颅脑术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的诊治

 目的 探讨对颅脑术后下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的诊治.方法 回顾性分析我院2004年6月～2006年6月42例颅脑术后下肢深静脉血栓形成患者临床资料.结果 42例患者行抗凝治疗30例,溶栓治疗4例,下腔静脉滤器置入13例,所有患者下肢肿胀疼痛症状均缓解,下肢血管彩色多普勒超声检查示血栓全部再通者3例,部分再通者15例.结论 颅脑术后患者为下肢DVT中高危患者,血浆D-二聚体的检测及血管彩色多普勒超声检查相结合能够有效地诊断DVT的发生,抗凝治疗为主要方法,慎用溶栓药物,下腔静脉滤器置入对防止肺栓塞发生有重要作用.     

下肢深静脉血栓治疗中下腔静脉滤器的临床应用

目的探讨下腔静脉滤器(IVCF)在下肢深静脉血栓治疗中预防肺栓塞的安全性、有效性。方法31例确诊为下肢深静脉血栓的患者于其他治疗前置入IVCF,共置入滤器31支,其中Simmon Nitinol滤器(SNF)7支,Trap Ease滤器(TEF)18支,可回收式Opt Ease滤器(OEF)6支,滤器均放置于肾静脉开口之下的下腔静脉。滤器放置后对18例下肢深静脉血栓行抗凝溶栓治疗,13例行手术取栓。结果31例IVCF置入全部成功,其中,SNF滤器倾斜3例,倾斜角度均小于15°。术后随访1～38个月,无1例症状性肺栓塞发生,无其他相关并发症。下肢深静脉血栓经治疗后,症状及体征消失或缓解。结论下肢深静脉血栓治疗中,IVCF置入可有效预防肺栓塞的发生,但需精心选择手术适应证、手术指征和合适的滤器。     

下腔静脉滤器植入后溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓的疗效分析

下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）是一种严重而具有潜在危险的疾病,不进行抗凝治疗,将有1／3的患者发生肺动脉栓塞,严重者造成死亡。下腔静脉滤器植入术（VCF）可有效预防致命性肺栓塞的发生,同时使溶栓治疗更为安全。我院自2003年8月～2008年12月对26例下肢深静脉血栓患者行下腔静脉滤器植入加溶栓术,取得了良好效果,现总结如下。     

脑出血合并下肢深静脉血栓临床治疗分析

目的 探讨脑出血合并下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的治疗措施。方法 选取我院诊治的60例脑出血合并DVT患者临床资料，包括一般资料、首次抗凝治疗时间、下腔静脉滤器置入指征、回收状况、滤器未取出原因。结果 脑出血后下肢深静脉血栓形成时间平均13.6天；首次抗凝时间发生于脑出血后1月内，其中1周内25例、1～2周内18例、2周～1月内17例；自发性脑出血患者首次抗凝时间平均19.3天、外伤性脑出血患者首次抗凝时间平均14.8天；27例患者根据病情需要行下腔静脉滤器置入，其中18例患者治疗评估后于滤器取出时间窗内顺利取出，9例患者因血栓进展、滤器内形成血栓、超出滤器回收时间等原因未能取出，转化为永久性滤器置入体内，治疗期间未发生肺栓塞及再发脑出血。患者出院后口服利伐沙班(20 mg, 1次/天)维持抗凝时间3个月～2年不等，随访无新发血栓形成及未取出滤器相关并发症发生。结论 脑出血合并下肢深静脉血栓形成后应根据脑出血的位置及其临床恢复程度确定开始抗凝的最佳时机，行下腔静脉滤器置入预防肺栓塞应严格掌控适应证，同时需加强对未取出滤器患者的随访，防范远期并发症发生。     

