基于梯度矢量流与粒子群优化算法的多模态医学图像配准

目的研究用梯度矢量流与粒子群优化算法实现多模态医学图像配准,提高配准的精度。方法算法对图像配准的特征空间、相似性测度、搜索策略3个方面进行改进：先由原始图像产生梯度矢量流场,作为配准的特征空间;然后提出并计算3种基于梯度矢量流场的相似性测度;最后使用结合了遗传算法交叉机制的粒子群优化算法找到两幅图像的最优变换。结果对仿真及实际医学图像的54次配准实验,表明该方法配准精度优于基于像素的粒子群优化方法和Walsh变换法。结论基于梯度矢量流与粒子群优化算法的图像配准方法能有效地实现多模态医学图像的配准。     

一种基于模式控制自由变形的非刚性医学图像配准算法

目的 对手术前MRI／CT图像和手术中超声图像两种模态下都可见的血管结构进行配准。方法 提出一种基于自由变形模型的多模态医学图像的非刚性配准的方法。当两个图像对准时，一种图像中的血管中心点就会对应着另一种图像下灰度脊点。对于全局变换采用刚性变换，而对于局部的形变，采用一种基于模式控制B样条的自由变形模型（FFD）来描述。配准算法采用遗传算法和共轭梯度法结合的优化策略来最小化目标函数。结果 我们设计了两个实验，分别应用于体模和临床数据来评价我们的算法。这种方法是连续而且准确的。最后的变换参数的均方差值是亚像素、亚毫米级的，在0．010弧度以内的。结论 实验结果显示本方法从配准精度和收敛速度上都得到了良好的效果。可以有效地应用于超声图像导航手术系统。     

全局异常信号环境下基于体素灰度多模医学图像配准研究

目的 在全局异常信号环境下,找出适合于临床应用的、满足精度和鲁棒性要求的基于体素灰度多模医学图像配准相似性测度。方法 结合对各种相似性测度的分析,对无异常信号的实际医学图像,和分别加了随机噪声及全局异常信号的多模医学图像进行配准精度的分析。结果 对各种已有成熟的相似性测度进行理论分析和实验对比研究的基础上,归一化互信息在全局异常信号环境下对多模医学图像进行配准,它们的配准精度和鲁棒性表现都令人满意,能得到准确的配准结果。而基于相关比和互信息的配准方法,不能准确地配准加了全局异常信号的多模医学图像。结论 相比于其他相似性测度,归一化互信息在全局异常信号环境下,是一个能满足配准精度和鲁棒性要求的合适相似性测度。     

基于体素相似性的三维多模脑图像配准研究

为了对不同模态下的三维脑图像进行配准研究,引入一种基于体素相似性的配准方法。深入研究三维空间变换模型与三维配准体数据,并分析了互信息算法陷入局部极值的原因;本研究使用具有多分辨率策略的Mattes互信息算法对三维多模脑图像进行配准,通过对多模三维体图像进行三维单模和多模配准发现这种混合算法精度高,鲁棒性强,有效地降低了测度函数在收敛过程中陷入局部最优的可能性,所有的配准误差都小于一个像素大小,配准的精度达到亚像素级标准。即加入多分辨率策略的Mattes互信息算法较好地提高了三维多模脑图像配准的速度、精度和鲁棒性。     

基于体素灰度三维多模医学图像配准中相似性测度的选取

目的：在基于体素灰度医学图像配准领域，找出最适合于临床应用的多模医学图像配准相似性测度。方法：在极端的刚体配准条件下，检验出互相关系数，互信息和相关比相似性测度为适合的相似性测度。同时进一步解释了基于互信息相似性测度的医学图像配准易于陷入局部最优，而基于相关比相似性测度的方法易于保证配准得到全局最优，最后，利用加速的多分辨率配准方案和Powell‘s优化算法，对临床医学图像进行了基于相关比相似性测度的多模图像配准试验。结果：通过临床医学专家的判断，利用相关比相似性测度进行多模医学图像配准，安全能满足临床的要求，进行MR／CT，MR／PET三维多模医学图像配准时效果非常理想，结论：相比于其他相似性测度，互相关比相似性测度在基于体素灰度，三维多模医学图像配准领域，是一个更为适宜和准确的相似性测度。     

同体呼气相和吸气相肺部高分辨率CT体积图像的配准

目的 实现同一个体屏住呼吸状态下呼气相与吸气相的肺部高分辨率CT体积图像配准.方法 采集3个被试者两个屏住呼吸状态下的胸部高分辨率CT序列,共3对.利用序列分割算法提取肺组织,并分开存储左右两肺.对单侧肺的呼气与吸气图像进行配准.首先,基于解剖标志面寻找全局仿射变换参数,用此变换重采样呼气相体积图像;其次,利用"Demons"算法对两体积图像进行非刚性配准.结果 两肺的轮廓及内部结构均获得较好的配准效果.配准前,两图像的平均体积重合度为0.7982,经全局仿射变换后提高到0.8936,经"Demons"非刚性配准后增至0.9544.均方根误差值平均下降率为:19.83%(全局仿射变换之后),49.43%(Demons非刚性配准之后).结论 本文所采用的同体肺部图像的配准方法可以有效地配准两个大形变肺部体积图像,为进一步分析肺的呼吸功能奠定了良好的基础.     

