Nasopharynx as a microbiologic reservoir in chronic suppurative otitis media: preliminary study

ObjectivesThe present study was designed to identify the correlations of bacterial strains of the middle ear and the nasopharynx in chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) patients who were scheduled for operations.MethodsSixty-three patients with CSOM were enrolled in the study. Culture specimens were collected from the middle ear and nasopharynx of patients who were admitted for operation. Samples collections were performed 3 times; from the middle ear and nasophaynx at the admission day, from the middle ear during the operation, and from the external auditory canal post-operatively. Bacteria were identified by gram staining and biochemical tests. The correspondence rate of organisms which simultaneously exist in the middle ear and the nasopharynx was measured.ResultsSixty-eight organisms were isolated from the middle ear and 57 organisms from the nasopharynx among 63 patients. Of 68 bacteria identified in middle ear, 26.52% (18 bacteria) corresponded with those of nasopharynx. MRSA had the high correspondence rate, and of 18 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from middle ear, 33.3% (6 bacteria) corresponded with nasophaynx. Meanwhile, 3 organisms of MRSA were detected from the external auditory canal post-operatively, although they were only found in nasopharynx pre-operatively.ConclusionThe current trend of middle ear swab alone for bacterial detection would be insufficient to identify the potent MRSA and impede early antibiotic intervention for the effective middle ear surgery. Therefore, it is necessary to perform nasopharynx cultures together with conventional middle ear culture to control potent risk for infection pre-operatively.     

慢性化脓性中耳炎分泌物的细菌培养及药敏试验

目的 :了解慢性化脓性中耳炎 (CSOM )患耳脓性分泌物的细菌分布及药物敏感性 ,以指导临床用药。方法 :采集 92例武汉地区CSOM患者手术中的中耳炎性分泌物 ,分别进行需氧菌、厌氧菌培养及药物敏感试验。结果 :需氧菌培养阳性者 75例 ,阳性率 81.5 % ,主要致病菌为绿脓杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和变形杆菌。 3种致病菌均对环丙沙星敏感 (敏感率为 89.0 %、88.2 %和 85 .0 % )。厌氧菌培养阳性者 10例 ,阳性率 10 .9%。结论 :绿脓杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和变形杆菌是武汉地区CSOM的主要致病菌 ,三者对环丙沙星类抗生素的敏感率均较高。厌氧菌在CSOM的发病中起着重要的作用。     

慢性化脓性中耳炎的微生物学研究进展

慢性化脓性中耳炎(CSOM)是一种常见病多发病,CSOM是一种多因素疾病,由环境、细菌、宿主和遗传危险因素等一系列因素相互作用引起,细菌感染是CSOM重要的原因之一。由于地区、民族、饮食习惯等差异,CSOM在世界各地的发病率及细菌种类也有所差异。既往基于培养技术获得CSOM部分优势菌群,但不能获得CSOM细菌群落的全貌,限制了CSOM的病原学研究。随着各项检测技术的提高,特别是16S rRNA测序及宏基因组测序等分子技术的发展,CSOM病原学研究也逐步完善,这不仅对抗生素的选择提供依据,同时也能进一步研究细菌在CSOM中的致病机制。     

317例慢性化脓性中耳炎的细菌学及药物敏感性分析

目的了 解慢性化脓性中耳炎脓性分泌物的细菌分布及药物敏感性，以指导临床用药。方法 取慢性化脓性中耳炎的鼓室内脓液作细菌培养和药敏试验，取得细菌分离率的排序，致病菌的药物敏感度及耐药率。结果 317耳中培养有微生物生长301耳，其中细菌293耳，真菌8耳；无细菌生长16耳。细菌检出率依次为：凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌89耳（占28．1％），金黄色葡萄球菌83耳（占26．2％），铜绿假单胞菌46耳（占14．5％），奇异变形杆菌24耳（占7.6％）；敏感药物因菌种而异。结论 慢性化脓性中耳炎活动期患耳脓性分泌物的细菌分布以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌，金黄色葡萄球菌，铜绿假单胞菌，奇异变形杆菌为主。药敏试验对指导临床用药有指导意义。     

