Diabetic retinopathy, PAI-1 4G/5G and −844G/A polymorphisms, and changes in circulating PAI-1 levels in Tunisian type 2 diabetes patients

AimThe association of altered plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 levels and PAI-1 polymorphisms (4G/5G and −844G/A) with diabetic retinopathy (DR) was investigated in 856 type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients, of whom 383 presented with (DR group), and 473 presented without (DWR group), retinopathy.MethodsPAI-1 4G/5G and −844G/A genotyping were done by PCR-RFLP, and PAI-1 levels were measured by ELISA testing.ResultsThe genotype distribution of 4G/5G and −844G/A polymorphisms did not deviate from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model among healthy subjects. Higher frequencies of the 4G/4G genotype, and lower frequencies of the −844A allele, −844G/A and −844A/A genotypes, were seen in DR patients, conferring disease susceptibility and protection, respectively. While PAI-1 levels were significantly elevated in the 4G/4G compared with other PAI-1 genotypes, significant differences in PAI-1 levels between DR and DWR patients were seen in the 4G/−844A, 4G/−844G and 5G/−844A haplotype carriers among DR patients. However, comparable distributions of 4G/5G and −844G/A alleles, genotypes and haplotypes, and similar PAI-1 levels, were seen in the proliferative retinopathy (PR) and non-proliferative retinopathy (NPR) patients, indicating that neither PAI-1 variants nor changes in PAI-1 levels were linked to DR severity. Multivariate analyses identified 4G/−844A and 4G/−844G haplotypes as negatively and positively associated, respectively, with DR, but not with DR severity (PR vs NPR) after adjusting for a number of covariates.ConclusionThe present study identifies changes in PAI-1 levels and genetic variations at the PAI-1 locus as risk factors for DR, but not DR severity, that may serve as useful markers of increased DR susceptibility.     

不稳定心绞痛男性患者血浆纤溶酶原激活物抑制物-1抗原水平及启动子基因多态性研究

目的　探讨纤溶酶原激活物抑制物 1(PAI 1)血浆抗原水平及基因启动子 - 6 75 4G/ 5G、- 84 4G→A多态性与男性不稳定心绞痛 (UAP)的关系。方法选择男性UAP患者 74例 (UAP组 ) ,冠脉造影正常者 6 8例 (对照组 ) ,以ELISA法测定PAI 1血浆抗原水平 ,PCR扩增特定DNA片段 ,琼脂糖电泳确定 - 6 75 4G/ 5G多态性位点基因型 ,XhoⅠ酶切及琼脂糖电泳确定 - 84 4G→A多态性位点基因型。结果UAP组血浆PAI 1抗原水平显著高于对照组 (6 7 86± 32 5 9ng/ml比 5 1 35± 17 95ng/ml,P <0 0 1)。血浆PAI 1抗原水平与血糖 (Glu)水平正相关rs=0 2 37(P =0 0 0 4 )。UAP组 4G、4G纯合子及 4G等位基因频率显著高于对照组 ,- 84 4位点三种基因型及A、G等位基因频率在两组间分布无差别。 4G及G等位基因与较高的血浆PAI 1抗原水平有关 ,4G/ 4G及AG/GG基因型者UAP组血浆PAI 1抗原水平显著高于对照组。Logistic回归分析显示血浆PAI 1抗原水平及Glu水平与UAP发生有关。结论　PAI 1基因启动子 - 6 75 4G/ 5G ,- 84 4G→A基因多态性与不稳定心绞痛的发生无关 ,但 4G及G等位基因携带者存在较高的PAI 1抗原水平 ,血浆PAI 1抗原水平及Glu水平是UAP发生的危险因素。     

PAI-1 mRNA expression and plasma level in rheumatoid arthritis: relationship with 4G/5G PAI-1 polymorphism