PET与MRI三维脑图像高精度配准

目的 在PC机上实现高精度的PET与MRI三维脑图像配准。方法 采用最大互信息法对6例患者PET和MRI三维脑图像进行刚体配准。使用归一化互信息作为相似性量度。在互信息计算过程中，使用Powell多参数优化法和Brent一维搜索算法。为加快配准速度，使用了多分辨金字塔方法。采用基于坐标的阈值选取方法对PET图像进行分割预处理，消除星状背景伪影。结果 配准误差平均值为2．6mm，误差中位数平均为2．7mm。结论 配准视觉效果良好，评估证明该算法可达亚体元级配准精度。     

基于薄板样条和形状内容的医学图像非刚性配准方法研究

目的 针对医学图像非刚性点配准的现状,给出一种基于点特征的非刚性配准方法.方法 利用一种新的相似度测量方法--形状内容来解决两幅图像中点的对应关系,并利用点对应关系来估计非刚性映射函数.结果 利用薄板样条实现了医学图像的快速准确非刚性配准.结论 实验结果表明,上述方法获得了很好的配准效果.     

手术导航中的三维注册方法

目的通过手术导航系统确定计算机辅助手术的位置,制定手术方案,保证手术成功。方法我们简要地回顾了医学图象配准,对导航系统的注册过程进行了数学描述,总结了目前常用的三维注册方法。结果手术导航是医生在术前通过医学影像获取患者的三维图像模型,术中根据三维图像模型进行手术治疗的过程。为将影像坐标系与人体坐标系统一起来,需要进行空间变换的配准。最近点迭代算法是点云数据配准中最常见的一种配准算法,它算法简单,有一定的通用性。在手术导航人体标志点的注册中引入和发展最近点迭代算法能提高注册精度,使注册更加简便,从而提高整个导航系统的精度。结论手术导航要求很高的精确度,因此引入和发展最近点迭代算法十分必要。     

医学X线图像配准技术研究进展及其存在的问题

医学X线图像受到探测器面积大小的限制,成像范围有限,对较大器官的扫描无法一次完成.在观察病变部位时,医生需要结合多幅图像来进行诊断或治疗,因此需要对多张影像进行拼接处理.作为图像拼接技术的核心,图像配准技术已被广泛应用于医学成像中,将那些从扫描中获得的多类型信息进行配准从而得到更详细的信息.首先,本文重点综述了目前面向X线图像的比较主流和新兴的配准技术,如基于互信息的配准法,基于特征的配准法和基于变换域的配准法.其次,指出了X线图像配准中存在的影像漂移问题、拍摄角度的限制、非刚性配准仍未成熟、没有绝对的配准评价标准等问题.最后,总结了基于FPGA等硬件的医学图像配准、采用超分辨率重建技术以获取更高质量的待配准图像从而提高图像配准的精度和速度等发展趋势与研究前景.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The role of interventional radiology in trauma

Introduction Interventional Radiology has evolved into a specialty having enormous input into the care of the traumatized patient.In all hospitals,regardless of size,the Interventional Radiologist must consider their relationships with the trauma service in order to     

Diagnóstico ecográfico del neumotórax

The ultrasonographic diagnosis of pneumothorax is based on the analysis of artifacts. It is possible to confirm or rule out pneumothorax by combining the following signs: lung sliding, the A and B lines, and the lung point. One fundamental advantage of lung ultrasonography is its easy access in any critical situation, especially in patients in the intensive care unit. For this reason, chest ultrasonography can be used as an alternative to plain-film X-rays and computed tomography in critical patients and in patients with normal plain films in whom pneumothorax is strongly suspected, as well as to evaluate the extent of the pneumothorax and monitor its evolution.     

Carbohydrate Supplementation during Exercise: Does It Help? How Much is Too Much?

KEY POINTS· Carbohydrate intake during exercise can delay the onset of fatigue and improve performance of prolonged exercise as well as exercise of shorter duration and greater intensity (e.g., continuous exercise lasting about 1h and intermittent high-intensity exercise), but the mechanisms by which performance is improved are different.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.