Decision on the immunomodulating therapy in unspecific osteomyelitis of the spine

Immunomodulating therapy was used in treatment of 54 patients with unspecific osteomyelitis of the spine (UOS). The age of the patients was from 15 through 76 years. The authors consider that immunocorrection should be included in the complex of obligatory measures of treatment of patients with purulent infections of the spine and is dependent on the type of immunological impairments. For its success it is necessary to determine the type and degree of immunity impairment. Since in most cases of UOS there is a disorder in the T-cell link of immunity, it is preferable to use cytomedins (T-activin, thymalin, thymogen etc) or cytokines (e.g. roncoleukin). In cases of an insufficient B-cell link the medicines of choice are licopid and myelopid.     

2014年某院现患率调查分析

目的了解医院感染现状,为进一步规范及完善医院感染管理的监控方案、开展目标性监测等工作提供可靠依据。 方法以病区为基本单元,各临床科室的感染管理兼职医生及护士担任调查员,统一采用《医院感染现患率调查登记表》,采用病历调查和床旁相结合的方式,对当日全院所有住院患者进行医院感染现患率调查。 结果收集住院患者1 856例,实际调查1 841例,实查率99.19%。医院感染者50例,医院感染现患率2.72%,医院感染例次52例,医院感染例次率2.82%;社区感染者416例,社区感染患病率22.6%,社区感染例次426例,社区感染例次率23.14%。无论是社区感染还是医院感染下呼吸道感染均位居首位,分别为50.94%和65.38%。医院感染的50例患者中,阴性菌感染23例,其中鲍曼不动杆菌11例,占总构成比47.83%;社区感染主要病原体是其他病原体（12例、21.43%）,而铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌各占17.86%。在1 841调查患者中有606例使用抗菌药物,使用率为32.92%;其中预防用药患者134例（22.11%）,治疗用药患者442例（72.94%）,既预防又治疗用药患者30例（4.95%）。 结论本次现患率调查真实地反映了本院感染的动态,更加明确了医院感染防控重点科室与重点环节,进一步为针对性地开展感染控制提供了依据,同时也增强了全院医务人员对医院感染知识的了解和掌握。     

肾移植术后肺部感染的诊疗

目的 探讨肾移植术后肺部感染发病特点及有效的临床诊疗措施.方法 对我院2012年1月至2016年2月49例肾移植术后发生肺部感染患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 49例肾移植术后肺部感染的患者中,细菌感染者22例,真菌感染者18例,病毒感染者7例,支原体、衣原体感染者各1例.其中31例发生于术后半年以内,28例为混合感染.住院治疗后46例康复出院,3例因重度肺部感染死亡.结论 肾移植术后肺部感染发生率和病死率高,在明确感染病原体之前可采用经验性抗感染治疗,待培养和药敏试验结果出来时及时选择有效的治疗药物.     

综合性ICU医院感染目标性监测结果分析

目的 通过对ICU医院感染实施目标性监测,及时发现医院感染相关问题并采取针对性防控措施.方法 监测医院感染率、日感染率、3种导管相关感染率及医院感染部位分布等指标.结果 监测1 311例中136例（169例次）发生医院感染,患者感染率为10.37%,例次感染率为12.89%.导尿管插管相关泌尿道感染率为0.843‰,中心静脉插管相关血流感染率为0.486‰,呼吸机相关肺部感染率为32.719‰.医院感染以下呼吸道为主（79.28%）,其次是血液感染（7.69%）,第3位是泌尿道感染（3.55%）.结论 ICU医院感染率高,主要为3种导管相关性感染,注重ICU目标性监测有十分重要的作用,及时发现问题并进行干预能有效降低医院感染发生率.     

A study of telephone screening and direct observation of surgical wound infections after discharge from hospital

Post-discharge surveillance of surgical site infection is necessary if accurate rates of infection following surgery are to be available. We undertook a prospective study of 376 knee and hip replacements in 366 patients in order to estimate the rate of orthopaedic surgical site infection in the community. The inpatient infection was 3.1% and the post-discharge infection rate was 2.1%. We concluded that the use of telephone interviews of patients to identify the group at highest risk of having a surgical site infection (those who think they have an infection) with rapid follow-up by a professional trained to diagnose infection according to agreed criteria is an effective method of identifying infection after discharge from hospital.     