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membrane, cartilage and bone. PAI-1 is a key regulator of the fibrinolytic system through which plasminogen is converted to plasmin. The plasmin activates the matrix metalloproteinase system, which is closely related with the joint damage and bone destruction in RA. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between 4G/5G PAI-1 polymorphism with mRNA expression and PAI-1 plasma protein levels in RA patients. 113 RA patients and 123 healthy subjects (HS) were included in the study. The 4G/5G PAI-1 polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction?Crestriction fragment length polymorphism method; the PAI-1 mRNA expression was determined by real-time PCR; and the soluble PAI-1 (sPAI-1) levels were quantified using an ELISA kit. No significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies of 4G/5G PAI-1 polymorphism were found between RA patients and HS. However, the 5G/5G genotype was the most frequent in both studied groups: RA (42%) and HS (44%). PAI-1 mRNA expression was slightly increased (0.67 fold) in RA patients with respect to HS (P?=?0.0001). In addition, in RA patients, the 4G/4G genotype carriers showed increased PAI-1 mRNA expression (3.82 fold) versus 4G/5G and 5G/5G genotypes (P?=?0.0001), whereas the sPAI-1 plasma levels did not show significant differences. Our results indicate that the 4G/5G PAI-1 polymorphism is not a marker of susceptibility in the Western Mexico. However, the 4G/4G genotype is associated with high PAI-1 mRNA expression but not with the sPAI-1 levels in RA patients.     

The 4G/4G PAI-1 genotype is associated with elevated plasma PAI-1 levels regardless of variables of the metabolic syndrome and smoking status. A population-based study in Spanish population

Reported data about the effect of the 4G/5G PAI-1 polymorphism on plasma PAI-1 levels are controversial. This study was designed to determine the relative effect of the 4G/5G PAI-1 polymorphism on high plasma PAI-1 levels after adjustment for metabolic syndrome - related variables, and to test if this effect is modified by the smoking status. Six hundred and thirty one unrelated subjects (292 men; 35-74 years), from a cross-sectional population-based epidemiological survey in the province of Segovia (Spain) were studied. The higher frequency of high PAI-1 levels was found in 4G/4G subjects (5G/5G 19.4%, 4G/5G 21.6%, 4G/4G 33.7%, p = 0.003). A multiple regression model, adjusted for gender, age, BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, HOMA IR and leptin, showed this adjOR: 4G/4G vs 5G/5G: 2.22, p = 0.008. When smoking status - 4G/5G PAI-1 interaction was included as an independent variable these results were not modified. Our results indicate that the 4G/4G PAI-1 genotype might be strongly associated with high PAI-1 levels regardless of metabolic syndrome-related variables and smoking status.     

The 4G5G polymorphism in the gene for PAI-1 and the circadian oscillation of plasma PAI-1

Plasminogen activator inhibitor type I (PAI-1) antigen concentrations follow a circadian oscillation peaking in the morning. Some individuals show no apparent circadian rhythm, while others show up to a 10-fold variation in PAI-1 over 24 hours. Results from experimental studies suggest that a polymorphism in the promoter of the gene for PAI-1 (4G5G) directly influences the circadian expression of the PAI-1 gene. We studied whether the diurnal variation of PAI-1 antigen differs for the genotypes of the 4G5G polymorphism. A population-based, cross-sectional study was performed among 263 subjects selected from the Rotterdam Study, a population-based cohort of 7983 men and women aged 55 years and older. The 4G allele was associated with a more pronounced circadian expression of PAI-1 antigen. Morning PAI-1 antigen concentrations were 79 ng/mL (95% confidence interval [CI], 68-92) in subjects homozygous for 4G, 62 ng/mL (95% CI, 54-72) in heterozygous subjects, and 59 ng/mL (95% CI, 49-71) in subjects homozygous for 5G. While respective PAI-1 antigen concentrations in the afternoon were 40 ng/mL (95% CI, 33-49), 41 ng/mL (95% CI, 37-47), and 40 ng/mL (95% CI, 49-71). These findings suggest that the morning increase in PAI-1 antigen concentration is more pronounced among subjects homozygous for the 4G allele compared with the morning increase among the other genotypes. Additionally, these findings show that homozygosity for the 4G allele is associated with increased PAI-1 levels during the morning only.     