The role of retinol in the etiology and outcome of suppurative otitis media

Vitamin A deficiency is still a serious public health problem affecting an estimated 127 million preschool children. The resulting immunological dysfunctions lead to increased risks of respiratory tract infections, diarrhoeal diseases and blindness, among others. The aim of this study is to determine the significance of the role of serum retinol in the etiology of acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM) and its chronicity (CSOM). In a prospective follow-up of patients with ASOM for 6–9 months, serum retinol determination was done using the high performance liquid chromatography. Participants comprised 358 ASOM and 52 control subjects. Six-month follow-up was achieved in 264 subjects (74%); of these, there was persistence of otorrhoea (CSOM) in 116, while 148 had resolved ASOM. Of the 264 subjects, 146 were males and 118 were females, between the ages of 6 months and 9 years and a mean of 7 years (SD = 2.32), whereas the control subjects comprised 29 males and 22 females, between the ages of 6 months and 11 years and a mean of 7.8 years (SD = 3.6). The range of serum retinol in the ASOM subjects was 1.63–2.64 μg/L, mean of 1.53 μg/L, median value of 2.61 μg/L and (SD = 0.16). Among control subjects, the range was 2.5–2.8 μg/L, mean of 2.58 μg/L and median value of 2.61 μg/L (SD = 0.14) (Table 1). The range of serum retinol in the resolved ASOM subjects was 1.61–2.63 μg/L, mean of 2.07 μg/L and median value of 2.09 μg/L (SD = 0.16) while the CSOM subjects ranged between 0.8–2.86 μg/L, mean of 1.58 μg/L and median value of 1.28 μg/L, (SD = 0.48) (Table 2). Univariate analysis using unpaired t test to compare the mean serum retinol revealed significant difference between ASOM and control (P = 0.0000) and between resolved ASOM and CSOM (P = 0.0000). In conclusion, hyporetinolaemia was a significant etiological factor in the etiology ASOM and CSOM, suggesting retinol supplementation as one strategy in control of SOM.     

高龄及合并全身疾病慢性化脓性中耳炎患者围手术期管理

摘要：目的手术治疗高龄或伴全身疾病的慢性化脓性中耳炎患者时,手术风险及手术相关并发症的发生率相对较高。本文分析了此类患者的基础疾病特点及管理原则,以期更好地维护围手术期安全,为存在相对手术禁忌的患者提供治愈机会。方法2009年1月~2015年1月我科收治拟行手术治疗的高龄或伴全身疾病慢性化脓性中耳炎患者268例,根据基础疾病的类型、严重程度、治疗用药对手术的影响等进行围手术期管理,排除手术禁忌并决定是否建议手术。根据手术实施率、基础疾病恶化率、干耳率等评估围手术期管理的合理性。结果268例患者中,6例因无法控制基础疾病而放弃手术,余262例接受手术,手术实施率为97.8%。所有手术患者中,术前91例（34.7%）需要调整基础疾病治疗方案;术后14例（5.3%）出现基础疾病恶化,包括7例血糖紊乱、4例血压紊乱、1例诱发谵妄、1例哮喘复发、1例再发脑梗,余248例（94.7%）术后平稳。所有手术患者均实现干耳,未出现面瘫、感音神经性耳聋等手术相关并发症。结论针对各不同类型基础疾病,采用相应的干预措施,有望为存在相对手术禁忌的慢性化脓性中耳炎患者获得治愈机会,降低围手术期严重并发症的发生几率。     

The evaluation of eustachian tube paratubal structures using magnetic resonance imaging in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media

Conclusion Eustachian tube (ET) dysfunction, which plays a role in the pathogenesis chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), does not seem to be due to differences in paratubal structures. Objective The aim of this study was to compare the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of the paratubal structures of the ET between normal ears and ears in patients with CSOM. Methods The MRI records of 40 patients who underwent tympanomastoidectomy for a diagnosis of CSOM were reviewed retrospectively. The healthy ears served as the control group. The length, diameter, surface area and volume of the tensor veli palatini muscle (TVPM) and levator veli palatini muscle (LVPM) were measured, in addition to the diameter of the pharyngeal orifice of the ET, volume of the Ostmann fat pad, bimucosal thickness of the lumen of the ET, and mucosal thickness. Results In the pathological ears, the mean length of the TVPM and LVPM was 22.6?mm and 19.3?mm, the mean diameter was 3.2 and 5.3?mm, and the mean volume was 1.75 and 3.2?cm³, respectively. In addition, the mean diameter of the pharyngeal orifice of the ET was 1.9?mm. There were no significant between-group differences in the paratubal structures (p?>?0.05).     