胸腰椎后路内固定术后深部感染的治疗

目的 探讨胸腰椎后路内固定术后深部感染的特点与治疗方法。方法对36例胸腰椎内固定术后感染患者的临床表现、生化和细菌学检查及治疗进行分析。根据发生感染时间的不同分为早期感染14例,迟发性感染22例。结果早期感染一般伴有全身症状,白细胞计数及红细胞沉降率（ESR）升高,脓液培养主要为金色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌等致病力强的细菌,迟发性感染一般无全身症状,白细胞计数不升高,ESR升高,脓液培养主要为类白喉杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌等致病菌力较弱的皮肤正常菌群。早期感染患者予以清创、持续冲洗引流。除3例反复清创无效,将内固定取出以外,其余内固定均予保留。迟发性感染者予以内固定取出、清创、持续冲洗引流。33例平均随访2．6年,经上述治疗后仅1例患者早期深部感染迁延不愈致椎体骨髓炎,术后3个月伤口再次出现流脓,其余均愈合。结论胸腰椎固定后早期感染及迟发性感染的发生机理可能存在差异。早期感染由致病力强的细菌引起,累及范围广。而迟发性感染由致病菌弱细菌引起,发展慢且较局限。对早期深部感染可以保留内固定行病灶清除,持续冲洗引流,多次清创无效,感染控制不佳则需要早日将内固定取出,以免炎症扩散。而迟发性感染则需取出内固定,否则难以消除炎症。     

带涤纶套隧道血液透析导管相关感染临床分析

目的回顾性分析带涤纶套隧道血液透析导管相关感染资料,探讨感染发生时间及细菌种类,导管感染发生率,抗生素治疗效果等,为有效防治导管相关感染提供理论依据。方法选择符合导管相关感染诊断标准的患者74例（85例次）,进行抗生素肝素盐水封管及静脉滴注抗生素,有出口感染及隧道感染的还进行局部换药。结果颈内静脉导管相关感染83例次,其中81例次为导管相关血流感染,2例次为皮肤出口及隧道感染;股静脉导管相关感染2例,均为导管相关血流感染。总的导管相关感染发生天数的中位数为368导管日,四分位间距为975导管日。金黄色葡萄球菌占检出细菌总数的32.94%。导管相关感染发生率在1年内为6.5例次/1000导管日,总的导管相关感染发生率为1.29例次/1000导管日。2例患者因基础疾病死亡,其余均临床治愈。结论带涤纶套隧道血液透析导管相关感染的患者,可使用敏感抗生素导管封管及静脉滴注抗生素治疗2-3周,无效者可拔管。检出细菌种类以金黄色葡萄球菌最常见。铜绿假单胞菌较其他菌种抗生素使用时间较长,导管相关感染发生率在1年内最高,带涤纶套隧道血液透析导管相关感染重在预防。     

基于限制性立方样条模型分析肺移植受者多重耐药菌感染的危险因素

目的  总结肺移植受者术后多重耐药菌（MDRO）的感染现状,分析感染相关危险因素。方法  回顾性分析321例肺移植受者的临床资料,根据术后是否感染MDRO分为MDRO感染组（122例）和非MDRO感染组（199例）。总结肺移植受者感染MDRO情况,应用logistic回归模型分析肺移植受者感染MDRO的危险因素,结合限制性立方样条模型分析MDRO感染与呼吸机使用时间的剂量-反应关系。结果  321例肺移植受者中,122例发生MDRO感染,感染率为38.0%。MDRO感染组检出229株病原菌,主要为革兰阴性菌（92.6%）,排名前3的分别为耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌（46.3%）、耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌（22.3%）和耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌（14.8%）。MDRO感染以下呼吸道感染为主（61.5%）,其次为呼吸机相关性肺炎（26.2%）。单因素分析结果显示,采用单肺移植手术方式、术后使用体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）时间长、手术时间长、尿管插管时间长、中心静脉置管时间长、呼吸机使用时间长是肺移植受者MDRO感染的危险因素（均为P < 0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,采用单肺移植手术方式、呼吸机使用时间长是肺移植受者MDRO感染的独立危险因素（均为P < 0.05）。限制性立方样条模型分析结果显示,使用呼吸机20 d内,随着呼吸机使用时间的增加,感染风险持续增加;20 d后,延长呼吸机使用时间不增加感染发生的风险,呈现平台效应。结论  肺移植受者MDRO感染率呈逐年下降趋势,采用单肺移植方式、呼吸机使用时间长是肺移植受者MDRO感染的独立危险因素。     

