T2-4与T3-4交感神经链切断治疗手足多汗症术后代偿性出汗比较

目的:通过比较胸腔镜下T2-4与T3-4交感神经链切断治疗手足多汗症术后代偿性出汗发生情况,探讨其发生的可能机制.方法:手足多汗症患者146例,按不同手术方式分为T2-4组(行T2-4水平交感神经链切断术,共66例)与T3-4组(行T3-4水平交感神经链切断术,共80例).比较两组术后第1日、第6个月手术效果以及代偿性出汗发生部位和严重程度.结果:术后两组手汗治愈率100％,最常见代偿性出汗部位是背部和胸部.术后第1日T2-4组代偿性出汗发生率明显高于T3-4组(39％对比21％,P＜0.05),T2-4组出现2例重度代偿性出汗,T3-4组无重度者.术后6个月T2-4组代偿性出汗发生率依然明显高于T3-4组[24％ (16/66)对比11％ (9/80),P＜0.05].T2-4组仍有1例重度代偿性出汗患者.结论:降低胸交感神经链切断位置可减少代偿性出汗发生率和严重程度,T3-4切断术是一种较为理想的手术方式.代偿性出汗可能随时间有缓解趋势.     

Treatment of primary hyperhidrosis

Primary hyperhidrosis is a physically and emotionally distressing condition. Physicians should be aware of the various treatment modalities available for controlling or reducing the profuse sweating, which involves mainly the palms, soles, and axillas. The simplest methods, such as topical application of aluminum chloride, should be attempted first. If topical medications are ineffective, iontophoresis may provide relief, especially in patients with plantar or palmar involvement. When patients are unresponsive to other treatment options, surgical intervention may be warranted-excision of sweat glands in patients with axillary hyperhidrosis and upper thoracic sympathectomy in those with palmar involvement. Although excellent results have been reported, complications and resumption of sweating have occurred.     

Endoscopic transthoracic limited sympathotomy for palmar-plantar hyperhidrosis: outcomes and complications during a 10-year period

OBJECTIVETo review surgical results of endoscopic transthoracic limited sympathotomy for palmar-plantar hyperhidrosis during the past decade.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe retrospectively reviewed 155 consecutive patients who underwent surgery from June 30, 2000, through December 31, 2009, for medically refractory palmar-plantar hyperhidrosis using a technique of T1-T2 sympathotomy disconnection, designed for successful palmar response and minimization of complications.RESULTSOf the 155 patients, 44 (28.4%) were male, and 111 (71.6%) were female; operative times averaged 38 minutes. No patient experienced Horner syndrome, intercostal neuralgia, or pneumothorax. The only surgical complication was hemothorax in 2 patients (1.3%); in 1 patient, it occurred immediately postoperatively and in the other patient, 10 days postoperatively; treatment in both patients was successful. All 155 patients had successful (warm and dry) palmar responses at discharge. Long-term follow-up (>3 months; mean, 40.2 months) was obtained for 148 patients (95.5%) with the following responses to surgery: 96.6% of patients experienced successful control of palmar sweating; 69.2% of patients experienced decreased axillary sweating; and 39.8% of patients experienced decreased plantar sweating. At follow-up, 5 patients had palmar sweating (3 patients, <3 months; 1 patient, 10-12 months; 1 patient, 16-18 months). Compensatory hyperhidrosis did not occur in 47 patients (31.7%); it was mild in 92 patients (62.2%), moderate in 7 patients (4.7%), and severe in 2 patients (1.3%).CONCLUSIONIn this series, a small-diameter uniportal approach has eliminated intercostal neuralgia. Selecting a T1-T2 sympathotomy yields an excellent palmar response, with a very low severe compensatory hyperhidrosis complication rate. The low failure rate was noted during 18 months of follow-up and suggests that longer follow-up is necessary in these patients.     