我国慢性化脓性中耳炎患者的病原学及其动态变化分析

摘要：目的了解我国近年来慢性化脓性中耳炎（chronic suppurative otitis media,CSOM）患者的病原菌谱分布及动态变化趋势,为临床合理用药提供指导。方法通过检索中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）、万方数据库、维普数据库（VIP）及中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）从1991年1月~2015年5月发表的所有有关CSOM细菌培养的描述性临床研究中文献,共筛选出50篇文献纳入本次研究,累积研究CSOM患者7462例（7521耳）。根据文献资料的中位年限平均分为4组：1990-1995年组、1996-2001年组、2002-2007年组及2008-2013年组。对各组细菌培养病原菌检出率、真菌检出率、前4种细菌所占比例及革兰阳性（G+）菌与革兰阴性（G-）菌比例进行动态分析。结果细菌培养病原菌总检出率86.21%,真菌检出率5.25%。细菌以金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌及变形杆菌4种细菌为主;真菌以念珠菌及曲霉菌为主。随着时间推移,细菌培养病原菌检出率逐渐降低;真菌检出率逐渐增高;前4种细菌中以金黄色葡萄球菌排名首位,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的比例有逐渐增加的趋势;G+菌与G-菌比例分别逐渐增加和下降。结论我国CSOM患者病原菌谱中以金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌及变形杆菌为主要病原菌;随着时间推移,细菌培养病原菌检出率逐渐降低,真菌检出率、G+菌检出比例及凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率有增高趋势。     

Susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from chronic suppurative otitis media to ciprofloxacin

In order to evaluate the susceptibility of the microorganisms isolated from chronic suppurative otitis media to ciprofloxacin, cultures of specimens from 127 patients with chronic suppurative otitis media and their antibiotic sensitivity results were examined. The most common aerobic isolates were Pseudomonas sp., Proteus sp. and Staphylococcus aureus with recovery rates of 40.7%, 21.6% and 19.1% respectively. Sensitivity results showed that 6.2% of Pseudomonas isolates, 2.9% of Proteus isolates, 10% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates and 8.3% of Escherichia coli isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin.     

Clinical and demographic risk factors associated with chronic suppurative otitis media

BACKGROUND: The incidence of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is high worldwide but increasing occurrence of complications appear peculiar to West Africa. However, knowledge of associated risk factors is sparse, we report the sociodemographic risk factors of CSOM with the aim of control of the disease and complications; and possible preventive strategies. METHOD: This is a survey of children with CSOM in five sites spread in two suburban cities in two states in Nigeria. Questionnaire was administered on the informants followed by examination of the children. RESULT: Of the 189 children, 114 (60%) had developed ear suppuration before 6 months of age, the number of attacks within the previous 18 months ranged between 2-12 with average of 7. Sociodemographic risk factors included low socioeconomic class in 153 (81%), 136 (72%) live in congested houses with more than 10 people and 79 (42%) belonged to families with more than 5 children. Indoor-cooking and infant daycare attendance were 117 (62%) while supine bottlefeeding was 115 (61%) and 34 (18%) of subjects had smoking father. The clinical risk factors were upper respiratory tract infection (URI) 85 (45%), allergy 53 (28%), adenoid 54 (28%) and malnutrition 65 (34%). The univariate analysis revealed that low social class (OR=7.33, CI=4.18-12.83, P=0.0001), malnutrition (OR=3.57, CI=1.88-6.76, P=0.00001), bottlefeeding (OR=2.93, CI=1.63-5.28, P=0.0001), indoor-cooking (OR=1.35, CI=0.88-2.10, P=0.161) and high number of people in a household (OR=0.59, CI=0.34-0.98, P=0.04) are significant in development of OM; while multivariate logistic regression analysis showed malnutrition (OR=3.48, CI=1.633-7.425, P=0.001), low social status (OR=7.74, CI=4.15-14.43, P=0.0001) and indoor-cooking (OR=2.34, CI=1.18-4.66, P=0.014), second table. Parental smoking, daycare attendance, allergy, adenoiditis/adenoidal hypertrophy and upper respiratory tract infection were not found significant. CONCLUSION: Low socioeconomic class, malnutrition, congestion from high number of children in the household and bottlefeeding constitute significant risk factor. The early onset of disease (<6 months) may suggest a prenatal predisposition. We need further research for the understanding of the biologic effect of these factors while this remains a database for prevention and control of disease.     