男性沙眼衣原体感染的研究进展

生殖道沙眼衣原体 (Ct)感染为目前最常见的性传播疾病之一 ,然而对男性Ct感染的研究相对较少。本文对男性Ct感染的流行病学、Ct感染与男科疾病及男性不育、男性Ct感染的检测等进行了综述 ,以期给男性Ct感染的预防和控制提供理论基础和实际指导。     

慢性肾衰竭透析住院患者合并感染的临床分析

目的:了解慢性肾衰竭透析住院患者合并感染发生情况,以探讨其感染特点。方法:回顾性调查2004年～2005年间慢性肾衰竭透析患者住院病史,分别收集并统计血液透析和腹膜透析合并感染患者的临床资料。结果:调查透析患者病史400份,合并感染181例次。血透感染患者中肺部感染居首位,占54.9%,真菌、革兰阴性菌为主;其次是血流感染及尿路感染,分别占15%和13.5%,均以革兰阳性菌为主。肺部感染临床情况复杂,血流感染发生大多与临时深静脉插管或永久导管相关,尿路感染中无症状菌尿占多数。腹透患者肺部感染居首位占50.5%,革兰阴性菌居多;其次是腹膜炎占23.2%,以革兰阳性菌为主。且在腹透患者中发现了2例结核感染。两组中复数菌感染和多部位感染均超过20%,且病情严重,预后往往不佳。结论:透析患者合并感染发生率高,感染特点:感染种类及病原菌组成复杂,肺部感染最常见,其次分别为血流感染和腹膜炎。临床医生需高度重视预防并采取有效治疗措施。     

Biology of infections of split thickness skin grafts

The purpose of this study was to identify determinants of split thickness skin graft infection. The bacterial count of the experimental wounds was proportional to the incidence of infection in split thickness skin grafts. When the wound was heavily contaminated with 10⁷ organisms, infection developed under most grafts. Graft take frequently occurred in wounds subjected to a lower level of inoculum. The importance of bacterial counts as a determinant of potential skin graft infection was also suggested by a clinical study. We now routinely use quantitative bacterial counts to identify the granulating wounds that are ready for grafting. The type of organism played no significant role in the development of infection.The recipient site on which the graft was placed had an important bearing on infection of split thickness skin grafts. The incidence of skin graft infection was higher in fascial wounds than in dermal wounds contaminated with the same level of inoculum. Meshing of the split thickness skin graft offered no significant protection against infection. The infection rates of meshed and nonmeshed grafts did not differ significantly in experimental and clinical wounds.     

The Analysis of Infection after Polypropylene Mesh Repair of Abdominal Wall Hernia

Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of superficial and prosthetic mesh infection following polypropylene mesh repair of different abdominal wall hernia in individual patients and to analyze the manifestation, clinical process and outcomes in patients with prosthetic mesh infection. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of 375 patients with 423 implanted meshes for groin, femoral, umbilical, incisional and epigastric hernias, with a mean follow-up of 15 months (range: 3–73 months). Results The total superficial infection rate was 1.65% percnt;, and the rate of mesh infection was 0.94% percnt;. There were no statistically significant differences in prosthetic mesh infection between monofilament and multifilament meshes as well as between the different repair groups of hernias. The deep incisional surgical site infection after previous operation was established as a significant risk factor for prosthetic mesh infection in incisional hernia repair (P < 0.0001). Five cases of prosthetic mesh infection were presented and analyzed. Conclusions There is no correlation between the superficial and prosthetic mesh infection. There may be difficulties in determining mesh infection and to choose the right tactic. The reconvalescence in all patients with mesh infection was achieved only after removal of the infected mesh. An erratum to this article is available at .     

肾移植术后侵袭性真菌感染的临床分析

目的 探讨肾移植术后侵袭性真菌感染的临床影响因素以及治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析1994年1月至2008年5月间肾移植术后发生侵袭性真菌感染的83例患者的临床资料.统计并分析术后侵袭性真菌感染患者的死亡率和死亡原因;探讨各种真菌类型、感染部位、是否合并病毒和细菌感染、高危因素的数目以及不同抗真菌药物和起始用药时间等因素对患者死亡率的影响.结果 肾移植术后侵袭性真菌感染患者的总死亡率为39.8%,重症肺部感染合并呼吸功能衰竭是导致其死亡的首要原因.非念珠菌真菌感染、肺部感染、合并病毒和细菌感染、高危因素数目≥3个、以及在拟诊侵袭性真菌感染3 d后才开始使用抗真菌药物的患者,死亡率显著升高(P<0.05).与氟康唑相比,应用伊曲康唑、伏立康唑和棘白菌素类抗真菌药可显著降低患者的死亡率(P<0.05),其中棘白菌素类抗真菌药的效果最佳.结论 早期明确诊断肾移植术后侵袭性真菌感染的部位和性质,及时应用抗真菌药物有助于提高其治疗效果.     

