Does internal urethrotomy prevent urethral stricture after transurethral prostatectomy. Early and late results

In a randomized study of 200 consecutive patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy (TURP), the combination of internal urethrotomy and TURP (the trial group) was compared with TURP alone (the control group) with regard to the development of urethral strictures postoperatively. Three months after resection, 14% in the trial group and 21% in the control group had developed a urethral stricture. The difference was not statistically significant. At a late follow-up (median 54 months postoperatively) 5 more patients in the trial group and 8 in the control group had developed strictures. The diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of uroflowmetry in diagnosing urethral strictures was 62 and 96%, respectively. The diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of retrograde urethrography was 58 and 98%, respectively. We conclude that urethrotomy before TURP cannot prevent the formation of postoperative urethral strictures.     

Prevention of urethral stricture formation after transurethral resection of the prostate: a controlled randomized study of Otis urethrotomy versus urethral dilation and the use of the polytetrafluoroethylene coated versus the uninsulated metal sheath

Stricture formation after transurethral prostatectomy was studied in a randomized clinical trial including 185 patients. The patients were allocated to either a 2-day urethral catheter-dilation or internal Otis urethrotomy and to an operation with either a polytetrafluoroethylene coated or an uninsulated metal resectoscope. Urethral stricture was defined as an obstruction resulting in a maximum urine flow rate of less than 15 ml. per second and not permitting the passage of a 21F cystoscope. The frequency of urethral strictures was significantly lower after Otis internal urethrotomy (4 per cent) than after a 2-day urethral catheter dilation (16 per cent). The incidence of stricture formation was similar in patients operated on with a polytetrafluoroethylene coated (8 per cent) and with an uninsulated metal (12 per cent) resectoscope sheath. The incidence of stricture formation was unrelated to age, duration of preoperative and postoperative catheterization, operating time and presence of urinary tract infection.     

经尿道前列腺电切术后尿道狭窄24例分析

目的探讨经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)后尿道狭窄的原因和治疗效果。方法回顾分析159例TURP术后24例出现尿道狭窄的病因和治疗资料。结果14例经尿道扩张和7例经尿道内切开治愈,术后排尿满意,疗效满意。结论尿路感染、操作损伤、术后留置尿管过粗、置管时间过长、腺体残留均是尿道狭窄的常见原因。尿道内切开及尿道扩张是治疗尿道狭窄的首选方法。     

经尿道前列腺切除术后患者再次入院的诊治分析

目的探讨经尿道前列腺切除术（TURP）后患者再入院的原因和治疗方法。方法采用回顾性的临床研究方法,分析2004年5月至2011年3月良性前列腺增生（BPH）患者行TURP后再次入院的比率、原因和治疗方法。结果 1604例前列腺电切术后再入院93例,约占接受手术治疗者的5.8%,平均再入院时间17个月。其中膀胱颈疤痕狭窄18例,行膀胱镜下疤痕切除术;腺体复发42例,行再次TURP术;反复肉眼血尿并急性尿潴留17例,均在膀胱镜下行血块清除术;尿道狭窄16例,11例行尿道镜下冷刀内切开,5例行尿道外口切开术,术后联合定期尿道扩张治愈。结论 BPH患者行TURP后再次入院的比率为5.8%,腺体复发是TURP术后再入院的主要原因。术前准确诊断、合理选择手术方式及术中、术后正确处理是预防TURP术后再次入院的关键。     

经尿道前列腺电切术后尿道狭窄的原因分析

目的 分析并探讨经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)术后尿道狭窄的原因,避免其发生.方法 回顾性分析我院1999年1月至2010年1月收治的23例前列腺电切术后尿道狭窄患者,年龄57~78岁,平均67.8岁;狭窄段尿道长度为1.6~3.5cm(平均2.3cm);最大尿流率为4～14ml/s,平均75ml/s;术后出现狭窄的时间为1个月~17年,平均25个月.其中前尿道狭窄6例,后尿道狭窄15例,膀胱颈口处狭窄2例.对于明确的尿道狭窄患者,针对不同情况分别给予尿道扩张、尿道内冷刀切开、残留前列腺组织切除或瘢痕切除处理.结果 随访3个月~6个月,23例患者中6例前尿道狭窄经定期尿道扩张后症状消失,疗效满意.后尿道狭窄的15例患者,2例采用定期尿道扩张的方法治愈,3例行残留腺体切除后症状逐渐缓解,另外1例因后尿道瘢痕较多,于尿道内行冷刀切开后复发,其余后尿道狭窄患者疗效满意.膀胱颈口处狭窄的2例患者,行膀胱颈口冷刀切开及瘢痕切除后治愈.术后23例患者最大尿流率19~29 ml/s,平均24.4 ml/s.结论 尿道狭窄是TULIP术后常见的并发症,其发生与尿路感染、操作损伤、术后留置尿管过粗、置管时间过长、腺体残留等因素密切相关.     