急性DVT股静脉取栓治疗32例

目的总结急性期单侧下肢深静脉血栓形成股静脉取栓的治疗效果及应用Aegisy可回收下腔静脉滤器预防肺动脉栓塞的效果。方法选择32例急性期单侧下肢深静脉血栓形成患者,通过放置Aegisy可回收下腔静脉滤器后,行股静脉切开取栓,于术后12～16d取出滤器。术后维持抗凝治疗1年。结果32例患者滤器成功置入,股静脉取栓顺利;术后30例成功取出滤器,取出滤器中有20例捕捉到血栓。全组治疗过程中无肺动脉栓塞发生,肢体肿胀明显缓解;随访1—8个月,彩色多普勒超声检查未见下肢深静脉血栓复发。结论股静脉取栓是治疗急性期下肢深静脉血栓形成的有效手段,术中放置可回收下腔静脉滤器能有效预防肺动脉栓塞发生,滤器的置入和取出安全、可行。     

下腔静脉滤器在下肢深静脉血栓形成治疗中的应用

下肢深静脉血栓形成(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)是一种常见的血管疾病,下肢DVT的主要并发症是肺动脉栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)和下肢深静脉血栓后综合征(post-thrombotic syndrome,PTS).当肺动脉栓塞80％以上时,常导致患者死亡,即致死性肺梗死[1],也是最严重的并发症,且死亡率高达31％～41％[2].下腔静脉滤器置入后,降低了下肢DVT患者血栓脱落并导致PE的可能性,而且及时行溶栓及抗凝治疗,可减少PTS的发生.我院2005-01～2010-09对17例DVT患者行下腔静脉滤器(inferior vena cava filter,IVCF)置入术,术中患肢置管溶栓,术后行患肢溶栓治疗,取得良好效果,现报道如下.     

经颈股静脉双向入路取出植入40天后的永久滤器一例

下腔静脉滤器常被用于下肢深静脉血栓患者以预防肺栓塞。我科接收1例下肢深静脉血栓患者滤器置入术后继发下腔静脉血栓。溶栓成功后,为避免滤器长期置入而引起的并发症,采取经颈股静脉双向入路成功取出植入40 d后的永久滤器(Cordis TrapEase)1枚,现报道如下。     

介入性综合治疗下肢深静脉血栓的临床应用

目的 评价介入性综合治疗下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的疗效.方法 回顾性分析经介入性溶栓治疗33例下肢DVT患者,其中10例患者仅行下腔静脉滤器植入术,术后溶栓抗凝治疗.23例患者行下腔静脉滤器植入术和同期患侧股髂静脉开通术.结果 随访33例患者均未出现大出血和致死性肺动脉栓塞等严重并发症,23例患者下肢DVT完全溶解,10例部分溶解.结论 介入性综合治疗下肢DVT是一种安全可行、疗效好的方法.     

左髂静脉受压综合征并发下肢深静脉血栓形成的综合介入治疗

目的 探讨介入治疗髂髂静脉受压综合征并发左下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床价值.方法 对28例左髂静脉受压综合征并发左下肢深静脉血栓形成患者采用经颈静脉插管溶栓、左髂静脉球囊扩张及支架治疗,部分血栓已蔓延至下腔静脉的患者在溶栓前行下腔静脉滤器置入.结果 28例患者均在术前彩色多普勒超声检查及术中造影检查明确诊断;5例行可回收性下腔静脉滤器置入,所有患者均经颈静脉置入溶栓导管于髂股静脉进行溶栓治疗,髂股静脉血栓溶解率100%,溶栓后均予以球囊扩张左髂总静脉,其中6例置入髂静脉支架.术后肢体肿胀症状明显减轻或消失,随访3～12个月临床效果满意.结论 采用滤器置入、经颈静脉溶栓、髂静脉球囊扩张及支架治疗左髂静脉受压综合征并发左下肢深静脉血栓形成是一种安全、微创、有效的治疗手段,具有较好的效果,值得临床推广.     

