充血性心力衰竭患者心率震荡特征及其与血浆BNP的关系

目的研究心率震荡（HeartRateTurbulenceHRT）在慢性充血性心力衰竭（congestiveheartfailure,CHF）患者中的变化及其与血浆脑钠素（brainnatriureticpeptideBNP）间的关系。方法66例CHF患者和29例正常对照者,均记录临床资料,CHF患者按纽约心功能分级（NYHA）分为轻度CHF组（NYHAⅠ-Ⅱ级）和重度CHF组（NYHAⅢ-Ⅳ级）;根据病因不同分为缺血性心脏病组和非缺血性心脏病组。所有研究对象经超声心动图测量左心室射血分数（LVEF）左室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）,同时行动态心电图（Hoher）检查,计算机专用软件自动计算HRT的两个参数：震荡初始（TurbulenceOnset,TO）和震荡斜率（TurbulenceSlop,TS）,采用ELISA法测定所有研究对象血浆BNP的浓度。结果CHF患者HRT现象明显减弱,TO值高于对照组（P〈0．05）,鸭值低于对照组（P〈0．05）;重度CHF患者TS值明显低于轻度CHF患者（P〈0．05）,两组间TO值无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;缺血性心脏病和非缺血性心脏病患者HRT变化规律无明显差异（P〉0．05）;CHF患者血浆BNP水平明显升高（P〈0．05）;重度CHF患者血浆BNP高于轻度CHF患者（P〈0．05）;TO值与LVEDD、LVEF、BNP、TS值年龄无明显相关性（P〉0．05）;TS与LVEDD、BNP呈负相关（P〈0．05）,与LVEF呈正相关（P〈0．05）;BNP与LVEF呈负相关（P〈0．05）,与LVEDD呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论CHF患者心率震荡现象明显减弱,重度CHF患者TS减弱更为明显,可作为评判CHF患者病情严重程度的指标;CHF患者血浆BNP水平升高,重度CHF患者升高更为明显,CHF患者TS值与血浆BNP间有良好相关性。     

脑钠肽和心肌收缩力储备在评估慢性心力衰竭长期预后中价值的研究

目的探讨脑钠肽(BNP)和心肌收缩力储备(MCR)在评估慢性心力衰竭(CHF)长期预后中的价值。方法将64例合乎研究条件的患者进行血浆BNP浓度、MCR、静息左室射血分数(LVEF)的检测及NYHA心功能评估;根据上述参数的中位数进行分组,每2个月随访患者1次,观察终点为心源性死亡,随访期为54个月。结果随访期末,数据显示BNP与MCR和心源性死亡的关系紧密(r分别为0.421和-0.443;P分别为0.001和0.000);而静息LVEF和NYHA心功能与死亡没有相关性(r分别为-0.057和0.110;P分别为0.652和0.384)。高于BNP中位数组的死亡例数比低于BNP中位数组的死亡例数明显多(11/22和8/41,P=0.020),两组死亡相对危险比为2.56(95%CI);相反,高于MCR中位数组的死亡例数比低于MCR中位数组的死亡例数明显少(4/30和14/26,P=0.002),死亡相对危险比为1.88(95%CI);两者之间BNP的死亡危险比高于MCR。高于静息LVEF中位数组的死亡例数和低于静息LVEF中位数组的死亡例数差别很小(11/38和8/27,P=1.000),死亡相对危险比为1.01(95%CI);同样,高于NYHA心功能分级中位数组的死亡例数和低于NYHA心功能分级中位数组的死亡例数差别也很小(3/15和13/45,P=0.738),死亡相对危险比为1.13(95%CI)。还可以看到A组(MCR<24,BNP>189)和B组(MCR>24,BNP<189)之间死亡相对危险比竟高达12.8(95%CI)。结论BNP和MCR在评价CHF长期预后中具有重要意义,其中BNP甚至优于MCR;如果联合使用MCR和BNP可以更有力预示CHF的远期死亡;而静息LVEF和NYHA心功能分级与CHF的长期预后无关,不能够用来评估CHF的长期预后。容易获取又完全客观的BNP应该成为CHF患者常规检查;有条件的医院应该把MCR检测作为评估CHF远期预后的重要手段。     

曲美他嗪对慢性心力衰竭病人心功能、脑钠肽和心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ的影响

目的观察曲美他嗪对慢性心力衰竭（CHF）病人心功能、脑钠肽（BNP）和心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ（cTnⅠ）的影响。方法60例病情稳定的CHF病人。随机分为治疗组及对照组。每组30例。对照组病人采用心力衰竭常规药物治疗，治疗组在对照组治疗的基础上加用曲美他嗪20mg，每日3次。两组均连续治疗4周。观察治疗前后两组NYHA分级、心功能、BNP和cTnⅠ等指标的变化。结果与治疗前相比，两组治疗后NYHA分级及心功能均得到显著改善，血浆BNP及cTnⅠ水平显著降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；与对照组治疗后相比，曲美他嗪组显著缩小病人左室舒张末内径（LVEDD，P〈0．05），显著减小左室质量指数（LVMI，P〈0．05），显著增加左室射血分数（LVEF。P〈0．05）；血浆BNP（P〈0．05）和cTnⅠ（P〈0．01）显著降低。结论曲美他嗪能降低血浆BNP及cTnⅠ水平，改善CHF病人的心功能。     