早期应用透明质酸钠尿道灌注对前列腺术后尿道狭窄的预防

目的探讨早期应用透明质酸钠尿道灌注对经尿道前列腺电切(transurethral prostatectomy,TURP)术后尿道狭窄的预防经验。方法 1460例经尿道前列腺电切术患者分为试验组960例和对照组500例,试验组患者术后拔除导尿管后行透明质酸钠尿道内灌注、对已经发生尿道狭窄的患者先行尿道扩张然后再灌注透明质酸钠,对照组术后常规拔除导尿管。结果 1460例患者术后1个月内均未发生尿道狭窄,排尿通畅。试验组16例患者术后2~15个月发生尿道狭窄,占1.67%,均行单纯尿道扩张并注入透明质酸钠治愈,随访6~15个月,排尿通畅。对照组22例患者术后1~15个月发生尿道狭窄,占4.40%,单纯行尿道扩张治愈,随访6~15个月,其中7例再次发生尿道狭窄。结论尿道狭窄为TURP术后常见并发症,早期尿道内灌注透明质酸钠及尿道扩张后注入透明质酸钠对预防和降低尿道狭窄的发生具有良好的作用,值得推广应用。     

Effect of mitomycin C on anterior urethral stricture recurrence after internal urethrotomy

OBJECTIVES: Urethral stricture is one of the oldest known urologic diseases and remains a common problem with high morbidity. Internal urethrotomy refers to any procedure that opens the stricture by incising or ablating it transurethrally. The most common complication of internal urethrotomy is stricture recurrence. The curative success rate of internal urethrotomy is approximately 20%. Mitomycin C has antifibroblast and anticollagen properties and in sporadic reports of animal and clinical studies it has increased the success rate of trabeculectomy and myringotomy. This study evaluated the efficacy of mitomycin C in the prevention of anterior urethral stricture recurrence after internal urethrotomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty male patients with anterior urethral strictures were randomized to undergo internal urethrotomy with or without urethral submucosal mitomycin C injection. Using general anaesthesia, the urethrotomy was performed under direct vision. Mitomycin C (0.1mg) was injected submucosally at the urethrotomy site in 20 patients. The patients were re-evaluated after 6 mo and the stricture recurrence rate was compared between the two groups (chi(2) analysis). RESULTS: Urethral stricture recurred in 2 patients (10%) in the mitomycin C-treated group and in 10 patients (50%) in the other group. This difference in stricture recurrence between the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first prospective, randomized, clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of mitomycin C application in internal urethrotomy. Submucosal injection of mitomycin C significantly reduced stricture recurrence after internal urethrotomy. Further investigations are warranted to confirm its efficacy and safety.     

Internal urethrotomy and intraurethral submucosal injection of triamcinolone in short bulbar urethral strictures

Objectives

In clinical practice, internal urethrotomy is an easy procedure and is offered as a first modality for treatment of short urethral strictures. Internal urethrotomy refers to any procedure that opens the stricture by incising or ablating it transurethrally. The most common complication of internal urethrotomy is stricture recurrence. The curative success rate of internal urethrotomy is approximately 20%. Triamcinolone has antifibroblast and anticollagen properties. This study evaluated the efficacy of triamcinolone in the prevention of anterior urethral stricture recurrence after internal urethrotomy.

Methods

Fifty male patients with anterior urethral stricture were randomized to undergo internal urethrotomy with or without urethral submucosal injection of triamcinolone. Using general anesthesia urethrotomy was performed. Triamcinolone (40 mg) was injected submucosally at the urethrotomy site in 25 patients. The patients were followed for at least 12 months and the stricture recurrence rate was compared between the two groups.