慢性化脓性中耳炎手术前后患者生活质量的调查分析

目的采用问卷调查方式评价手术对慢性化脓性中耳炎(chronic suppurative otitis media,CSOM)患者生活质量的影响。方法对2009年9月至2010年5月符合纳入标准的78例CSOM患者术前、术后分别接受中文版《慢性耳病调查量表》(The Chinese version of the Chronic Ear Survey,CCES)问卷调查,分析手术对患者生活质量的影响。结果 57名患者在术后2～6月完成术后随访及调查,结果如下:(1)手术前后生活质量CCES总评分无显著变化;(2)术后症状评分较术前有明显改善;(3)术后生活限制及心理影响评分较术前无明显变化;(4)听骨链重建手术患者术后生活限制较术前增加。11名患者完成术后10～12月随访调查。术后各项评分均较术前明显改善。结论中耳炎手术患者术后恢复是长期过程,术前谈话应充分解释术后半年内的症状、生活限制及心理影响,使其对手术预后有正确的认知,减轻术后心理困扰。     

Microbiological profile with antibiotic sensitivity pattern of cholesteatomatous chronic suppurative otitis media among children

Introduction

Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is the most common cause of childhood hearing impairment in the developing countries and atticoantral type is associated with increased incidence of intracranial and extracranial complications. This study was undertaken to define the microbiology of atticoantral type of chronic otitis media and the antibiotic sensitivity pattern, thereby reducing the potential risks of complications.

Materials and methods

A retrospective study was done in the Department of Otolaryngology, JIPMER, Puducherry from the year August 2003 to October 2009 using the medical record department database to retrieve the patient details. During this study period, 223 children with atticoantral type CSOM consisting of 126 males and 97 females with an age range of 1-14 years were assessed. Patients with persistent otorrhea for more than 3 months with atticoantral type of chronic otitis media were selected. The exudates were collected under sterile conditions and inoculated onto culture media; bacterial growth and antibiotic sensitivity pattern were studied.

Results

Nine species of micro organisms were isolated from the middle ear aspirate, Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the most predominant isolate constituting about 32% (72 discharging ears) of the total isolates followed by Proteus mirabilis (20% of isolates) and Staphylococcus aureus (19% of isolates). Gram negative organisms accounted 58% of total isolates and gram positive organisms constituted 22% isolates. Candida albicans and methicillin resistant S. aureus were identified in 4% and 2% of isolates, respectively.100% of Pseudomonas isolates showed susceptibility to ceftazidime and a high sensitivity (92% of isolates) to ciprofloxacin and 88% isolates were sensitive to amikacin. 100% of P. mirabilis isolated from inoculates showed sensitivity to ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin. It also showed 87-97% sensitivity to ceftriaxone, amikacin and ampicillin. All (100%) of the Staphylococcus isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and 84-86% were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. In general, gram negative organisms showed increased sensitivity to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and amikacin, while gram positive organisms to vancomycin, erythromycin and ciprofoxacin.

Conclusion

Continuous and periodic evaluation of microbiological pattern and antibiotic sensitivity of cholesteatomatous CSOM is necessary to decrease the potential risks of complications by early institution of appropriate systemic and topical antibiotic alongside mastoid exploration. We believe that our data may contribute to an effective medical management of chronic suppurative otitis media with cholesteatoma. Since the most common organisms in our clinical set up being P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis and S. aureus, which showed a percentage susceptibility of 100% to ceftazidime and vancomycin, thus making it an empirical antibiotic combination therapy of choice in the recent times.     

