骨牵张技术治疗下颌骨获得性畸形

目的：探讨用骨牵张成骨技术治疗下颌骨获得性畸形的方法和经验，方法：7例因下颌骨创伤或肿瘤切除后遗留下颌骨畸形患者，采用新型内置式骨牵开器进行骨牵开术，术后潜伏期为7天，牵引节律为1mm／天，2次／天，牵引结束后固定6—8周。结果：7例患者的咬合关系和面形均得到理想恢复，最大牵张距离为3cm，最小距离为9mm，伤口无并发症。结论：骨牵引延长技术可以很好地适用于下颌骨骨折错位愈合或骨缺损患者，尤其适用于软组织不足，不易覆盖植骨的患者，此外，不需要另取自体骨移植。     

应用牵引成骨技术治疗颞下颌关节强直继发的小颌畸形

目的 探讨应用牵引成骨技术治疗颞下颌关节强直继发的小颌畸形的临床疗效.方法 应用牵引成骨技术治疗颞下颌关节强直继发的小颌畸形患者43例,10例应用颅骨支持式牵引器行双侧下颌骨体延长;33例应用内置式牵引器行单侧(6例)或双侧(27例)下颌骨体延长,3～6个月的稳定期后,手术拆除牵引器.结果 43例患者80侧下颌骨体部平均牵引长度23.2 mm(14 ～ 35 mm),X线头影测量结果显示后气道间隙由术前的平均4.9 mm增加到术后的10.4 mm,代表下颌突度的SNB角由术前的平均64.2°增加到术后的74.5°,小颌畸形得到了有效治疗,牵引间隙内成骨良好.术后平均复查20.3个月,无不良并发症发生.结论 牵引成骨技术可有效矫治关节强直导致的小颌畸形.颅骨支持式牵引器是治疗儿童青少年小颌畸形的有效手段,手术方法简便、风险小,治疗效果稳定.     

疑难牙颌面畸形的牵引成骨矫治(附112例临床经验与体会)

选择常规正颌外科难以矫治的七类复杂牙颌面畸形112例，采用内置式颌骨牵引成骨矫治，其中22例采用德国生产的牵引器，其余均采用作研制的不同类型的国产牵引器，其截骨方式，牵引器选择与安放，牵引方式依不同患的畸形分类，畸形严重程度，不同颌骨部位而不同，上颌骨牵引距离7－20mm，下颌骨12－46mm，3例合并局部慢性感染，导致部分新骨吸收，另3例因牵引器故障，下颌骨下缘骨折等原因另行手术处理完成牵引，其余106例均按术前设计顺利完成牵引成骨，取得了良好的成骨及牙颌面畸形矫治效果。内置式颌骨牵引成骨技术为各类复杂疑难牙颌面畸形的矫治提供了新的有效手段，具有广泛的应用价值。     

牵引成骨技术治疗颌面畸形

目的 探讨应用口外颌骨牵引成骨装置治疗颌面畸形。方法 使用自行设计制作的口外颌骨牵引成骨装置和上颌杠杆式牵引支架分别水平延长下颌骨，水平快速前移上颌骨，垂直延长下颌骨升支，水平延长下颌骨颏部，用以矫正小下颌畸形，下颌骨颏部外伤性骨缺损，小颌偏颌畸形，半侧前面肥大畸形，咬合平面倾余和唇腭裂术后上颌后缩等，共11例。结果 4例不同类型下颌骨牵引成骨，其中有1例在牵引过程中1根克氏针发生松动，旋转，最终将克氏针取出。1例下颌升支垂直牵引4根克氏针发生轻度弯曲，7例唇腭裂上颌后缩行Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨快速牵引成骨中有1例固定期后1个月出现对刃合并有轻度开咬合。最终11例治疗效果满意。结论 口外颌骨牵引成骨装置治疗下颌骨复杂畸形。Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨快速牵引成骨治疗唇腭裂术后上颌后缩是一种安全简便效果可靠的有效方法。     

半侧颜面短小畸形下颌骨牵引成骨对咬肌的影响

目的探讨半侧颜面短小畸形下颌骨牵引成骨对咬肌的影响。方法回顾性分析自2010年2月至2015年3月半侧颜面短小畸形患者共25例,借助Mimics软件重建患儿咬肌及头颅骨的三维立体图像,测量牵引成骨前后咬肌体积。结果下颌骨牵引成骨后,患儿健侧咬肌体积与术前相比,其差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而患侧咬肌体积术后较术前明显增加(P0.05)。ⅡA型和ⅡB型半侧颜面短小畸形患儿牵引成骨术后咬肌增加量差异无统计学意义(P0.05);下颌升支后缘高度增加量与咬肌体积增加量无显著相关性(P0.05)。结论下颌骨牵引成骨治疗半侧颜面短小畸形可能有助于促进患儿患侧咬肌生长,增加咬肌体积,改善半侧颜面短小畸形患儿肌肉软组织缺损情况。     