Results

23 patients in the triamcinolone group and 22 in the control group completed the study. There were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics of the patients or the etiology of the stricture between the two groups. Mean follow-up time was 13.7 ± 5.5 months (range: 1–25 months). Urethral stricture recurred in five patients (21.7%) in the triamcinolone group and in 11 patients (50%) in the control group (P = 0.04).

Conclusions

Injection of triamcinolone significantly reduced stricture recurrence after internal urethrotomy. Further investigations are warranted to confirm its efficacy and safety.     

The role of internal urethrotomy in the prevention of urethral stricture following transurethral resection of prostate.

Urethral stricture is the commonest late complication of transurethral prostatectomy. Although internal urethrotomy is widely practised to prevent structures, there are no reports of any controlled trials of the procedure. A prospective trial of internal urethrotomy, using the Otis urethrotome, in 210 consecutive transurethral prostatectomies is presented. Patients were divided into 2 groups, those undergoing urethrotomy before TUR ("Trial group") and those undergoing TUR without urethrotomy ("Control group"), and they were followed for a minimum of 6 months. The incidence of stricture in the control group was significantly greater than in the trial group (P less than 0.01). Analysis of all other variables revealed no difference between the 2 groups and it is concluded that internal urethrotomy does prevent stricture formation and that it should be undertaken routinely before transurethral resection.     

不同手术方法治疗男性外伤性尿道狭窄的多中心临床研究

目的探讨不同手术方法影响男性外伤性尿道狭窄治疗效果的相关因素。方法回顾性分析多中心的237例外伤性尿道狭窄的初次治疗效果,采用多因素分析,用卡方、卡方分割分析的统计方法分析临床疗效。结果在狭窄复发的因素中,狭窄长度分组（0～2cm,2～4cm）的P〈0.05,围手术期尿路感染的P〈0.05,狭窄初次治疗方式（尿扩,尿道内切开,尿道吻合）的P〈0.05;狭窄的初次治疗方式,尿扩与尿道吻合比较P〈0.01,尿道内切开与尿扩比较的P〉0.05,尿道内切开与尿道吻合比较P〈0.01。结论外伤导致的尿道狭窄长度、围手术期尿路感染、狭窄初次治疗方式是影响尿道狭窄复发的重要因素;尿道狭窄的长度与尿道内切开的疗效相关,狭窄长度〈2cm复发率低,〉2cm复发率高;尿道吻合术的影响因素与狭窄长度、狭窄部位、既往手术史无关,与围手术期尿路感染及手术本身有关,与其他手术方式相比,尿道吻合治疗外伤性尿道狭窄复发率最低。     

Use of the Otis urethrotome in the treatment of urethral strictures and congenital urethral stenoses.

Internal urethrotomy using the Otis urethrotome is described in detail. Performing this procedure in 23 patients with urethral strictures, no further dilatations of the urethra were necessary in approximately 60%. If internal urethrotomy, which offers the advantages of having a very low rate of complications and which may be repeated, proves unsuccessful, a urethroplasty can still be carried out. As a preliminary procedure to transurethral resection of the prostate by cold punch technique, internal urethrotomy appears to be of great value in preventing urethral strictures - as demonstrated by follow-up studies in 351 patients.     

Treatment of inflammatory urethral stenosis with endoscopic urethrotomy

Urethral stricture, mainly consisting of cases of inflammatory stricture, is a frequent occurrence in Morocco. Numerous techniques have been proposed to treat these disorders, including internal endoscopic urethrotomy (IEU). Initially described by Otis and Maisonneuve using a blind approach, IEU was then further developed by Saches who carried out direct vision urethrotomy. It rapidly became established as the method of choice for primary treatment of urethral stricture, and classical surgery was limited to those cases in which this method had failed. However, although this technique is relatively simple and appears to be efficient, there is in fact a high relapse rate, necessitating repeated IEU; therefore at present there is a tendency to return to the classical methods of anastomotic resection and urethroplasty after the second or third IEU. Although the relapse rate is low for short, single or bulbar strictures, it is high for penile strictures and for those with accompanying severe periurethral fibrosis. In this study, we have reported the results of a homogeneous series of 149 cases of urethral stricture treated by internal urethrotomy. The aim of this retrospective study was to better define the indications for adopting this technique, and also to determine the reasons for failure. The various alternatives to IEU (resection, plasty) have been examined, as has their respective failure rate.     