122例慢性化脓性中耳炎患者术前骨导听力分析

 目的探讨慢性化脓性中耳炎对骨导听力的影响。方法回顾性分析122例单侧慢性化脓性中耳炎患者,同期选取对侧正常耳作为对照耳,通过对患耳与健耳、不同年龄组、单纯型与胆脂瘤型中耳炎、听骨链完好与听骨链破坏、细菌培养阳性者与阴性者,不同病理患者的术前骨导听力进行研究。所有患者进行纯音测听检查, 并对各频率骨导听阈进行统计学处理, 对影响骨导听力的因素做相关分析。结果0.5、2、4 kHz处,患耳骨导听阈值高于健耳,而低频0.25 kHz及1 kHz处患耳与健耳骨导听阈值差异不显著;随年龄增长,患耳与健耳骨导听阈值差异有逐渐缩小趋势;中耳胆脂瘤及听骨链破坏者对各频率骨导有明显影响;病程及细菌培养阳性与否对骨导听力损害差异不显著。结论①慢性化脓性中耳炎对骨导听力有明显影响,但在不同频率,损害程度有差异;②慢性化脓性中耳炎可能会影响对侧正常耳的骨导听力;③中耳胆脂瘤及听骨链破坏对骨导听力影响较大。     

Bacteriology in chronic otitis media correlated with the clinical state of ears

Summary Bacteriologic findings in 702 cases of chronic otitis media were correlated with the clinical conditions of the ears. Statistically significant correlations with the severity of the clinical infection were noticed concerning Pseudomonas aeruginosa, St. aureus and E. coli. The bacteriological findings did not correlate with the results of Valsalva test. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was statistically more often present in ears without than in ears with cholesteatoma.     

慢性化脓性中耳炎患者听骨链病变与听力变化的关系

目的探讨慢性化脓性中耳炎(chronic suppurative otitis media,CSOM)患者听骨链病变特点及其与听力受损的关系。方法对146例CSOM患者术前行纯音测听、检查鼓膜穿孔部位,术中显微镜观察听骨链病变。结果 7 9例鼓膜紧张部穿孔患者听骨链完好3 6例(45.6%)、受破坏(中断或固定)43例(54.4%);67例松弛部穿孔患者听骨链完好13例(19.4%)、受破坏54例(80.6%),两组差异显著(P<0.01)。听骨链破坏组与完好组比较,各语音频道(0.5、1、2、4 kHz)气导听阈均升高(P<0.01),骨导听阈仅在2 kHz有明显升高(P<0.05),语音频道总气骨导差增大(P<0.01)。结论①CSOM紧张部穿孔者听骨链受损程度低于松弛部穿孔者。②听骨链破坏主要影响CSOM患者的气导听阈,骨导阈值仅在听骨链共振频率2 kHz处有影响。     

Characteristics of hearing impairment in Yemeni children with chronic suppurative otitis media: A case-control study

Background

Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a serious disorder particularly in low resource settings. It can lead to disabling hearing impairment and sometimes life-threatening infective complications.

Objective

The aim of the present study was to describe the characteristics of hearing impairment associated with CSOM in Yemeni children.

Methods

A case-control study of 75 children with CSOM and 74 healthy controls. Hearing was assessed by behavioural testing and audiometry.

Results

Cases had lower academic performance than controls (OR 15.31, 95% CI 1.99-322.14, p < 0.001). Disabling hearing impairment >30 dB was present in 51.5% (right ear) and 66.7% (left ear) of children with CSOM.

Conclusion

Disabling hearing impairment was identified as a major health problem in these Yemeni children with CSOM. There is a need for investment to reduce the burden of CSOM and its complications in these communities. Greater attention to the chronic disabling effects of CSOM in children is required in poor communities and low resource settings.     

耳内镜下鼓室成形术治疗慢性化脓性中耳炎术后听力恢复不良的相关因素分析

目的 分析耳内镜下鼓室成形术对静止期慢性化脓性中耳炎患者听力恢复不良的相关因素.方法 选择2017年2月-2019年11月在四川省八一康复中心治疗的静止期慢性化脓性中耳炎患者131例,所有患者均在全身麻醉下行耳内镜鼓室成形术.根据手术后6个月行纯音测听检测结果,骨气导间距(ABG)的不同将患者分为两组,ABG≤20 d...     

Parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal space abscess: an unusual complication of chronic suppurative otitis media

Parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal abscess as a complication of cholesteatoma is an uncommon entity. We present the unusual case of a 32-year-old man with chronic suppurative otitis media, presenting with parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal abscess. This was treated with incision and drainage of the abscess followed by modified radical mastoidectomy for chronic suppurative otitis media.