心脏再同步治疗慢性心力衰竭的疗效与血浆脑钠肽的关系

目的观察心脏再同步治疗（CRT）慢性心力衰竭（CHF）的疗效与血浆脑钠肽（BNP）的关系。方法21例CHF合并室内阻滞患者行CRT,其中5例植入心脏再同步治疗除颤器（CRT—D）,包括2例心力衰竭合并心房颤动患者接受房室结射频消融术＋CRT—D治疗。观察植入术前及术后3个月、1、2年的心功能（NYHA分级）、左心室收缩末内径（LVESD）、左心室舒张末内径（LVEDD）、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、BNP水平。结果21例患者中的16例存活患者于植入CRT后心功能明显改善,心功能从Ⅲ～Ⅳ级改善为Ⅱ～Ⅲ级（P〈0．05）;LVEDD、LVESD、LVEF均明显改善（P〈0．05）;血浆BNP均明显降低（P〈0．01）。5例死亡患者以上指标无改善。植入CRT前血浆BNP水平小于3000pg／ml者（BNP—L组）与人于3000pg／ml者（BNP—H组）相比,CRT治疗3个月时两组LVEDD、LVESD、LVEF均明显改善（P〈0．05）,但12个月时BNP—I。组的心功能指标仍进一步改善,而BNP—H组与CRT治疗前的心功能指标相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。在随访的24个月内,BNP—L组中只有1例因心功能恶化死亡;而BNP—H组中有3例因心功能恶化死亡,1例为心脏性猝死。结论植入CRT后心功能指标在早期即得到改善的患者,其2年预后较好;植入CRT前血浆BNP水平可反映植入CRT后的心功能变化趋势;植入CRT后3个月时BNP水平不下降的患者其预后较差。     

慢性心力衰竭患者血浆B型利钠肽的测定及治疗的影响

目的：探讨血浆B型利钠肽（BNP）与慢性心力衰竭（CHF）的关系。方法：对48例CHF患者和10名正常人，以固相免疫分析法（IRMA）测定血浆BNP，其中33例心功能稳定于NYHAⅡ～Ⅲ级的CHF患者分为2组．随访3个月。A组（n=12）：应用地高辛、利尿剂和ACEI治疗；B组（n=21）：在上述治疗的基础上．加用卡维地洛。比较两组血浆BNP水平．及心脏彩超检查的心脏结构和功能变化。结果：（1）CHF患者血浆BNP水平显著升高，严重心衰患者更明显（P均〈0．05）；（2）两组治疗后血浆BNP水平均较治疗前显著降低（P〈0．05）；（3）治疗后心功能改善者血浆BNP水平下降较未改善者更明显（P〈0．05）；（4）B组心功能改善较A组更明显（P〈0．05）。结论：CHF患者血浆BNP水平升高．其水平随心衰加重而升高．提示BNP可作为评价心衰有价值的指标     

心力衰竭患者血浆脑钠肽水平检测分析

目的探讨心力衰竭患者血浆脑钠肽（BNP）水平与心功能的关系。方法选择心力衰竭患者120例,NYHA分级心功能Ⅱ级30例、Ⅲ级42例、Ⅳ级48例。检测患者血浆BNP水平,同时给予心脏彩色多普勒超声仪检查左室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）及左室射血分数（LVEF）。另选择健康查体者112例作为对照组。结果心衰组BNP、LVEDD及LVEF分别为（456．43±202．70）pg／ml、（59．24±9．20）mm、（32．26±7．18）％,对照组分别为（25．23±7．30）pg／ml、（41．56±6．74）mm、（58．85±9．75）％。心衰NYHA心功能Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级患者BNP水平分别为（188．32±66．36）、（432．26±102．82）、（1236．31±620．58）pg／ml。两组BNP、LVEF比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,心衰患者不同心功能分级间BNP水平比较差异有统计学意义（P均〈0．01）。结论血浆BNP浓度与心力衰竭的严重程度有关。     