腔内手术治疗尿道狭窄及闭锁10年回顾(附203例报告)

目的：提高腔内手术治疗尿道狭窄及闭锁的治疗效果。方法：总结10年来经腔内手术治疗尿道狭窄及闭锁患者203例的体会。结果：203例中手术成功194例（96％）,其中行2次腔内手术者9例,3次腔内手术者5例。手术失败9例（4％）改行开放手术,失败原因与狭窄段较长（＞3cm)、反复腔内操作及严重瘢痕化等因素有关。获随访者157例（6个月－8年）,143例排尿顺畅,14例需定期尿道扩张。结论：腔内手术可以作为治疗尿道狭窄及闭锁的首选方法,应争取一次成功,尽量避免重复手术。     

重复尿道内切开术治疗尿道狭窄的疗效观察

目的　探讨尿道内切开术治疗尿道狭窄的可重复性。　方法　收集经尿道内切开术治疗的尿道狭窄及闭锁患者共 2 96例 ,分析重复实施尿道内切开术的价值。　结果　 2 96例中手术成功 2 6 1例 (88.2 % ) ,其中 1次手术成功者 2 17例 ;行 2次内切开术者 79例 ,32例成功 ,行 3次内切开术者 4 7例 ,12例成功。 35例 (11.8% )手术失败 ,其中 2 6例改行镍钛记忆合金螺旋支架置入治疗 ,9例行开放手术。病程 >1年者重复尿道内切开术成功率低。　结论　尿道内切开术治疗尿道狭窄应争取首次成功 ,重复手术价值有限 ,病程 >1年者不宜行重复尿道内切开术。     

输尿管镜辅助下双极等离子体电切治疗尿道狭窄的疗效观察

目的评价输尿管镜辅助下双极等离子体电切治疗尿道狭窄的疗效和安全性。方法 2004年1月至2008年12月,运用27 F GYRUS双极等离子体电切镜在8~9.8 F WOLF输尿管镜辅助下治疗41例男性尿道狭窄患者,年龄18～69岁,平均28岁。其中外伤性尿道狭窄27例,炎症性狭窄3例,前列腺术后狭窄8例,成人尿道下裂术后狭窄3例。所有患者经尿道造影及尿流率检查。狭窄段长度0.3～3.0 cm,平均1.23 cm。其中狭窄段内径>3 F者28例(A组);狭窄段内径<3 F,且部分病例为尿道闭锁、假道者13例(B组)。术后随访12～18个月。结果全组手术成功率78%(32/41),其中A组28例中23例(前尿道11例,后尿道10例,球膜连接部2例)手术1次成功,成功率82.1%(23/28);出现并发症5例(再狭窄3例,并发尿道穿孔、尿外渗各1例),并发症发生率17.9%(5/28);尿道穿孔、尿外渗2例患者经留置导尿管后自行愈合,3例再狭窄患者行开放性手术。B组13例中成功9例(前尿道3例,后尿道5例,球膜部1例),成功率69.2%(9/13);失败4例(1例因狭窄超过3.0 cm术后再发狭窄,1例合并假道,2例因尿道连续性完全破坏),并发症发生率30.8%(4/13),失败原因均为术中无法标记真道。B组4例内镜失败患者同样行开放性手术治疗。结论双极等离子体电切可以有效去除尿道瘢痕组织,在输尿管镜辅助下提高了治愈成功率,适宜于可以标引真道、且狭窄段长度不超过2.0 cm者,效果较好,为内镜治疗尿道狭窄的选项之一。     

窥镜直视下尿道内切开术加电切术治疗尿道狭窄

目的：探讨尿道狭窄的有效治疗方法。方法：对1991—2000年收治的128例尿道狭窄患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析，并比较窥镜直视下尿道内切开术和直视下尿道内切开术加电切术的疗效。结果：作单纯直视下尿道内切开术56例，治愈29例(51．9％)。作窥镜直视下尿道内切开术加电切术72例，治愈63例(87．5％)。结论：窥镜直视下尿道内切开术加电切术的方法可明显提高尿道狭窄的疗效，减少其复发率。     