Determinants of protracted cytomegalovirus infection in solid-organ transplant patients

BACKGROUND: Recurrent infection frequently follows the response to the initial treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in solid-organ transplant (SOT) recipients. The objective of this study was to describe the course of CMV infection in SOT patients and to identify factors that would predict protracted CMV infection with recurrences. METHODS: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for CMV DNA in leukocytes and in plasma were used to assess viral load changes retrospectively in consecutive SOT patients, whose CMV infection episodes had been attended therapeutically or preemptively using quantitative blood culture. RESULTS: Among 101 SOT patients, CMV infection occurred in 63, of whom 32 developed recurrent infection after the initial episode. In patients with recurrent infection, PCR indicated that a majority (27) of recipients had high level of CMV DNA in peripheral blood leukocytes and plasma throughout a protracted (>/=1 month) period including after preemptive or therapeutic ganciclovir courses. Predictors of protracted high-level infection were increasing age, CMV donor seropositivity, and all measures of viral load during the initial episode. CMV recipient seropositivity protected strongly against protracted infection. End of treatment plasma CMV DNA best discriminated between patients who did or did not develop protracted infection. CONCLUSIONS: In SOT patients, protracted CMV infection is associated with increasing age, donor seropositivity, recipient seronegativity, and high viral load during the first episode. End of therapy plasma CMV DNA level best predicts the occurrence of protracted infection. In patients with a high risk of protracted infection, prophylaxis is likely to be particularly cost effective.     

髋关节人工假体置换术后感染与对策

目的： 为了寻找髋关节人工假体置换术后感染最佳对策。方法： 对１９７６ 年１０ 月～１９９８ 年２ 月治疗的髋关节人工假体置换术后感染１０ 例进行回顾性分析。结果： １０ 例中７ 例属于早期感染， 其中１ 例死于糖尿病、２ 例经闭合冲洗感染得以控制、３ 例翻修、１ 例融合。１０ 例中３ 例晚期感染闭合冲洗无效。感染假体是否取出要看有无松动。最好对策还是加强预防。     

Incidence study of nosocomial infection in pediatric trauma patients

In this article we intend to describe the epidemiological profile of nosocomial infection in pediatric patients with multiple trauma. We conducted a prospective study from July to November 2003 in a pediatric teaching hospital in Barcelona. We used US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standard criteria to define nosocomial infection. Of the 121 patients included in the study, 33% had at least one episode of nosocomial infection, with an incidence rate of 9.9 infections per 100 admissions and 1.1 infections per 100 patient-days. The most frequent episode of nosocomial infection was bacteremia. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most common pathogens. Nosocomial infection rates per 100 device-days were 3.2 for bacteremia, 1.6 for respiratory infection and 1.0 for urinary tract infection. These findings suggest the need to evaluate infection control measures aimed at reducing the morbidity associated with infections.     

五种常见病原体感染与紫癜性肾炎患儿肾小管-间质损伤的相关性研究

目的：比较起病时无感染的紫癜性肾炎患儿与发病时存在支原体、链球菌、腺病毒、合胞病毒及流感病毒这5种常见病原体感染的患儿在肾小管及肾间质的损伤程度上的区别以明确以上5种病原体是否在紫癜性肾炎的发病过程中对肾小管及肾间质造成进一步损伤.方法：按照实验室检查结果将患儿分为无感染组及支原体感染组、链球菌感染组、腺病毒感染组、合胞病毒感染组及流感病毒感染组,比较其肾小球、肾小管、肾间质损伤程度.将各感染组分别分为有症状组及隐性感染组,组间比较其肾小管、肾间质损伤程度.结果：各组间肾小球损伤情况无明显差别.支原体感染组患儿在肾小管及肾间质的损伤程度上与无感染组患儿相比无差别,而链球菌、腺病毒、合胞病毒及流感病毒感染组的肾小管及肾间质损伤比无感染组严重.将以上四组患者分别分为有症状组及隐性感染组,组间比较发现其肾小管及肾间质损伤程度无差别.结论：链球菌、腺病毒、合胞病毒及流感病毒感染可能在紫癜性肾炎的发病过程中对肾小管及肾间质造成进一步损伤,且这种损伤的严重程度与感染的严重程度不相关.     

