选择性血管造影对颈部肿块鉴别诊断的回顾分析

目的：探讨选择性动脉造影在颈部包块鉴别诊断中的价值。方法：20例患者经股动脉穿刺,颈总动脉造影术,6例直接颈总动脉穿刺。造影剂为60％泛影葡胺。部分行数字减影显示。结果：26例患者中颈动脉体瘤14例,颈动脉瘤4例,颈动静脉瘘2例,迷走体化学感受体瘤1例,颈神经鞘膜瘤2例,其它性质肿瘤3例。结论：选择性颈动脉造影对颈部尤其颈动脉三角区肿块的诊断及鉴别诊断很有价值。文本对此进行回归分析并报告了部分典型病例图片,为这一方法在口腔颌面外科应用提供了临床经验。     

The post-traumatic cervical syndrome. The whiplash injury. Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment (author's transl)]

The post-traumatic cervical syndrome (PTCS) is analysed in 61 cases. the symptomatology can be local (neck pain), cervicocephalic (traumatic vertebrobasilar insufficiency), cervicobrachialgic and also in some cases cervicomedullar. The PTCS is classified into the injuries of the cervical spine with vascular lesions: these injuries may induce severe or benign osteoarticular lesions on the one hand, sevre or reversible vascular lesions on the other hand. All these combinations are studied. The diagnosis of the PTCS is established by vertebral angiography. The surgical treatment according to the authors consists in freeing the vertebral artery or cervical nerve roots by uncusectomy or uncoforaminectomy. The results of these operations are analysed; they are very successful.     

Bilateral extracranial internal carotid artery injury due to non-penetrating trauma--report of three cases.

Angiographic features of three patients with bilateral internal carotid artery injury (spasm/dissection/thrombosis) due to non-penetrating trauma are reported. All three patients were involved in motor vehicle accidents. Focal-localizing neurological signs were present and the patients were suspected of having extracerebral haematomas. The diagnosis of traumatic spasm/dissection/thrombosis of the cervical portion of the internal carotid arteries was made following angiography. The need to include views of the cervical carotid arteries in cases of traumatic hemiparesis is stressed and possible effect of cranial CT scanning in these patients on diagnosis of carotid artery injury discussed.     

Dual origin of the vertebral artery mimicking dissection.

Vertebral artery injury may occur at the time of cervical fracture or dislocation. Congenital vertebral artery variations, especially a double vertebral artery origin, may be responsible for angiographic findings that mimic vertebral artery dissection. Two cases of cervical spine fracture with ipsilateral double vertebral artery are presented. Conventional cerebral angiography is the easiest and best way to make this diagnosis and to exclude vertebral artery dissection.     

Enhanced cervical MRI in identifying intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae with spinal perimedullary venous drainage

Diagnosis of an intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) with spinal perimedullary venous drainage is challenging because the presenting symptoms are usually related to dysfunction of the spine, not of the brain. Repeated spinal angiograms are usually performed before the diagnosis is finally made by cerebral angiography. We report two cases of intracranial DAVFs with spinal perimedullary venous drainage. In both cases contrast-enhanced cervical MRI demonstrated dilated lower brainstem and upper spinal veins, which, we believe, is a good indicator of the existence of such drainage. We suggest that, in cases with perimedullary serpentine enhancement on thoracic or lumbar MR images, additional Gd-enhanced cervical spinal MR imaging should be performed. The simple process of tracing the veins upwards may avoid a lot of unnecessary examinations and delay in the diagnosis. Received: 3 July 1997 Accepted: 6 August 1997     

Arterioenteric fistulae: diagnosis and treatment by angiography

Two cases of massive gastrointestinal haemorrhage caused by arterioenteric fistulae are presented. In both cases, bleeding was controlled by interventional angiography. In the first case, a fistula between an aberrant right subclavian artery and a reconstructed oesophagus was temporarily occluded with a balloon catheter as a pre-surgical measure. In the second case a communication between the external iliac artery and the colon in a patient with invasive cervical cancer was treated by embolization. An arterioenteric fistula should be considered as a possible cause of acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage in post-operative or cancer patients and aortography or pelvic arteriography may be required to make the diagnosis.     