Effect of botulinum toxin in stellate ganglion for craniofacial hyperhidrosis: a case report

Craniofacial hyperhidrosis causes sweating of the face and scalp due to excessive action of the sweat glands and manifests when patients become tense/nervous or develop an elevated body temperature. If noninvasive treatments are ineffective, invasive treatments such as a sympathetic block and resection are considered. A 32-year-old woman with no specific medical history was referred for uncontrolled craniofacial hyperhidrosis that included excessive sweating and hot flushing. Physical examination showed profuse sweating, and infrared thermography showed higher temperature in the neck and face than in the trunk. The patient underwent several stellate ganglion blocks, and her symptoms improved; however, the treatment effect was temporary. Botulinum toxin was then injected into the stellate ganglion. At the time of this writing, her sweating had been reduced for about 6 months and she was continuing to undergo follow-up. Craniofacial hyperhidrosis is a clinical condition in which patients experience excessive sweating of their faces and heads. It is less common than palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis. Botulinum toxin injection into the stellate ganglion is simple and safe and produces longer-lasting effects than other treatments, such as endoscopic sympathectomy and a single nerve block.     

Craniofacial hyperhidrosis treated with video endoscopic sympathectomy

Craniofacial hyperhidrosis as well as palmar hyperhidrosis is an abnormal state of local excessive sweating of unclear etiology. The hyperhidrosis may be isolated in the craniofacial region or associated with palmar hyperhidrosis. The patient's face is so wet with sweat that their daily activities are often seriously disturbed. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no satisfactory medical therapy, nor any effective surgical treatment reported in the literature. In 1991, we started to treat a patient with such distress using endoscopic ablation of the sympathetic T2 segment, because we mastered the technique after treating a large series of palmar hyperhidrosis patients. Furthermore, we were impressed by concomitant reduction of craniofacial sweating after T2-3 sympathectomy resulting from the relatively different domination of sympathetic supply between the eye and face. It appears possible to relieve excessive sweating of the head and face, without producing ptosis or miosis by ablation of the T2 segment. During the past 2 years, 7 patients with severe craniofacial hyperhidrosis have been successfully treated with the method and all obtained a satisfactory result. No complete Horner's syndrome has been produced except in one patient, who showed a mild and transient left eye ptosis, in whom coagulation of the sympathetic trunk higher than the T2 segment was performed. Intraoperative monitoring of forehead skin perfusion and observation of the change of pupillary size is emphasized during the lesion making. The longest postoperative follow-up was 2 years, with a mean follow-up of 12.4 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Thoracoscopic sympathectomy for palmaris hyperhidrosis

INTRODUCTION: Palmaris hyperhidrosis is a disorder mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. It causes excessive sweating. This study evaluated the safety, efficacy, and outcome after thoracoscopic sympathectomy in patients with palmaris hyperhidrosis. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 18 patients (10 male) who underwent bilateral thoracoscopic sympathectomy between July 1998 and June 2001. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 34 years. No conversions to thoracotomy occurred. Three 2- to 5 mm trocars were used.The thoracic sympathetic chain was resected from ganglia T2-T4, except in one patient with axillary hyperhidrosis requiring resection to T5. The mean operating time was 112 minutes, the mean blood loss was 50 ml, and the mean postoperative hospital stay was 1.2 days. Two patients had a unilateral pneumothorax requiring tube thoracostomy; one patient developed a chest wall hematoma at a trocar site that resolved without treatment, and one patient developed a transient unilateral Horner's syndrome. There have been no hospital readmissions. After a mean follow-up period of 14 months, 11 patients (56%) reported compensatory sweating. Sixteen patients (89%) were satisfied with their outcomes. One patient was dissatisfied because of excessive compensatory sweating, and another continues to have mild unilateral sweating on one hand and compensatory sweating of the face. CONCLUSION: Thoracoscopic sympathectomy is a safe and effective alternative treatment for palmaris hyperhidrosis. Compensatory sweating occurs in more than 50% of patients but is tolerable in most. The majority of patients are satisfied with their short-term outcomes.     