急性肺栓塞合并下肢深静脉血栓形成的介入治疗

目的 评价急性肺栓塞(acute pulmonary embolism,APE)合并下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的介入治疗效果.资料与方法 17例APE合并下肢DVT患者,采用下腔静脉滤器置入、猪尾导管碎栓、经导管尿激酶溶栓及抗凝治疗.结果 所有患者临床症状均明显缓解.经导管尿激酶溶栓时间为5～18天,平均(9.4±5.3)天.肺动脉血栓完全溶解16例,部分溶解1例;下肢DVT完全溶解14例,部分溶解3例.溶栓治疗结束时,下腔静脉滤器取出14例,永久性留置3例.血尿2例,无其他并发症.10例随访2～18个月,无PE及下肢DVT复发.结论 介入治疗APE合并下肢DVT是一种安全、有效的方法.     

Superior vena caval placement of a Kimray-Greenfield filter

Kimray-Greenfield filters placed in the inferior vena cava have been shown effective for prophylaxis against pulmonary embolism from lower extremity or pelvic thrombi. Percutaneous filter placement in the superior vena cava is described in a patient with pulmonary embolism and upper extremity thrombosis in whom anticoagulative therapy was contraindicated.     

下腔静脉滤器预防肺栓塞及其并发症

目的 探讨下腔静脉滤器置入术(IVCF)预防肺动脉栓塞(PE)的疗效、相关并发症及处理.方法70例下肢深静脉血栓患者,溶(取)栓术前均行下腔静脉滤器置入术:永久性Trap Ease滤器(TEF)20枚,永久性Vena Tech滤器(VTF)31枚,可回收性OptEase~(TM)滤器(OEF)13枚,临时性TempoⅡ滤器8枚;71枚位置在肾静脉开口下方,1枚位置在肾静脉开口上方.结果 术后随访8～72个月.70例中,无一例出现PE,6例出现相关的并发症.结论 下腔静脉滤器置入可以有效预防肺梗死,但应严格掌握适应证.     

下腔静脉滤器预防肺栓塞的长期随访结果

目的 探讨置入下腔静脉滤器(IVCF)预防肺栓塞(PE)的长期安全性、疗效及并发症.方法 回顾性分析1994年1月至2005年6月期间73例接受了IVCF置人术,并经多普勒超声、DSA、CT或MRI确诊的深静脉血栓形成(DVT)和(或)PE患者资料,随访时间为放置IVCF后5个月至11年,包括电话或问卷随访、病历回顾、腹部X线片复查、超声、CT肺动脉成像(CTPA)或下肢间接性CT静脉成像(CTV)检查.结果 73例患者共置入78枚滤器,置入时1例滤器张开不全.复查时2例滤器捕获血栓,1例滤器倾斜,无滤器移位、断裂和穿孔.73例中失访5例.14例死亡,存活时间5 d至41个月,平均存活期为14.5个月.存活的54例中,确诊的再发DVT 3例、下腔静脉血栓1例、滤器血栓1例,未发现再发PE.结论 长期使用IVCF预防PE是安全、有效的,并且IVCF置入后的远期严重并发症不常见.     

介入机械性血栓清除术治疗急性肺栓塞

目的探讨应用介入机械性血栓清除术治疗急性肺栓塞的方法、疗效和安全性。方法对26例急性肺栓塞患者,行肺动脉造影明确栓子部位,应用机械血栓清除器械(Amplatz血栓消融器17例,Straub血栓旋切器9例)行介入血栓清除术,观察临床症状、肺动脉血栓清除情况、血氧饱和度(SaO2)、肺动脉平均压(MPAP)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)。25例明确伴下肢深静脉血栓形成者,介入血栓清除术后放置下腔静脉滤器。结果本组均成功行介入机械性血栓清除术,26例患者介入术后临床症状均明显改善,SaO2明显上升,MPAP明显下降,PaO2明显升高,21例肺动脉内血栓大部分清除,无严重手术相关并发症。术后随访1～36个月,患者无肺动脉栓塞复发。结论介入机械性血栓清除术治疗急性肺栓塞是创伤小、安全易行、疗效确切的治疗方法。     