头颈部CT血管成像数据的综合应用

目的:探讨头颈部血管成像检查同时行血管周围组织器官成像的应用价值.方法:对30例可疑颈动脉狭窄的患者进行16层螺旋CT头颈部血管成像检查,除常规血管成像外,并行颈椎、颈部软组织、颅脑、副鼻窦成像.结果:30例患者发现15例颈椎椎体骨质增生,10例颈椎间盘突出,6例甲状腺瘤,8例腔隙性脑梗死,2例透明隔囊肿,5例副鼻窦炎.结论:16层螺旋CT头颈部血管成像检查不仅可以清晰显示头颈部血管,而且对血管周围组织器官病变的显示也有很高的价值.     

Neue Aspekte der MRT-Bildgebung zur Diagnostik der Großgefäßvaskulitiden sowie der primären Angiitis des zentralen Nervensystems

Vasculitis is a rare disease and clinical symptoms are often unspecific. Accurate and early diagnosis is mandatory in order to prevent complications, such as loss of vision or stroke. Imaging techniques can contribute to establishing a definite diagnosis and to evaluate disease activity and the extent of the disease in various vascular regions. Conventional imaging methods, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) angiography, as well as digital subtraction angiography allow the vessel lumen but not the vessel wall to be depicted. However, vasculitis is a disease which primarily affects the vessel wall, therefore conventional imaging modalities often fail to make a definite diagnosis. Recently black-blood high resolution MR in vivo imaging has been used to visualize cervical and intracranial vasculitis. This review article presents imaging protocols for intracranial and cervical black-blood MR imaging and clinical cases with large vessel vasculitis and vasculitis of the central nervous system. Furthermore the current literature, examples of the most common differential diagnoses of cervical and cranial arteriopathy and the potential of other imaging modalities, such as PET/CT and ultrasound will be discussed.     

The emerging role of multidetector row CT angiography in the diagnosis of cervical arterial dissection: preliminary study

Introduction Cervical artery dissection is an important cause of ischemic stroke, particularly in young patients. The diagnosis can be made with invasive catheter angiography or non-invasive imaging, either with MRI in conjunction with MR angiography (MRA) or CT angiography (CTA). Both modalities have been shown to have a high specificity and sensitivity. New developments such as multi-slice CTA (MSCTA) are emerging as an alternative methods for imaging the cervical and intracranial arteries. However, the contribution of modern MSCTA to carotid artery dissection has not been reported.Methods We present a retrospective series of seven patients in whom both MSCTA and cervical axial T1 MRI and MRA were performed in the acute to subacute setting of internal carotid artery dissection.Results Carotid artery dissection was identified in all seven patients by MSCTA. The combination of MRI and MRA identified dissection in five of the seven patients. Additionally, a pseudoaneurysm was identified by MSCTA that was missed by MRI and MRA.Conclusion Our findings confirm that MSCTA is a complementary technique in comparison to cervical axial T1 MRI and cervical MRA for diagnosing carotid artery dissection, and at times may provide additional information that can impact patient management.     

Dissection of epiaortic vessels: clinical appearance and potentiality of imaging techniques

