅内支架治疗大脑中动脉宽颈动脉瘤技术上可行,安全性高。即刻栓塞结果满意;但长期疗效仍有待进一步随访。     

瘤壁钙化颅内动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的报告16例瘤壁有钙化的颅内动脉瘤病例的治疗,分析颅内血管钙化与颅内动脉瘤病理发生机制的关系.方法回顾性分析16例瘤壁有钙化的颅内动脉瘤病例的影像学、临床资料及手术治疗.结果瘤壁有钙化的颅内动脉瘤的位置是:3例位于后交通动脉,2例位于大脑中动脉,2例位于前交通动脉,5例位于椎动脉,4例位于基底动脉.所有患者血钙、磷酸盐、血糖、肾功能正常.6例患者血脂增高.16例患者均行动脉瘤夹闭术,其中8例术中切除动脉瘤,治疗效果良好.结论动脉瘤瘤壁钙化与其病理发生机制有关,常见于巨大或大动脉瘤,瘤壁血管钙化是与动脉粥样硬化、血钙、磷酸盐、血脂、甲状腺、甲状旁腺等因素有关的主动耗能,多因素调控的病理过程.