定向两次牵引成骨术在下颌骨肿瘤术后缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨定向两次牵引成骨术在下颌骨肿瘤术后缺损修复中的应用.方法 2002年1月至2006年12月,对6例因肿瘤术后致下颌骨缺损患者,先牵引下颌骨体部,再牵引下颌骨升支部.结果 手术过程顺利,外形恢复良好,局部成骨满意,无感染等并发症.下颌骨最大体部单侧牵引幅度为5.5 cm,平均5.2 cm,升支部最大4.2 cm,平均3.4 cm.咬合及张口度恢复良好.结论 定向两次牵引成骨术用于修复肿瘤术后下颌骨缺损,创伤小、手术时间短、操作简单,并可避免植骨及由此带来的供、受区并发症,效果稳定可靠;缺点是整个治疗时间长,需3次手术.     

下颌骨牵引成骨配合正颌手术矫治成人半侧颜面短小畸形

目的 探讨下颌骨牵引成骨配合正颌手术治疗成人严重半侧颜面短小畸形的方法.方法 将患者三维CT重建数据导入Mimics软件进行手术模拟设计,确定截骨线的位置、牵引向量以及拟牵引的长度并制作手术导板.一期手术行口外入路内置式牵引器置入术,术后5～7d开始骨牵引,延长速度为1 mm/d,牵引结束后,牵引器保留3～6个月.二期手术采用上颌骨Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨,将上颌骨旋转、下降,关闭患侧开颌,采用下颌骨外板植入到上颌截骨下降后的间隙并妥善固定,以保证骨质愈合、维持上颌截骨下降后的稳定性、增加患侧上颌骨的骨体积以增加患侧的丰满度.颏部仍遗留偏斜或形态位置不佳者,同时行颏成形术予以调整.结果 2009年9月至2012年3月,采用上述方法矫治9例半侧颜面短小畸形患者,术后面部对称性、咬合关系趋近正常,效果满意.8例未出现任何并发症,1例上颌切口感染,经清创换药后延迟愈合,未影响面部形态及咬合关系.结论 下颌骨牵引成骨配合正颌手术是矫治成人半侧颜面短小畸形的有效方法.     

面中部牵引成骨术矫正综合征性面中部后缩畸形

目的 探讨牵引成骨术治疗面中部后缩畸形的可行性。方法 2001至2002年对4例Crouzon、Apert和Marfan综合征，并伴面中部后缩畸形的患者，分别行Le Fort Ⅲ内置式延长器(2例)、Le Fort Ⅲ水平外置式延长器(1例)、monobloc水平内置式延长器(1例)治疗，于截骨后4d开始牵引延长，速度为每天1mm。结果 按计划完成牵引，面中部前移8～20mm。面中部后缩畸形明显减轻，双侧对称，尤其眶、鼻根部效果更佳，随访4个月至1年，效果稳定。结论 骨牵引成骨术具有传统的植骨加坚强内固定的方法所无法比拟的优点，能较大范围前移面中部，是矫正各种发育不良造成的严重面中部后缩畸形的有效而可行的方法。     

下颌骨牵引成骨术治疗儿童小下颌畸形伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征

目的 探讨和评价下颌骨牵引成骨技术在治疗儿童小下颌畸形伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome，OSAS)中的应用价值。方法 6例先天性小下颌发育不全畸形伴重度OSAS，年龄4个月至9岁。每例患者术前术后均行X射线头影测量及睡眠多导图仪检查。用牵引成骨技术牵引双侧下颌骨，带动舌和口底肌肉组织前移，使口咽腔通畅，达到治疗小下颌畸形患者OSAS的目的。结果 6例12侧下颌骨牵引成骨，最大牵引延长距离为25mm，最小15mm，平均19．2mm。后气道间隙由平均4．5mm增至10．1mm。牵引时间最短10d，最长20d，平均14．5d。所有病例在截骨、牵引器固定过程中均未损伤下牙槽神经血管束。牵引过程顺利，牵引区成骨良好。随访2至11个月。1例需要进行继续治疗，5例均恢复正常呼吸，去除鼻咽导气管和气管切开导管。结论 下颌骨牵引成骨术是治疗OSAS重要的有效治疗手段，能够有效地矫正口咽腔气道狭窄，改善呼吸，可在年幼儿童应用。随着应用例数的增多会更详尽阐明其所发挥的作用。     