ACE、PAI-1基因多态性与2型糖尿病血浆PAI-1水平相关

20 4例 2型糖尿病患者纤溶酶原激活物抑制物 1(PAI 1)值明显高于 60名正常人 (P <0 .0 5 )。血管紧张素Ⅰ转换酶 (ACE)基因DD型PAI 1水平明显高于其它两型 (均P <0 .0 5 ) ,PAI 1基因 4G/ 4G型PAI 1水平较高 (P <0 .0 5 )。Logistic回归表明 ,ACE基因、PAI 1基因、体重指数、胰岛素敏感指数是血浆PAI 1的危险因素。这些发现提示 ,ACE基因、PAI 1基因多态性可能影响 2型糖尿病患者PAI 1水平。     

The prevalence of 4G5G polymorphism of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene in polycystic ovarian syndrome and its association with plasma PAI-1 levels

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of 4G5G polymorphism of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its functional significance. DESIGN: Case-control study. METHODS: We studied 98 patients and 64 controls. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip (WHR) ratio were determined. Blood samples were obtained for DNA analysis. PAI-1 plasma levels, serum total testosterone, fasting insulin and fasting glucose were measured and the glucose-to-insulin ratio was estimated in all subjects. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of PAI-1 gene variations among the groups. The PCOS group had significantly higher 4G/4G and 4G/5G combinations than the control group, whereas there were significantly less 5G/5G. Among the PCOS women, 39.8% had the genotype 4G/4G, 39.8% 4G/5G and 20.4% 5G/5G. From the control group, 20.3% had genotype 4G/4G, 28.1% 4G/5G and 51.6% 5G/5G. In the 4G/4G genotype subgroup 75% were PCOS and 25% were controls, in the 4G/5G were 68.42% and 31.58% and in the 5G/5G were 31.58% and 62.26% respectively. The population of PCOS women had significantly higher PAI-1 levels, WHR, total testosterone, and fasting glucose than the population of controls. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The genotypic subtypes 4G/4G and 4G/5G, in PCOS, were present with a statistically higher frequency compared with controls. 2) PCOS women have higher levels of PAI-1 compared with the control group. 3) The presence of the 4G allele in PAI-1 promoter region of the gene further increases the PAI-1 levels.     

4G/5G PAI-1 Promoter Polymorphism and Acute-Phase Levels of PAI-1 Following Coronary Bypass Surgery: A Prospective Study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The 4G/5G plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) promoter polymorphism has been associated with basal PAI-1 levels, with ischemic heart disease, and with adverse prognosis in critically ill patients. We hypothesized it might also influence the acute-phase levels of PAI-1 following coronary bypass surgery. METHODS: In 111 consecutive patients undergoing elective coronary bypass surgery, 4G/5G genotyping and serial plasma PAI-1 activity and antigen levels were prospectively measured before surgery, daily up to 72 h, and at discharge. The inflammatory reaction was additionally assessed by white cell count, fibrinogen, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein levels. RESULTS: PAI-1 activity and antigen concentrations increased approximately two-fold after surgery, peaking at 48 hours. Carriers of the 4G-allele, compared with 5G/5G homozygotes, showed approximately 20% higher PAI-1 activity and antigen both preoperatively ( P = 0.007 and P = 0.035) and after surgery. White cell count, fibrinogen, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein values did not differ significantly according to genotypic groups. In multivariate analysis, the 4G/5G genotype was the only significant modulator of postoperative PAI-1 activity (P = 0.003) and the main significant modulator of postoperative PAI-1 antigen (P = 0.013). No significant interaction was found between the effects of time and genotype on postoperative PAI-1. This indicates that the association between 4G/5G and acute-phase PAI-1 levels is secondary to the genotype-related difference of baseline PAI-1. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative PAI-1 concentrations of patients undergoing elective coronary bypass surgery are higher in carriers of the 4G-allele than in 5G/5G homozygotes as a result of higher baseline values. Knowledge of 4G/5G status may be useful to predict acute-phase PAI-1 concentrations.     