医护一体院感防控模式在医院感染管理中的效果

目的 探讨医护一体院感防控模式在医院感染管理中的效果。方法 采用自身前后对照研究的方法 对传统院感防控模式和医护一体化院感防控模式进行效果比较,从手卫生、医疗废物、消毒隔离、多重耐 药菌、职业暴露和传染病6方面监测内容进行指标评价。结果 医护一体院感防控模式的实施在院感的医疗 废物处理正确率、消毒隔离知识掌握正确率、职业暴露知识掌握正确率、传染病监测正确率均高于传统院 感防控模式（P＜0.05）;在手卫生执行和多重耐药菌感染的正确率方面虽有波动,但医护一体院感防控模 式仍优于传统模式（P＜0.05）;医护一体化感控模式实施后,科室院感管控综合水平从全院第34名上升至 第3名。结论 医护一体院感防控模式的实施让医院感染的发生率得到了有效控制,极大程度上增加了医务 人员的手卫生依从率和医院感染诊断相关病原学送检率,是一种有效可行的院感防控模式。     

不育夫妇溶脲脲原体感染的相关因素分析

对２１２例女性和３３８例男性不育患者进行了溶脲脲原体（ＵＵ）的感染与相关因素分析。经过单因素与多因素Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析结果表明：（１）年龄与ＵＵ感染有关，随着妇女年龄的增大，ＵＵ感染呈上升趋势，随着妇女初婚年龄、丈夫年龄的增大，ＵＵ感染呈下降趋势。（２）职业与ＵＵ感染有关，农民的感染率最高。（３）随着男性吸烟量和饮酒量的增加，ＵＵ感染率显著上升。（４）随着性生活频度的增加，ＵＵ感染呈上升趋势。（５）不育年限与ＵＵ感染无明显关系。     

血清感染指标对颈后路单开门椎管扩大成形术后早期感染的诊断价值

目的：探讨白细胞计数（WBC）、C-反应蛋白（CRP）、血清降钙素原（PCT）及红细胞沉降率（ESR）水平对颈后路单开门椎管扩大成形术后早期感染的诊断价值,及时发现、预防和治疗术后感染患者。方法：回顾性分析2010年1月至2019年4月颈后路单开门椎管扩大成形术后早期发热的患者120例;按照患者伤口渗出液细菌学培养的结果将其分为感染组（53例）和未感染组（67例）,感染组中,男32例,女21例,年龄48～63（52.28±6.36）岁;未感染组中,男37例,女30例,年龄46～62（51.63±5.82）岁。并根据感染组患者术后感染类型将其分为深部手术部位感染组（30例）和浅表手术部位感染组（23例）,深部手术部位感染组中,男19例,女11例,年龄50～63（53.16±5.62）岁;浅表手术部位感染组中,男13例,女10例,年龄48～61（52.15±5.68）岁。比较组间患者及组内患者手术前后WBC计数、CRP、PCT及ESR血清感染指标。收集纳入的120例患者血清感染学指标数据并根据血清感染指标诊断感染的灵敏度及特异性,以1-特异性为横坐标,灵敏度为纵坐标绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线对WBC计数、CRP、PCT以及ESR感染指标进行早期感染诊断的准确性评估。结果：术前：感染组和未感染组患者的WBC计数、CRP、PCT、ESR血清感染指标水平相近（P>0.05）;术后：感染组患者的WBC计数、CRP、PCT、ESR感染指标较未感染组高（P<0.05）。在术后感染的患者中,WBC计数、CRP、PCT以及ESR血清感染指标水平在不同术后感染类型的患者中存在差异（P<0.05）。未感染组患者的WBC计数、CRP、PCT以及ESR血清感染指标总体呈现出先升后降的趋势。WBC计数感染指标的受试者曲线下面积（AUC）为0.637（P<0.05）;CRP感染指标的AUC为0.792（P<0.05）;PCT感染指标的AUC为0.774（P<0.05）;ESR感染指标的AUC为0.783（P<0.05）。结论：WBC计数、CRP、PCT、ESR血清感染指标可用于颈后路单开门椎管扩大成形术后早期感染的诊断,除此之外,上述4种感染指标变化的综合分析可用于不同术后感染类型的鉴别。WBC计数指标对于早期感染诊断的准确性较低,CRP、PCT以及ESR指标对于早期感染诊断的准确性较好。总体上来说,CRP、PCT以及ESR血清感染指标对于颈后路单开门椎管扩大成形术后早期感染的诊断来说具有重要的临床意义,有助于临床工作者尽早发现术后早期感染以利于随后的相应治疗。