生活事件与老年抑郁症发病的关系

目的 探讨生活事件与老年抑郁症发病的关系。方法 对98名老年抑郁症恢复期患者（抑郁组）以及正常社区老年人（对照组）使用自制一般情况调查表、老年抑郁童表（GDS）生活事件量表评定。结果 抑郁组精神病家族史、现忠躯体痰病、脑血管病得分高于对照组。抑郁组负性生活事件数、负性事件总值及家庭有关问题得分高于对照组。结论 生活事件是老年抑郁症发病的重要危险因素。     

女性老年期抑郁症自杀危险因素研究

目的：探讨老年抑郁症患者自杀行为的危险因素。方法：对符合CCMD－2－4抑郁症诊断标准，汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD）＞24分的80例老年女性患者，分成有自杀行为和无自杀行为的2组进行对照。结果：文化程度较高、身体疾病较多、病前有明显负性生活事件、重症忧郁、HAMD量表得分较高者自杀行为较多。结论：老年抑郁症患者除了给抗抑郁剂治疗外，还需重视躯体疾病的治疗以及心理治疗。社会支持有助于降低自杀行为的发生率。     

首发与复发性抑郁症患者执行功能的比较

目的比较首发与复发性抑郁症患者的认知执行功能。方法对43例首发抑郁症患者以及48例复发抑郁症患者,采用17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表测定抑郁严重程度,采用威斯康星卡片分类测验测定执行功能,并进行治疗前后的执行功能比较。结果治疗前首发组与复发组各项执行功能指标均较对照组差（P〈0.05）;分类数首发组高于复发组（P〈0.05）。治疗后首发组除分类数外,其它指标均与对照组有统计学差异（P〈0.05）;复发组各项指标仍较对照组为差（P〈0.05）;首发组与复发组治疗后比较,各项指标首发组均优于复发组（P〈0.05）;治疗后,无论是首发组还是复发组,其HAMD17评分及执行功能的各项指标均有显著性改善（P〈0.05）。结论首发与复发性抑郁症患者均存在执行功能的损害;复发性抑郁症患者的执行功能损害更为严重。药物治疗后,首发、复发性抑郁症患者执行功能均有一定程度的恢复。     

大肠癌患者个性行为特征及心理社会因素的研究

目的探讨个性行为特征,情绪状态和生活事件等心理社会因素对大肠癌患者的影响,为心理干预提供理论依据,完善综合诊治方案。方法采用C型行为量表、自评抑郁量表（SDS）和生活事件量表（LES）分别对经临床病理诊断的大肠癌患者150例（病例组）和健康正常人（对照组）进行评定。结果C型行为量表评定结果显示,病例组在焦虑,抑郁,愤怒（向内）理智和控制上的得分高于对照组,在愤怒（向外）和社会支持上的得分低于对照组,二者差异具有显著性（P〈0．05或〈0．01）。SDS结果袁明,病例组的得分显著高于对照组,具有明显差异（P〈0．01）。LES结果显示,病例纽的正性生活事件总分与对照组无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,负性生活事件总分显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。主成分logistic回归分析结果显示,C型行为中焦虑、抑郁、愤怒、愤怒向内、理智、控制、经历过多的负性生活事件与大肠癌的发生有联系。结论大肠癌患者具有浓厚的C型行为,具有较高的抑郁情绪发生率和经历过多的负性生活事件。     

重度抑郁症对负性情绪面孔的注意偏向

目的:探讨重度抑郁症患者对负性情绪面孔的注意偏向.方法:从35名符合中国精神疾病诊断与分类手册第三版(CCMD-3)抑郁症诊断标准的被试中,筛选出符合汉密尔顿抑郁量表( Hamilton Depression Scale,HAMD)及Beck抑郁自评问卷(Beck Depression Inventory,BDI)重度抑郁症诊断标准的重度抑郁症患者(抑郁组)20名.选取在年龄、性别及受教育程度方面与抑郁组相匹配的正常对照20名.采用NimStim情绪面孔图片库中的负性情绪面孔和中性情绪面孔作为刺激材料,应用注意偏向研究中常用的线索-靶子任务进行研究,比较两组被试线索效应、注意施加、注意解除得分.结果:抑郁组对负性情绪面孔线索效应得分大于对中性情绪面孔线索效应得分(21.73 ms vs.3.91 ms,P<0.01);抑郁组注意施加得分大于对照组(17.25 ms vs.1.64 ms,P<0.001);对照组与抑郁组注意解除得分差别无统计学意义(-1.50 ms vs.0.57 ms, P>0.05).结论:抑郁症患者对负性情绪信息加工存在注意偏向,对负性情绪信息缺乏保护性偏向.     