绝经后女性PAI-1 4G/5G基因多态性与代谢综合征的相关性研究

目的 探讨绝经后女性纤溶酶原激活物抑制因子-1（PAI-1）4G/5G基因多态性与代谢综合征（MS）及其主要组分的关系.方法 728例绝经后女性均来自医院健康查体中心,依据改良的2005年国际糖尿病联盟MS诊断标准,分为无任何MS组分的健康对照组（92例）、伴有1～2个MS组分的非MS组（364例）和MS组（272例）.全自动生化分析仪测定血空腹血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（LDL-C）水平,散射比浊法测定纤维蛋白原,等位基因特异性PCR扩增技术检测PAI-1基因型.结果 3组人群中,4G/4G基因型者血清HDL-C水平均显著低于5G/5G基因型者（P＜ 0.05或0.01）;健康对照组4G/4G基因型者收缩压及血清总胆固醇水平显著高于5G/5G基因型者（P＜0.05）;非MS组4G/4G基因型者纤维蛋白原显著高于其他基因型者（P＜0.05）;而MS组4G/4G基因型者空腹血糖、甘油三酯、纤维蛋白原水平显著高于5G/5G基因型者（P＜0.05或0.01）;3组人群间PAI-1基因型的分布频率无显著差异（x2=5.316,P=0.256）;但3组人群间等位基因的分布频率存在显著差异（x2=6.147,P＜ 0.05）,与健康对照组相比,MS组和非MS组4G等位基因分布频率显著升高,而5G等位基因分布频率显著降低（x2=5.690和4.173;P均＜0.05）; MS患者PAI-1不同基因型间肥胖、高血压和低HDL-C血症检出率无显著差异（x2=0.575,4.230,5.202;P均＞0.05）;但高血糖和高甘油三酯血症的检出率存在显著差异（x2=7.078,8.969;P均＜0.05）,其中,4G/4G基因型患者高血糖和高甘油三酯血症检出率显著增高.结论 PAI-1 4G/5G基因多态性与MS及其组分,尤其是高血糖和高甘油三酯血症密切相关,4G等位基因可能为其易感等位基因.     

The influence of metabolic syndrome components on plasma PAI-1 concentrations is modified by the PAI-1 4G/5G genotype and ethnicity

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is less common in African than Indian or White subjects and elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 levels may be a risk factor for CAD. Therefore, PAI-1 levels were measured in the three populations and related to the -675 PAI-1 4G/5G promoter genotype. PAI-1 levels and anthropometric variables were measured in 310 Indian, 269 White and 107 African subjects. The PAI-1 4G allele frequency was lower in the African (0.13) than Indian (0.54) or White (0.58) populations and explained the lower PAI-1 levels in African (41.5+/-25.1 versus 68.0+/-33.3 and 70.5+/-35.7 ng/ml, respectively; p<0.0001) subjects. Except for White subjects, PAI-1 levels were higher in those with metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes. PAI-1 genotype did not associate with either disorder. Metabolic syndrome-related factors had little influence on PAI-1 levels in White subjects but in African and Indians subjects these variables had a major influence on PAI-1 levels in those with the 5G/5G genotype but not in subjects with the 4G/4G genotype. Ethnic differences in PAI-1 levels are largely due to differences in the frequency of the 4G and 5G alleles at the -675 locus. In Indian and African, but not White populations, the ability of metabolic syndrome-related factors to influence PAI-1 levels is modulated by the -675 genotype.     

The relationships between type 2 diabetic retinopathy and VEGF-634G/C and VEGF-460C/T polymorphisms in Han Chinese subjects

ObjectiveTo investigate how VEGF-634G/C and VEGF-460C/T SNPs are related to diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Han Chinese subjects from the Shijiazhuang region of China.MethodsTotally 376 DM cases were divided into non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) group (n = 124), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) group (n = 108), and diabetes without retinopathy (DWR) group (n = 144). PCR/LDRwas utilised to detect and assess the genotypes and allele distribution frequencies at the VEGF-634G/C and VEGF-460C/T loci in each group.ResultsThe differences between NPDR, PDR and DWR groups were not significant in genotypes and allele distribution frequencies at VEGF-634G/C locus (P > 0.05). But there were significant differences between NPDR and DWR groups in genotypes (P = 0.013) and allele distribution frequencies (P = 0.002) at VEGF-460C/T locus, at which CT + CC genotypes were associated with a reduced risk of developing NPDR. There were no significant differences in genotypes (P = 0.759) or allele distribution frequencies (P = 0.433) at VEGF-460C/T locus between PDR and DWR groups.ConclusionsAmong Chinese Han individuals with type-2 DM, polymorphism − 634G/C of the VEGF gene was not correlated with NPDR or PDR; however, polymorphism-460C/T of the VEGF gene was correlated with NPDR, and C allele was associated with lower NPDR risk than T allele.     