PURPOSE: To analyse the major radiological and clinical features of dissections of the epiaortic vessels and evaluate the potential of imaging techniques on the basis of the findings reported in the literature over the last few years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 9 dissections (7 carotid lesions and 2 vertebral lesions) in 9 patients (5 women and 4 men; age range: 30-56 years) who came to our attention between September 1999 and June 2002. These were all stenoses and obstructions located in the cervical region and, in two patients, extended intracranially. The morphologic features were assessed in each case by colour-Doppler US, CT, MR or conventional angiography and correlated with clinical, therapeutic and distant progression patterns. Colour-Doppler US of the neck vessels was performed in 4 patients; CT angiography of neck and intracranial vessels was performed in 4 patients using a single-slice spiral scanner and a single contrast medium bolus injection, following unenhanced examination of the brain; MR angiography was performed in 6 patients after baseline examination using flow-dependent and/or angiographic sequences; conventional angiography was performed in 7 patients. Clinical manifestations at onset were peripheral neurological lesions in 5 cases and central ischaemic lesions in the remaining 4 cases. All patients underwent medical therapy (anticoagulants or antiaggregants). The follow-up was done by colour-Doppler US, MR and/or MR angiography; follow-up conventional angiography at 6-9 months was also performed in 6 patients. Distant progression was assessed on the basis of the degree of vascular re-canalization and the residual signs and symptoms. RESULTS: MR- and CT-angiography were diagnostic in all cases. In particular, diagnosis was obtained by MR-angiography in 4 patients and by CT-angiography in 3 patients. Conventional angiography yielded a diagnosis in 2 cases which had previously undergone non-contrast brain CT or MR without examination of neck vessels alone. Colour-Doppler US revealed non-specific wall and flow alterations in 2 cases, thus requiring further diagnostic studies. In patients with central neurological symptoms at onset the diagnosis was obtained within 48-72 hours, whereas in patients with initial peripheral neurological symptoms the time to diagnosis was significantly longer (up to 10 days) due to the poor specificity of the clinical picture and/or failed detection of the warning symptoms. Medical treatment gave rise to no major complications. Overall, distant progression was good: 6 patients recovered completely and 3 had mild to moderate residual neurological deficits. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Dissection of epiaortic vessels should always be considered as a probable cause of cerebral ischaemia in adults aged 20-50 years, particularly in the absence of vascular risk factors. Clinical assessment is fundamental for the diagnosis and treatment. Currently, CT and MR imaging techniques providing similar information are reliable diagnostic tools that can rapidly and non-invasively clarify suspicious clinical cases. Nevertheless, angiography continues to have an important role in the overall evaluation of disease severity in view of the possible endovascular or surgical treatment of complications.     

颌颈巨大肿物的颈动脉CTA和MRA的对比研究

目的对比分析颈动脉CT血管成像(CTA)和核磁共振血管成像(MRA)在头颈部的成像特点,探讨颈部巨大肿物对颈动脉正常解剖位置的影响和对血管壁侵蚀的价值。材料和方法术前对11例颌颈部肿物患者行颈动脉CTA和MRA,分别同步注射造影剂,螺旋CT对病变区血管段进行重点薄层螺旋扫描,EasyVision三维重建;MRI扫描由Sun工作站三维重建。对比分析颈动脉CTA和MRA。结果11例颌颈部肿物患者中5例颈总动脉、颈内动脉向内侧移位,其中2例颈外动脉受压狭窄;另1例颈内动脉向后侧移位,颈外动脉向外前移位;1例颈内静脉血管壁多处受侵蚀。结论CTA能够显示颈部大血管走向及与下颌骨、舌骨、颈椎、颅底骨组织三维空间关系;MRA显示血管壁的情况较CTA精确,均可为诊断和手术入路提供三维信息。     

64层螺旋CT颈部动脉成像的临床应用

目的：探讨64层螺旋CT颈部动脉成像技术的临床应用。方法：回顾性分析65例经64层螺旋CT颈部动脉造影检查病例,使用对比剂跟踪技术,后处理使用容积再现技术（VRT）、最大密度投影（MIP）、多平面重建（MPR）、曲面重建（CPR）、仿真内窥镜（CTVE）等技术重建,分析其发育变异、斑块性质、狭窄程度等情况,并结合临床进行分析。结果：65例130条颈动脉中,34条无异常,颈内动脉瘤8条,粥样斑块并狭窄88条。88条狭窄的颈动脉中,轻度狭窄59条（67.0%）,中度狭窄22条（25.0%）,重度狭窄5条（5.7%）,闭塞2（2.3%）条;130条椎动脉中,正常52条,先天性变异27条,粥样斑块并狭窄46条,椎动脉受增生骨质压迫5条。51条狭窄的椎动脉中,轻度狭窄40条（78.4%）,中度狭窄8条（15.7%）,重度狭窄3条（5.9%）。结论：应用64层螺旋CT颈部CTA检查,可同时完成颈动脉与椎动脉血管成像,准确显示血管病变的类型、程度,为临床治疗提供科学的依据。     