经尿道前列腺电切术后排尿困难的原因、治疗和预防

目的探讨经尿道前列腺电切（transurethral resection of prostate,TURP）术后排尿困难的原因、治疗和预防。方法回顾分析2004年8月～2008年9月49例TURP术后出现排尿困难的临床资料。结果6例因为拔除尿管后膀胱颈和尿道水肿再次留置较细硅胶尿管,9例术后前列腺迟发出血未及时就诊予以膀胱冲洗后留置尿管,20例尿道外口狭窄予以尿道扩张或尿道外口切开,5例尿道其他部位狭窄予以尿道扩张,4例膀胱颈挛缩予以冷刀切开或扩尿道治疗,5例前列腺术后腺体残留4例予以再次电切,1例因结肠癌晚期长期卧床行膀胱造瘘术。结论TURP术后并发排尿困难,以尿道外口狭窄多见,尿道扩张是常用而有效的首选治疗方法。     

Meatal strictures after transurethral prostatectomy using latex or polyvinyl chloride three-way catheters.

Because latex rubber catheters have been implicated in urethral stricture formation, the incidence of urethral strictures following transurethral prostatectomy (TUP) and subsequent catheterisation with latex rubber or polyvinyl chloride catheters was compared. A total of 84 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (n = 71) or prostatic carcinoma (n = 13) underwent assessment of urethral diameter and subsequent internal urethrotomy prior to TUP. Following resection, 42 patients received three-way self-retaining latex rubber catheters and 42 received similar catheters made of PVC. Catheters were removed when the urine was clear (mean time = 3 days), and no patient required recatheterisation. Urinary flow was assessed in all patients at 6, 12 and 24 weeks after surgery, and diminution of flow with submeatal stricture formation was noted in one patient who had received a latex rubber catheter, and in one who had received a PVC catheter. In this study, the composition of the catheter had no bearing on subsequent stricture formation following TUP.     

The management of urethral stricture after kidney transplantation

Objective

To investigate the incidence and causes of urethral stricture after kidney transplantation, as well as analyze its diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

Methods

Clinical data of patients who developed urethral stricture after living-donor kidney transplantation in our center between January 2007 and June 2012 were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

Urethral stricture occurred in 8 of the 677 eligible kidney recipients (1.18 %) during the study period; the complication occurred at a mean of 4.4 months (range 2–7 months) after transplantation. Cystoscope-related iatrogenic injury and urinary tract infection seemed to be the most likely causes. In addition to frequency and dysuria, three patients had hydronephrosis and four had elevated serum creatinine levels. Urethrography showed that the urethral stricture was anterior in two patients and posterior in the remaining six. Two patients were treated by urethral dilation, four by internal urethrotomy and two by urethra reconstruction surgery. All patients urinated readily after treatment and four patients with impaired renal function recovered.

Conclusion

Urethral strictures after kidney transplantation are rare, and they can be safely and effectively treated by urethral dilation, internal urethrotomy or urethra reconstruction. Avoiding iatrogenic injury and shortening catheterization time may help reduce the risk of this complication.     

The effectiveness of early primary realignment in children with posterior urethral injury

AIM: The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the results of delayed repair and early primary realignments in patients with posterior urethral injury. METHODS: From 1990 to 2003, 20 children were admitted to the Medical Faculty of Uluday University, Bursa, Turkey, for posterior urethral injuries. Traffic accidents were the most common cause of injury (n = 17). Twelve patients (60%) who were referred early (1-10 days) underwent early realignment over a urethral tube. A total of eight patients (40%) underwent delayed repair using transpubic route. In these patients, surgical repair of the urethra was performed 5-6 months later. RESULTS: Of the 12 patients who underwent early urethral realignment, six required at least one visual internal urethrotomy following the removal of the urethral catheter. Urethral stricture developed in two of 12 patients (16.6%) who underwent early urethral realignment. Of the eight patients who underwent delayed repair, six required at least one visual internal urethrotomy following removal of the urethral catheter. Urethral stricture developed in three of eight patients (37.5%) who underwent delayed repair. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The urethral stricture in patients who underwent early primary realignment was less developed than the stricture that developed in those who underwent delayed management. According to these results we recommend early primary realignment in children with posterior urethral injury.