血浆和肽素、B型利钠肽水平与慢性心力衰竭的关系

目的:研究血浆和肽素(copeptin)、B型利钠肽(BNP)水平与慢性心力衰竭(CHF)及其严重程度之间的关系.方法:选择CHF患者78例,入院后均经心脏超声检查,32例非CHF患者作为对照组.按NYHA分级,将78例CHF患者分为NYHAI-Ⅱ级组30例,Ⅲ级组25例,Ⅳ级组23例.使用放射免疫测定法测定血浆copeptin水平,使用美国Biosite公司产品Triage干式快速定量心肌梗死/心力衰竭诊断检测仪来测定血浆BNP水平.结果:CHF患者血浆copeptin、BNP水平与对照组相比明显升高(P＜0.01),并随NYHA分级的增加而升高.copeptin分别与左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)值、肌酐、NYHA分级、BNP呈显著正相关(P＜0.01),与左室射血分数(LVEF)呈负相关(P＜0.01).结论:血浆copeptin和BNP水平在CHF中明显升高,copeptin和BNP水平对CHF患者的诊断、病情评估、危险分层具有一定临床意义.     

慢性心力衰竭左室重构、左室功能与脑钠肽的相关性

目的探讨慢性心力衰竭患者（CHF）左室重构、左室功能与脑钠肽（BNP）水平的关系。方法应用荧光免疫法快速测定血浆BNP浓度（CHF组和对照组分别196例、64例）、通过心脏彩色超声检测结果，计算左室舒张末内径指数（LVIDdI）、左室重量指数（LVMI）。对比CHF各亚组与对照组BNP水平的不同，应用相关性分析了解CHF组LVIDdI、LVMI及年龄、血压、体重指数（BMI）、左室射血分数（LVEF）等因素与BNP关系。结果CHF组LVDdI、LVMI、BNP均明显高于对照组，以扩张性心脏病组最高。CHF组LVMI、LVDdI与BNP具有明显的相关性（r=0．615，0．476，P〈0．01）；与LVEF具有明显的负相关（r=-0．649，-0．453，P〈0．01）；LVMI、LVDdI与BMI之间无明显相关性；BNP与EF值负相关（r=-0．602，P〈0．01）。多元逐步回归分析显示仅LVMI、LVIDdI、肌酐（Cr）对BNP有独立的影响（决定系数R。=0．437，P〈0．001）。结论CHF组BNP水平明显高于对照组，具有更高的LVIDdI、LVMI值和更低的LVEF值患者BNP水平更高，而年龄、血压、BMI与LVMI、LVIDdI和BNP无明显相关性。     

扩张型心肌病慢性心力衰竭患者血浆基质金属蛋白酶-1水平与心室重构及心功能的关系

目的探讨扩张型心肌病（扩心病）慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血浆基质金属蛋白酶-1（MMP-1）水平与心室重构及心功能的关系。方法采用酶联免疫法检测84例扩心病CHF患者血浆MMP-1,快速免疫荧光法检测血浆脑钠肽（BNP）,比较不同心功能分级患者血浆MMP-1水平,依据血浆MMP-1水平高低将患者分为高MMP-1组（MMP．1t〉5．13ng／mL）与低MMP．1组（〈5．13ng／mL）;对患者行心脏超声心动图检查,测量LVEF、左室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）、左室短轴缩短率（LVFS）及左室后壁厚度（LVPWD）;对血浆MMP-1水平与LVEF、LVEDD、LVFS及LVPWD的关系行Pearson相关性分析。结果与低MMP-1组比较,高MMP-1组心功能分级、血浆BNP水平、LVEDD均显著增加（P均〈0．01）,而LVEF、LVFS和LVPWD显著降低（P均〈0．01）;随着心功能分级的增加血浆MMP．1水平逐渐升高,Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级者血浆MMP-1水平两两比较,P均〈0．01;相关性分析结果示血浆MMP-1水平与LVEDD呈正相关（r=0．439）,与LVEF、LVFS及LVPWD均呈负相关（r分别为-0．441、-0．469、-0．519,P均〈0．01）。结论扩心病CHF患者血浆MMP-1水平越高,心肌重构越严重,心功能分级越高。     

血浆BNP水平与老年慢性充血性心衰患者心功能状态及预后的关系

目的探讨血浆B型利钠肽（BNP）水平与老年慢性充血性心衰（CHF）患者心功能状态及预后的关系。方法选择62例心功能NYHA分级Ⅱ～Ⅳ级的老年CHF患者,均行血浆BNP、肾功、血脂指标及心脏功能检查。比较不同BNP水平患者的上述指标变化。结果根据血浆BNP水平分为两组,A组BNP≤400 pg/ml,B组BNP〉400 pg/ml。与A组比较,B组房颤、陈旧性心肌梗死及死亡患者比例增加,尿素氮、肌酐、胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白升高,左室舒张末期内径、左室射血分数降低（P〈0.05或〈0.01）。心功能NYHA分级Ⅳ级患者的血浆BNP水平〉Ⅲ级〉Ⅱ级,两两比较均有统计学差异（P均〈0.01）。结论血浆BNP水平是判定老年CHF患者心功能的良好指标。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.