胸腔镜下交感神经链切断术治疗原发性手汗症疗效观察

目的观察比较胸腔镜下交感神经链切断术于T2及T3水平治疗原发性手汗症的治疗效果。方法应用电视胸腔镜交感神经链切断术治疗手汗症患者42例,其中25例行T2~4节段交感神经干切断术,17例行T3~4节段交感神经干切断术。术后1、6、12及24个月门诊及电话随访,观察患者手汗症复发情况及术后代偿性多汗的情况。结果全组术后手掌多汗症状立即消失,双手干燥温暖;术后3~6天出院,平均住院时间（4.1±0.8）天;无手术死亡和切口感染,术后随访期间无Horner s综合征出现,无复发病例;两种手术方式的代偿性多汗的发生率在各个观察期无明显差异（P〉0.05）;代偿性多汗严重程度在术后1个月随访时两组差异不明显,6个月及12个月时T2~4节段交感神经干切断术的代偿性多汗明显较T3~4节段交感神经干切断术严重（P〈0.05）。结论胸腔镜下交感神经干切断术治疗手汗症,术后无复发,T2切除节段及T3节段术后代偿性多汗情况无差异,但T2节段代偿性多汗较T3节段明显严重。     

针式胸腔镜胸交感神经干切断术治疗手汗症的观察与研究

目的 评价针式胸腔镜在手汗症胸交感干神经切断术处理中的安全性和有效性。方法 60例手汗症患者分为A组（普通胸腔镜，30例）和B组（针式胸腔镜，30例），分别采用普通胸腔镜和2mm针式胸腔镜进行胸交感神经干切断术，比较手术疗效和术后并发症发生率。结果 2组手术均获成功，手术操作时间、气胸发生率、术后代偿性多汗发生率、复发率无显著性差异；术后切口疼痛评分、恢复时间有显著性差异。结论 针式胸腔镜胸交感神经干切断术治疗手汗症的疗效、安全性与普通胸腔镜相同，但患者满意度更高。     

Thoracic sympathectomy for the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis: systematic review and proportional meta-analysis

IntroductionPrimary hyperhidrosis is a disorder that involves excessive sweat production, which has a negative impact on the quality of life.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness and safety of video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathectomy (VATS) for treating primary axillary hyperhidrosis (PAH) and determine which level of ganglion resection offers the best outcome.MethodThis was a systematic review and proportional meta-analysis of observational studies. The result was evaluated for satisfaction, control of symptoms, compensatory sweating and complications. A subgroup analysis was performed to compare the sympathetic trunk resection at high and low levels.ResultsThirteen studies were selected with a total of 1463 patients. The satisfaction rate was 92% (95% CI = 88–95%, I²=47.5%), the symptom control rate was 96% (95% CI = 93–99%, I²=48.2%), and the presence of compensatory sweating could not be assessed because of high heterogeneity among studies. The complications were rare.ConclusionThis review demonstrated that thoracic sympathectomy by VATS is a viable and safe option for the treatment of PAH. There was no difference between high and lower levels of resection. However, the estimation of the effect is quite uncertain because the quality of evidence was extremely low.

Key message

• Pure axillary hyperhidrosis has great potential to compromise quality of life.
• Surgery should be indicated only when clinical treatment fails.
• Thoracic sympathectomy by video-assisted thoracoscopy is a viable and safe option for the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis.

     

Management of postsurgical hyperhidrosis with direct current and tap water

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Excessive sweating, known as hyperhidrosis, involves the eccrine sweat glands of the axillae, soles, palms, and/or forehead. The use of iontophoresis to reduce or eliminate excessive sweating has been described since 1952. The purpose of this case report is to describe the use of tap water galvanism (TWG) using direct current (DC) with a patient who had postsurgical hyperhidrosis. CASE DESCRIPTION: The patient was a 36-year-old male electrician with traumatic phalangeal amputation and postsurgical development of hyperhidrosis. Tap water galvanism was administered using a DC generator, 2 to 3 times per week for 10 treatments. The patient's hands were individually submerged in 2 containers of tap water with the electrodes immersed directly into the containers. Each hand was treated with 30 minutes of TWG at 12 mA. Hyperhidrosis was measured by a 5-second imprint and subsequent tracing of the left hand placed on dry paper toweling. OUTCOMES: The patient's hyperhidrosis decreased from the full left palmar pad, with a surface area of 10.3x12.0 cm, to a reduced area of wetness that covered a 2.2-x2.7-cm area. The patient returned to work as an electrician without needing absorbent gloves, which had prevented him from performing electrical work. DISCUSSION: Following use of TWG, the patient's palmar hyperhidrosis returned to normhidrosis.     