Angiotensin II type 1 receptor-153A/G and 1166A/C gene polymorphisms and increase in aortic stiffness with age in hypertensive subjects

OBJECTIVES: Arterial stiffness is associated with excess morbidity and mortality, independently of other cardiovascular risk factors. Age is the main determinant responsible for arterial wall changes leading to arterial stiffening. Environmental and genetic factors may however influence the magnitude of the effects of age on large artery stiffness. DESIGN AND METHODS: The present study assessed whether or not the relationship between age and aortic stiffness was influenced by genetic variants of angiotensinogen (AGT 174T/M, 235M/T), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE I/D), angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 1166A/C, -153A/G) and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2 -344T/C). This study was realized in 441 untreated hypertensive subjects of European origin (aged 18-74 years). Aortic stiffness was assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV). RESULTS: Carriers of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor -153G allele showed a steeper age/PWV relationship than the AT1 -153AA subjects. The effect of the AT1 -153A/G polymorphism on aortic stiffness became apparent after the age of 55 years. In subjects with the AT1 1166C allele, the relationship age/PWV is shifted upward, indicating higher values of aortic stiffness at any age compared to the AT1 1166AA patients. Carriers of both the AT1 1166C and -153G alleles presented the additive effects of these 2 genotypes on aortic stiffness. Angiotensinogen, ACE and CYP11B2 genotypes did not influence the effects of age on PWV. CONCLUSIONS: AT1 receptor genotypes could influence arterial ageing in hypertensive subjects. These results also show that the association between genotypes and arterial stiffness may manifest itself later in life.     

E-选择素基因多态性及血清可溶性水平与慢性HBV感染临床结局的关系

目的: 探讨E-选择素(E-selectin)基因第2号外显子G98T和第4号外显子A561C多态性及血清可溶性水平与慢性HBV感染临床结局之间的关系.方法: 从外周血中提取基因组DNA,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术(PCRRFLP)检测367例慢性HBV感染者(其中慢性HBV携带者97例,慢性乙肝101例,肝硬化121例,肝癌48例)和281例健康对照者E-选择素基因G98T和A561C位点多态性,同时采用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测各组可溶性E-选择素(sE-选择素)水平.结果: E-选择素A561C多态性中A/C+C/C基因型和C等位基因频率在肝硬化组与对照组相比差异有统计学意义( P = 0.006,0.002).A/C+C/C基因型患肝硬化的风险是AA基因型的2.45倍( OR = 2.45,95%CI: 1.28-4.72).E-选择素G98T多态性中各基因型频率和等位基因频率在各病例组与对照组相比差异无统计学意义,但在肝硬化患者中,Child-pugh B+C级与A级相比较,G/T+T/T基因型频率差异有统计学意义( P = 0.034),G/T+T/T基因型发展到Child-pugh B或C的风险是GG型的3.07倍( OR = 3.07,95%CI: 1.05-8.97).慢性乙肝组和肝硬化组血清sE-选择素水平明显高于对照组( P＜0.01);在肝硬化组中,血清sE-选择素水平从Child-pugh A级到C级明显降低( P＜0.05);在各组中,C等位基因携带者血清sE-选择素水平明显高于A等位基因携带者( P＜0.05).结论: E-选择素A561C基因多态性可能与慢性HBV感染后肝硬化的发生相关,并参与调控血清可溶性E-选择素的表达;E-选择素G98T基因多态性与慢性HBV感染后的临床结局无相关性,但可能与肝硬化的严重程度相关.     

Correlation between DDAH2- 449G / C polymorphism and plasma ADMA levels in type 2 diabetes

<正>Objective To investigate the correlation between DDAH2 gene-449G/C polymorphism and plasma ADMA levels in patients with type 2 diabetes(T2DM).Methods The polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP)was used to detect DDAH2 gene-449G/C polymorphism in 288 T2DM(T2DM group)and 279 normal controls(NC group).