创伤性颈动脉假性动脉瘤病因及诊治探讨

目的对创伤性颈动脉假性动脉瘤病因及血管内栓塞治疗进行探讨。方法对26例患者行数字减影血管造影术(DSA)检查明确诊断，同时行血管内栓塞治疗。5例采用微弹簧圈栓塞，19例采用可脱性球囊行假性动脉瘤开口处颈动脉闭塞，2例采用10％α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯(NBCA)脑膜中动脉供支栓塞。结果20例栓塞后鼻腔出血停止，其中1例视力下降栓塞后1周视力好转。3例头痛3周后消失。3例颈部包块杂音消失、质软、无搏动。1例死亡。随访6-12个月无一例再次出血，颈部包块消失。结论血管内栓塞是治疗创伤性颈动脉假性动脉瘤有效的方法。     

Cervical radiculopathy caused by vertebral artery loop formation: multislice computed tomography angiography findings

Vertebral artery tortuosity and loop formation are rare causes of cervical radiculopathy. The criterion standard for the detection of vertebral artery loop formation is digital subtraction angiography. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging provide good accuracy in the evaluation of vertebral arteries. A case of vertebral artery loop formation is reported. The diagnosis was confirmed by 16-row multisection CT angiography findings of vertebral artery loop formation.     

心内膜垫缺损造影诊断中漏、误诊造影表现与其手术病理对比研究

目的 通过对１８例心内膜垫缺损造影诊断与手术病理对比，分析其影像病理基础和漏、误诊原因，以期客观评价左室造影对心内膜垫缺损的诊断意义和局限性。材料与方法 １８例均行左室正位造影，其中６例并行侧位造影。１８例均以心内直视手术修复。将造影诊断与手术结果进行对比。结果 造影诊断部分型心内膜垫缺损１２例，完全型心内膜垫缺损２例，左室右７房通道２例，法鲁四联征１例，三尖瓣下移畸形１例。手术证实１８例均为心内     

Spontaneous dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery. Diagnosis by MRI

A case of spontaneous dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery documented by angiography and MRI is reported. Angiography showed an irregular stenosis of the upper part of the cervical internal carotid artery extending up to the base of the skull, suggestive of spontaneous dissection. The diagnosis was confirmed beyond doubt by MRI which showed a sub-intimal collection of blood with a typical hyperintense appearance.     

The bull's-eye sign of extracranial cervical aneurysms

Extracranial, cervical aneurysms and arterial thrombosis are uncommon entities. In most cases, they have diagnostic clinical presentations. However, on occasion the history and physical findings do not clearly suggest their presence. In these cases, postcontrast computed tomography scans can aid in rapidly establishing the correct diagnosis by revealing a "bull's-eye" appearance within the mass (vessel lumen). The diagnosis is less difficult to make when the involved vessel is the carotid artery, because this artery is routinely identified on postcontrast computed tomography scans and the lesion can be easily placed along its course. The vascular origin of such a lesion is not usually evident on computed tomography if the process does not lie along the course of a major vessel. In these cases, the bull's-eye sign can establish the diagnosis so that prompt consideration can be given to angiography and therapy.     