Botulinum toxin in the treatment of focal hyperhidrosis

INTRODUCTION: Botulinum A toxin (BTX-A) acts primarily at peripheral cholinergic synapses, inhibiting the release of acetylcholine. Initially it has been used to block the neuromuscular junction in focal dystonic and spastic syndromes. Recently there has been suggestions for potential clinical indications in non-muscular diseases where cholinergic terminals play a role. GUSTATORY SWEATING: In 1995 physicians reported a long-lasting anhidrotic effect of intracutaneous BTX-A injections in patients suffering from gustatory sweating (Frey's syndrome). Consequently, a number of clinical studies demonstrated good efficacy of intradermal injections of botulinumtoxin in patients with focal hyperhidrosis. FOCAL HYPERHIDROSIS OF THE PALMS AND AXILLAE: Focal hyperhidrosis is usually confined to the palms and axillae. Excessive sweating may be a social handicap and an occupational hazard. The management of focal hyperhidrosis remains controversial. Topical antiperspirants are only effective in very mild cases. Iontophoresis with tap water or anticholinergic drugs is messy and time consuming with only short-lived effect. Sympathectomy, the cornerstone of surgical management, is usually effective in palmar hyperhidrosis. Complications of this technique include surgical risks, postoperative and cosmetic problems and compensatory hyperhidrosis. AXILLARY HYPERHIDROSIS: Several studies confirmed that intracutaneous injections of botulinum toxin are useful in the majority of patients with axillary hyperhidrosis resistant to conventional treatment. In axillary hyperhidrosis total doses are ranging from 200-400 mU Dysport or from 80 to 130 mU Botox to reach a good clinical response. Injections are usually well tolerated and no serious side-effects have been observed. The mean duration of anhidrotic effect ranges between 3 and 9 weeks. PALMAR HYPERHIDROSIS: The use of botulinumtoxin in patients with palmar hyperhidrosis is rather difficult. The therapeutic window is smaller because injections are complicated by transient weakness of the small hand-muscles. Furthermore the injections at the palms are painful which can be overcomed by application of local anaesthetics or the blockade of the ulnar and median nerves. The duration of anhidrotic effect ranges from 20 to 50 weeks. CONCLUSION: Intracutaneous injections of botulinum-toxin should be offered to patients with focal hyperhidrosis of the palms and axillae causing serious social, psychologic and occupational problems, resistant to other conventional treatment options.     

胸腔镜下胸交感神经链切断术治疗原发性手汗症的手术护理

[目的]探讨胸腔镜下交感神经链切断术治疗原发性手汗症的手术护理方法。[方法]对18例病人术前给予有效的心理辅导,充分的术前准备,密切的术中配合。[结果]本组手术均成功,术中无并发症发生,术后手汗症均消失,手术效果满意。[结论]完善的术前准备、熟练的手术护理、紧密的医护配合是手术成功的关键。     

Quality-of-life assessment in patients with hyperhidrosis before and after treatment with botulinum toxin: results of an open-label study

BACKGROUND: Patients with hyperhidrosis, a disorder characterized by increased sweat production, experience substantial functional and emotional problems. Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) has been shown to be useful in the treatment of hyperhidrosis; however, few studies have considered the effects of treatment on patients' quality of life (QOL). OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to assess QOL in patients with focal hyperhidrosis; to investigate whether the impairment in QOL in these patients is related to the type of hyperhidrosis or the number of sites involved; and to compare the changes in QOL and the response to BTX-A treatment in patients with axillary and palmar hyperhidrosis. METHODS: Patients with focal primary hyperhidrosis of the axillae, palms, and soles who had experienced decreased QOL and whose condition had not responded to conventional topical and physical therapies were included in this open-label study. Patients completed a self-administered Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire before and 2 weeks after treatment with BTX-A. RESULTS: All 41 patients had experienced a decrease in QOL as measured by the DLQI. The impairement in QOL was not dependent on the number or types of sites involved. Treatment with BTX-A led to improvement in QOL in all patients, with the median DLQI score decreasing (ie, improving) significantly from pretreatment level (P < 0.001). The improvement in QOL and response to treatment were similar in patients with axillary and palmar hyperhidrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies with a longer follow-up period are needed to assess the long-term effects of BTX-A; however, preliminary data from the present study suggest that BTX-A improves QOL in patients with focal hyperhidrosis, independent of the presenting clinical picture.     