三维CT重建和牵引成骨技术个性化治疗半侧颜面短小畸形

目的利用三维CT重建技术和牵引成骨技术,寻找精确治疗半侧颜面短小畸形患者的个性化治疗方案。方法通过测量分析8例半侧颜面短小畸形X线影像和三维CT重建模型,制定精确的个性化手术方案,应用内置式下颌骨牵引器,通过颌下入路延长下颌骨,以矫正半侧颜面短小畸形患者的面部不对称畸形。结果所有患者按预期完成骨牵引,最小牵引距离18 mm,最大牵引距离30 mm,牵引完成后面部不对称畸形得到明显改善,患者满意。结论三维CT重建结合牵引成骨技术,对以半侧颜面短小畸形为代表的复杂颅颌面不对称畸形的精确治疗有重要的临床价值。     

Reconstruction of segmental mandibular defects by distraction osteogenesis for mandibular reconstruction

BACKGROUND: Distraction osteogenesis is an established technique for the lengthening of long bones and correction of selected craniofacial deformities. Regenerate osteoid bone matrix formed during the distraction phase is malleable and can recreate the three-dimensional form of native bones. Animal experiments and early clinical experience have confirmed that distraction osteogenesis can be used for the reconstruction of segmental bony defects. Herein we discuss the principles of distraction osteogenesis in reference to reconstruction of segmental bony defects and report its clinical application of the mandible continuity defects. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four patients (age, 7-83 years) with critical segmental mandibular defects (range, 3.5 cm-6.5 cm), resulting from ablative oncologic head and neck surgery underwent primary mandibular reconstruction by transport distraction osteogenesis. Two defects were at the angle and body region, one at the body, and the other at the parasymphysis and body region. Synthes Titanium Multi-vector and Leibinger Multi-guide distractors in bifocal (n = 2) and trifocal (n = 2) architecture were used after the stabilization of the segmental continuity defect using a defect-bridging mandibular reconstruction plate. Osteodistraction was carried out at a rate of 1 mm per day, with once or twice a day rhythm, after a 1-week latency period. The consolidation period was equal to the period of distraction. RESULTS: All patients tolerated the distraction procedure. Satisfactory bone formation was observed in two patients, and partial bone formation was seen in one patient. Treatment failure was encountered in one patient who had a second oral cavity primary tumor observed during the consolidation period, requiring interruption of the treatment sequence. CONCLUSIONS: Mandibular reconstruction with distraction osteogenesis is a potentially useful technique in selected patients with segmental mandibular continuity defects after ablative head and neck cancer surgery.     

牵张成骨联合正颌外科治疗成人严重小下颌畸形伴重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的:探讨牵张成骨术联合正颌外科的方法治疗小下颌畸形患者下颌骨严重发育不足伴重度睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAHS)的效果。方法:对2例继发于颞下颌关节强直的小颌畸形患者首先采用牵张成骨技术进行治疗。手术在全麻下行双侧下颌角处截骨,安置牵引器,延长下颌升支及下颌体矫正小颌畸形及OSAHS。第二期在拆除牵引器的后行正畸治疗,继而采用正颌外科方法矫正颌面畸形及咬合关系,术后进一步正畸治疗矫正咬合关系排齐牙列。结果:2例患者均顺利完成治疗。下颌骨最小牵引距离25mm,最大牵引距离30mm,牵引区成骨良好。后气道间隙由治疗前的平均3.25mm增加到11.5mm;SNB角由术前平均67°增加到术后80°,OSAHS得以治愈。联合正颌外科及正畸治疗后小颌畸形得以矫治,面型及咬合功能均获得满意的效果。术后经过2年随访,未见复发。结论:牵张成骨技术联合正颌外科治疗成人严重小颌畸形伴重度OSAHS可以获得满意的效果。不仅可有效治疗伴发的OSAHS,而且能很好地矫治小下颌畸形引起的牙颌面畸形。     

Vertical distraction osteogenesis of fibular bone flap in reconstructed mandible

Excellent functional and aesthetic results can be achieved in mandibular reconstructions with using free fibular bone flap. However, the vertical deficiency between the reconstructed segment and the occlusal plane made dental rehabilitation impossible in some cases. We encountered this problem in our 3 patients who had mandibular reconstruction with fibular flap due to extensive bone defect result from gunshot injury. To overcome this segmental vertical distraction of the reconstructed mandible was performed. Fibular bone segments (40-70 mm) were distracted with using extraoral distraction device after a latency period of 5-7 days. The rate of distraction was 1 mm/day, and the rhythm was 4 times (4 x 0.25 mm). Distraction was continued until the desired height was achieved, and the distractor left in place for 12 weeks for bony consolidation. No minor or major complications were encountered. The increase of vertical height was between 9 and 13 mm, and it was stable during the follow-up period (7-22 months). Following the vertical distraction and vestibuloplasty operations, the dental restoration of the patients was performed with mandibular removable partial dentures.     