64层螺旋CT脑动脉造影方法研究

目的:探讨应用64层螺旋CT进行脑动脉造影(CTA)检查扫描的最佳时相和方法,优化图像后处理,为脑动脉畸形及脑动脉瘤等脑血管病变提供可靠的依据。方法:使用西门子公司Sensation 64层螺旋CT及后处理工作站,应用相应的4D后处理软件及血管对比剂自动跟踪触发扫描软件(BOLUS软件)。选取临床诊断蛛网膜下腔出血及怀疑脑血管畸形的患者38例,采用Bolus跟踪与目测颈动脉对比剂浓度相结合的方法进行脑动脉CT造影检查。结果:38例患者中达到诊断标准34例,扫描失败3例,经延迟补救扫描后成功1例,其中6例行DSA造影,5例符合,1例行DSA造影时未发现动脉瘤,再行CTA检查确切检出动脉瘤。符合率83.3%。结论:使用64层螺旋CT,采用BOLUS跟踪与目测颈动脉对比剂浓度相结合的方法进行脑动脉CT造影检查可准确区分脑动-静脉血管,在诊断脑血管疾病方面可以作为常规方法使用。     

A simple post mortem room angiography method for the investigation of traumatic basal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Identifying the site of vascular bleeding in fatal cases of traumatic basal subarachnoid hemorrhage (TBSAH) is important, but can be very difficult to achieve when there is extensive blood clot in the posterior cranial fossa. Post mortem angiography in these circumstances has been reported previously but with mixed results, and is rarely used in current practice within the United Kingdom. We have developed a simple and effective post mortem angiography method, using fluoroscopy and clear modern contrast medium, suitable for use in the autopsy room. Contrast medium was injected through an angiographic catheter positioned (with water filled balloon) in the extracranial vertebral artery (ECVA) just behind the clavicle, whilst the base of the skull and upper cervical spine area was visualized by fluoroscopy following digital subtraction of the bony images. The procedure was developed over a series of 8 TBSAH cases and using unfixed cadaveric specimens. A clear leak point was identified in 3 cases and the likely site indicated in a further fatality (all with tears subsequently confirmed by histology). In 4 cases, the bleeding point was not identified by angiography. In 7 deaths, the anatomy of the upper cervical loops and intracranial course of the vertebral arteries were well delineated by angiography and several small loop segments were documented. In 1 case, with severe degenerative vascular disease, extracranial vessel wall trauma and luminal thrombosis, angiography was unsuccessful above the level of the first cervical (C1) vertebra. Injecting contrast through the internal carotid artery, just above the bifurcation, was also shown to visualize the anterior cerebral circulation well. This method is likely to identify the main site of vascular tearing in about 50% of cases of TBSAH and to delineate the important anatomy of the vessels, prior to dissection of the upper neck and posterior fossa, thus minimizing handling artefacts and guiding the histological sampling of the vessels.     

64层螺旋CT数字减影术对头颈部动脉成像应用研究

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT数字减影技术对头颈部动脉成像的优势。方法:对25例怀疑头颈部血管病变患者行64层螺旋CT血管减影成像检查,用特殊头部固定装置固定头颅,先行平扫,然后以相同的扫描参数行增强扫描,将增强前后图像送至工作站进行减影,利用inspace从减影的图像中提取动脉,进行血管重组,其中15例同时行常规CTA检查,8例行DSA检查,比较减影CTA与常规CTA的成像速度、图像质量,并与DSA成像比较。结果:25例均能显示颈总动脉、颈内动脉、椎动脉及主要分支,其中17例颈椎及颅底骨质完全减去,血管显示良好,8例因检查时头部轻微动或做吞咽动作而造成部分颈椎骨及颅底骨未完全减去,但动脉仍能显示,减影CTA平均成像时间4.3min,常规CTA平均成像时间24.3min,2种成像技术比较,颈部动脉图像质量无明显差别,减影CTA对颅内动脉主干及更多分支的显示优于常规CTA,减影CTA与8例DSA比较图像完全相同。结论:64层螺旋CT血管减影技术省时省力、便捷灵活、图像质量好,值得在临床推广。