围术期心理干预对减轻胸交感神经切断术后代偿性多汗的意义

目的探讨围术期心理干预对减轻胸交感神经切断术后严重代偿性多汗的效果。方法分析2007年7月至2012年8月253例成功手术的因手多汗症行胸交感神经切断术患者,比较切断T3或T4不同平面胸交感神经及围术期心理干预后,代偿性多汗严重程度的发生率。结果 143例未进行特殊心理干预的手术患者,T3手术平面患者术后重度代偿性多汗发生率为15.15%(10/66),T4手术平面为9.1%(7/77),差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。110例经心理干预的患者手术后均未出现重度代偿性多汗,未进行心理干预的143例手术患者术后总的重度代偿性多汗发病率为11.89%(17/143),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论围术期的心理干预可以从心理方面避免及克服患者对出汗的焦虑,对减轻术后严重代偿性多汗有显著效果。     

胸腔镜下交感神经链切除术治疗双手多汗症(12例报告)

目的评价内镜下胸交感神经链切除术治疗多汗症的临床效果。方法回顾性分析内镜下胸交感神经链切除术治疗12例多汗症的结果。结果12例术后多汗症均治愈，2例术后2d发生背部、双股部不同程度代偿性出汗，3～6个月后缓解，术后获得随访的10例未见复发。结论胸腔镜下交感神经链切除手术安全、疗效确切、创伤小，缩短住院时间。     

Are We Paying a High Price for Surgical Sympathectomy? A Systematic Literature Review of Late Complications

The purpose of this article was to systematically review the literature in order to assess (1) the current indications for surgical sympathectomy and (2) the incidence of late complications collectively and per indication. All types of upper or lower limb surgical sympathectomies are included. An extensive search strategy looked for controlled trials and observational studies or case series with an english abstract. Out of 1,024 abstracts from MEDLINE and 221 from EMBASE, 135 articles reporting on 22,458 patients and 42,061 procedures (up to april 1998) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Weighted means were used to control for heterogeneity of data. No controlled trials were found. The main indication was primary hyperhidrosis in 84.3% of the patients. Compensatory hyperhidrosis occurred in 52.3%, gustatory sweating in 32.3%, phantom sweating in 38.6%, and horner's syndrome in 2.4% of patients, respectively, with cervicodorsal sympathectomy, more often after open approach. Neuropathic complications (after cervicodorsal and lumbar sympathectomy) occurred in 11.9% of all patients. Compensatory hyperhidrosis occurred 3 times more often if the indication was palmar hyperhidrosis instead of neuropathic pain (52.3% versus 18.2%), whereas neuropathic complications occurred 3 times more often if the treatment was for neuropathic pain instead of palmar hyperhidrosis (25.2% versus 9.8%). Surgical sympathectomy, irrespective of approach, is accompanied by several potentially disabling complications. Detailed informed consent is recommended when surgical sympathectomy is contemplated.     

手汗症患者胸交感神经切断术后交感神经皮肤反应的观察

目的　探讨手汗症患者胸交感神经切断术前、后胸交感神经皮肤反应及其在临床中的应用价值。方法　 2 0例手汗症患者取仰卧位 ,电刺激右正中神经后在右手掌、足底 ,左手掌、足底同时记录皮肤反应 ,并测定皮肤温度。均在胸腔镜下行第 2、3胸交感神经切断术。结果　 2 0例患者均获得满意疗效 ,术后有 5例发生少量气胸 ,均自然吸收。随访无复发 ,但 10例 (5 0 % )发生代偿性多汗症。术后均可见交感神经皮肤反应的变化 ,16例 (80 % )双手交感神经皮肤反应完全消失 ,4例潜伏期显著延迟 ,振幅也显著降低。术后 1个月受检的 2例患者与术后 1d受检的患者得到的结果相似。皮肤温度在术前比正常低者 ,术后均上升 ,前后比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;温度的上升双手比双脚显著。结论　交感神经皮肤反应测定可作为手汗症患者的术后效果评价及复发判定的客观指标。     