首发未服药抑郁症患者的额叶α不对称性

目的：考察抑郁症（Major Depressive Disorder,MDD）患者静息态脑电（Resting-State Electroencephalogram,rsEEG）中的额叶α不对称性（Frontal Alpha Asymmetry,FAA）能否作为有效识别抑郁症的神经电生理标记。方法：42名首发未服药MDD患者和42名健康对照被试（Health Control,HC）完成了rsEEG的采集,以及流调中心用抑郁量表、状态焦虑量表、简明情感强度量表负性情感强度分量表的评估。采用重复测量方差分析比较两组在功率谱密度（Power Spectral Density,PSD）与FAA上的差异,采用机器学习算法进行特征筛选与分类验证,并计算所筛选特征与心理量表的相关程度。结果：各电极对中,MDD组右侧电极的PSD均显著小于左侧电极,HC组右侧电极的PSD值均显著大于左侧电极。MDD组的FAA值均显著低于HC组。FAAF4-F3、FAAF6-F5、FAAF8-F7可有效识别MDD,且与抑郁、焦虑、负性情感强度量表得分均呈显著负相关。结论：静息状态下,MDD患者右侧额叶的活动强度较左侧额叶更...     

老年住院患者抑郁状况的调查及影响因素分析

目的对老年住院患者抑郁状况的调查及影响因素进行分析。方法以老年抑郁量表（GDS）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）、应对方式问卷（CSQ）为调查工具,对426名老年住院患者进行调查。采用χ^2检验及多因素非条件logistic回归分析进行统计分析。结果24.4%的老年住院患者存在轻重不等的抑郁症状;患者的性别、负性生活事件是影响其抑郁症状发生的主要因素;社会支持问卷中主观支持、对支持的利用度也影响抑郁症状的发生;应对方式问卷中解决问题、自责、求助及幻想等因子也影响抑郁症状的发生。结论性别、负性生活事件、社会支持及应对方式是影响老年住院患者抑郁的重要因素。     

骨肉瘤患者的疼痛、负性情绪、睡眠和生活质量及其相互关系

目的：探讨骨肉瘤患者的疼痛、负性情绪、睡眠和生活质量及其相互关系。方法：应用简式McGill疼痛问卷(SF-MPQ)、疼痛自我效能感问卷（PSEQ）、贝克抑郁量表（BDI）、贝克焦虑量表（BAI）、阿森斯失眠量表（AIS）、简式健康相关生活质量问卷（SF-12）对139名骨肉瘤患者和139名健康者的疼痛、情绪、睡眠和生活质量进行评估。结果：61.2%的骨肉瘤患者有中等以上强度的疼痛,PSEQ分与疼痛强度呈明显负相关（P<0.001）;骨肉瘤组在情绪、睡眠、生活质量等量表上的得分均明显高于正常对照组（P<0.01）;骨肉瘤组在疼痛、情绪、睡眠、生活质量等量表上的得分之间存在相关关系（P<0.05）。结论：骨肉瘤导致患者存在疼痛、抑郁、焦虑和睡眠问题,且这些问题相互影响,使得骨肉瘤患者生活质量降低。     

以抑郁首诊的脑梗死临床相关影响因素的研究

目的探讨以抑郁为首发症状的脑梗死患者的临床特点及其影响因素。方法对46例因抑郁障碍为首诊主诉,后经CT或M R I证实为脑梗死的患者,用抑郁自评量表（SDS）和汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAM D）进行抑郁状态评定,对梗死部位、数量、合并症、生活方式、性别及受教育程度等相关因素统计分析。结果①46例被调查者中,轻度抑郁为58%,中度抑郁为34.3%,重度抑郁为6.5%;抑郁症状以焦虑/躯体化、迟缓和睡眠障碍为主;②比较左、右及双侧梗死组抑郁严重程度无显著差异（P〉0.05）,而皮质下及皮质合并皮质下梗死其抑郁有显著差异（P〈0.05）;多灶梗死组抑郁程度显著高于单灶梗死组（P〈0.01）;③抑郁与合并高血压、糖尿病及烟酒嗜好有关（P〈0.05）。结论以抑郁障碍首次就诊的老年患者应警惕脑梗死的可能,其抑郁症状与梗死部位、合并疾病、生活行为方式等因素有关。     

负性生活事件对初中生睡眠质量的影响：有调节的中介作用

目的：探讨负性生活事件对初中生睡眠质量的影响以及抑郁的中介作用和心理韧性的调节作用。方法：采用青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、匹兹堡睡眠指数量表(PSQI)、青少年心理韧性量表(RSCA)、儿童抑郁量表(CDI)对随机抽取的1440名初中生进行调查。结果：（1）负性生活事件能够显著负向预测初中生睡眠质量；（2）抑郁部分中介了负性生活事件与初中生睡眠质量之间的关系；（3）抑郁的中介作用受到心理韧性的负向调节，即中介效应对于心理韧性水平低的初中生更大。结论：负性生活事件通过抑郁影响初中生睡眠质量，且抑郁的中介作用受到心理韧性的调节。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.