Mandibular lengthening by gradual distraction in humans

The purpose of this study was to evaluate human mandibular lengthening by gradual distraction. The operation was performed under nasoendotracheal anesthesia. After exposing the angle of the mandible through an intraoral incision, two half-pins were inserted on each side of the corticotomy line. Following this, a corticotomy was performed using a sagittal saw, and the mandible was gently fractured. The external bone lengthening device was applied leaving a bone gap of 3 mm. Serial distraction of 1 mm per day was started on the 10th postoperative day. The device was left in place for retention purposes for 9–11 weeks. Three patients (average age 10 years and 3 months) underwent this procedure. The distraction achieved was 19 mm. Postoperatively, improvement of facial asymmetry and increased volume and length of the mandible were noted without any perioperative complications. The follow-up period averaged 13 months. These results suggested that this procedure is beneficial for the treatment of craniofacial microsomia.     

Vertical distraction osteogenesis of fibula transplant for mandibular reconstruction: a case report.

Bone continuity defects in the mandible are caused by tumor surgery, trauma, infection, or osteoradionecrosis. Today, reconstruction of long-span mandibular defects with a free fibular flap is a routine procedure. However the bone height of the mandible after reconstruction is about half that of the dentulous mandible. Therefore, the deficiency in bone height makes implant placement impractical. In our case, because it was necessary to restore the mandibular height, a vertical distraction osteogenesis was performed on the grafted mandible of the patient who was referred to our clinic with a reconstructed mandible owing to a gunshot injury. As a result, the vertical discrepancy between the fibula and the native hemimandible of the patient was corrected. And the placement of dental implants was performed without any complications. In conclusion, we believe that the vertical distraction osteogenesis of free vascularized fibula flaps is a reliable technique that optimizes implant positioning for ideal prosthetic rehabilitation.     

Marriage of hard and soft tissues of the face revisited: when distraction meets microsurgery

BACKGROUND: Patients with craniofacial anomalies can have hard and soft tissue deficiencies. In some cases, distraction osteogenesis can restore the bony deficiencies, but the soft tissue contour defect remains problematic. For these patients, the union of distraction osteogenesis and microvascular free flaps (MVFF) can restore bone and soft tissue form and function. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients treated with mandibular distraction osteogenesis between 1989 and 2005 was performed. A similar review of all patients treated with MVFFs was performed. These 2 cohorts were cross-referenced to identify all patients treated with both procedures. The indications, choices, safety, and efficacy of MVFF reconstruction of facial soft tissues following mandibular reconstruction are reviewed. RESULTS: Over a 16-year period, 141 patients underwent mandibular distraction osteogenesis; 8 patients treated with mandibular distraction osteogenesis subsequently underwent 12 MVFFs. Patient diagnoses included unilateral craniofacial microsomia (n = 2), bilateral craniofacial microsomia (n = 3), Goldenhar syndrome (n = 1), Nager syndrome (n = 1), and Treacher-Collins syndrome (n = 1). Free flap choices included 10 parascapular fasciocutaneous, 1 parascapular osteofasciocutaneous, and 1 fibular osteocutaneous flap. Four patients underwent staged bilateral free flaps. A single case of partial flap loss was the only complication. In all cases, facial contour was improved following MVFF transfer. CONCLUSIONS: In certain circumstances, facial rehabilitation may require the marriage of craniofacial and microsurgical techniques to restore both form and function. In these cases, mandibular distraction osteogenesis and MVFFs can be safely and effectively combined.     

口内入路改良下颌升支矢状劈开截骨术矫治下颌前突

目的:探讨改良下颌升支矢状劈开截骨术(SSRO)和经典SSRO何种术式是矫治下颌前突的更为合适的手术方式。方法:采用改良SSRO或经典SSRO矫正真性下颌前突及下颌前突合并其他部位畸形患者95例,采用改良术式矫正43例,经典术式矫正52例。结果:经典术式组术后单侧或双侧下唇麻木9例,劈骨时单侧下颌升支意外骨折1例,严重出血1例,术后切口感染1例,术后复发3例。改良术式组术后感觉障碍2例,术后复发1例,无颌骨意外骨折、严重出血、术后感染等并发症发生。随访3月～7年,所有患者术后面型及咬合关系均得到明显改善。结论:改良术式具有经典术式无法比拟的优点:操作方便,手术时间短,术后恢复快;手术风险小;增加了下颌体的后退量;术中术后并发症少。因而是下颌前突尤其是严重前突和伴有偏颌畸形患者升支矢状劈开旋转、后退的首选术式,配合正规及时的术前、术后口腔正畸治疗,具有更为广阔的应用前景。