两种不同入路单孔胸腔镜T3交感神经链切断术的应用对比研究

目的对比两种不同入路(经剑突下入路与经两侧腋下入路)单孔胸腔镜双侧T3交感神经链切断术治疗原发性手汗症的可行性及安全性。方法从2011年10月-2015年9月,该科共完成单孔胸腔镜双侧T3交感神经链切断术治疗手汗症47例,其中经剑突下单孔胸腔镜行双侧T3交感神经链切断术11例(A组),经双侧腋下单孔胸腔镜行T3交感神经链切断术36例(B组),通过观察术后疼痛、术后并发症、症状好转程度、远期有无复发及代偿性多汗等指标,对比两种不同入路单孔胸腔镜手术的疗效及安全性。结果两组患者均顺利完成手术,A组平均手术时间为(74.00±12.00)min,术后平均住院时间为(2.00±0.70)d,术后1周使用镇痛药物氨酚双氢可待因平均剂量(26.30±9.20)mg,B组平均手术时间为(56.00±16.00)min,术后平均住院时间为(2.30±1.00)d,术后1周使用镇痛药物氨酚双氢可待因平均剂量(48.30±12.00)mg。近期均无血胸、气胸、Hornor综合征等并发症,随访两组均无复发,两组患者对比围手术期数据,经剑突下入路手术平均时间较经双侧腋下入路手术长,术后各项并发症及治疗效果差异无统计学意义,但术后疼痛程度明显减轻。结论与传统的经双侧腋下切口单孔胸腔镜T3胸交感神经链切断术相比,经剑突下单孔胸腔镜治疗手汗症具有更微创的优势,减轻了术后出现的肋间神经疼痛症状,疗效及安全性确切,值得进一步推广。     

不同节段交感神经干切断术治疗手汗症术后疼痛疗效比较

目的：比较针形胸腔镜下T2-4和T3-4不同节段交感神经干切断术治疗手汗症术后疼痛的疗效。方法：总结分析2007年12月—2009年6月期间完成的166例手足多汗症患者术后当天疼痛情况、止痛药应用情况及术后1个月疼痛情况。依据切断交感神经节段的不同分为两组。A组：行双侧T2-4交感神经干切断术,共66例;B组：行双侧T3-4交感神经干切断术,共100例。结果：两组手术均顺利完成,A组和B组手术当天疼痛的发生率分别为48.5%（32/66）、17.0%（17/100）,A组中重度疼痛的发生率及使用止痛药物（曲马多）的剂量明显高于B组。A组和B组术后1个月疼痛的发生率分别为16.7%（11/66）、3.0%（3/100）,A组明显高于B组（P=0.002）,两组术后疼痛程度差异无统计学意义（P=0.51）。结论：T3-4交感神经干切断术治疗手汗症术后疼痛发生率较低,疼痛程度较轻,使用止痛药物剂量较少。     

Hyperhidrosis: evolving therapies for a well-established phenomenon

The socially embarrassing disorder of excessive sweating, or hyperhidrosis, and its treatment options are gaining widespread attention. In order of frequency, palmar-plantar, palmar-axillary, Isolated axillary, and cranlofacial hyperhidrosis are distinct disorders of sudomotor regulation. A common link among these disorders is an excessive, nonthermoregulatory sweat response often to emotional stimuli in body regions influenced by the anterior cingulate cortex as opposed to the thermoregulatory sweat response regulated by the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus. Diagnosis of these mechanistically ambiguous disorders is primarily from patient history and physical examination, whereas results of laboratory studies performed with indicator powder reveal the distribution and severity of resting hyperhidrosis and document the integrity of thermoregulatory sweating. Treatment options lie on a continuum based on the severity of hyperhidrosis and the risks and benefits of therapy. In general, therapy begins with antiperspirants or anticholinergics. Iontophoresis is available for palmar-plantar and axillary hyperhidrosis. Botulinum toxin type A or local excision/curettage is effective for isolated axillary hyperhidrosis not responsive to topical application of aluminum chloride. Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy may be used for severe cases of palmar-plantar and palmar-axillary hyperhidrosis. No sole therapy of choice has emerged for craniofacial sweating. The long-term sequelae of hyperhidrosis and its treatment also are discussed.