Gunther Tulip Inferior Vena Cava Filter Placement During Treatment for Deep Venous Thrombosis of the Lower Extremity

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Gunther tulip retrievable vena cava filter (GTF) implantation to prevent pulmonary embolism during intravenously administered thrombolytic and anticoagulation therapy and interventional radiological therapy for occlusive or nonocclusive deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremity.Methods We evaluated placement of 55 GTFs in 42 patients with lower extremity DVT who had undergone various treatments including those utilizing techniques of interventional radiology.Results Worsening of pulmonary embolism in patients with existing pulmonary embolism or in those without pulmonary embolism at the time of GTF insertion was avoided in all patients. All attempts at implantation of the GTF were safely accomplished. Perforation and migration experienced by one patient was the only complication. Mean period of treatment for DVT under protection from pulmonary embolism by the GTF was 12.7 ± 8.3 days (mean ± SD, range 4–37 days). We attempted retrieval of GTFs in 18 patients in whom the venous thrombus had disappeared after therapy, and retrieval in one of these 18 cases failed. GTFs were left in the vena cava in 24 patients for permanent use when the DVT was refractory to treatment.Conclusion The ability of the GTF to protect against pulmonary embolism during treatment of DVT was demonstrated. Safety in both placement and retrieval was clarified. Because replacement with a permanent filter was not required, use of the GTF was convenient when further protection from complicated pulmonary embolism was necessary.     

血管内介入治疗急性肺栓塞疗效观察

目的:研究经皮血管内介入治疗肺栓塞的临床价值。方法:21例临床疑诊病例,经多层螺旋CT或心脏彩超诊断为大面积或次大面积肺栓塞后,立即接受经皮肺动脉内导管碎栓及溶栓治疗。观察肺循环和临床症状改善情况。18例同时合并有下肢深静脉血栓患者,溶栓治疗后放置下腔静脉滤器。结果:20例患者临床症状明显改善。1例改善不明显。治疗前平均肺动脉压(36±5)mmHg、动脉血氧分压(32±6)mmHg,溶栓治疗后分别为(20±3)mmHg、(66±4)mmHg,前后比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:血管内介入治疗急性大面积或次大面积肺栓塞安全、有效。     

Retrievable vena cava filter placement during treatment for deep venous thrombosis

The purpose of our study is to evaluate the safety of insertion and removal of the retrievable vena cava filter and the efficacy of this filter in preventing pulmonary embolism during treatment of stenosis or obstruction of the lower extremity due to deep venous thrombosis. We retrospectively evaluated placement of 10 filters in 6 patients with lower extremity deep venous thrombosis who had undergone various treatments, including those utilizing techniques of interventional radiology. Worsening of or the new formation of pulmonary embolism was prevented in all patients. All attempts at both implantation and retrieval of the filter were safely accomplished. No complication related to filter placement occurred. Filters were left in the vena cava for permanent use when deep venous thrombosis was refractory to treatment. These results demonstrate that both placement and removal of the retrievable vena cava filter can be accomplished safely and that this type of filter is useful to prevent pulmonary embolism during treatment of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity. Further, the use of a retrievable vena cava filter might be preferred over that of a temporary vena cava filter, especially if further implantation of a filter becomes necessary since replacement with a permanent filter would not be required when using a retrievable vena cava filter.     

Prophylactic implantation of inferior vena cava filter during endovascular therapies for deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity: is it necessary?

Background: There is strong controversy as to whether to use filters temporarily in the inferior vena cava (IVC) during endovascular therapies for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the lower extremity.

Purpose: To evaluate the necessity of implantation of a retrievable inferior vena cava filter during treatment of DVT in the lower extremity using various endovascular techniques.

Material and Methods: Studied were all 37 consecutive sessions of endovascular treatments performed in 34 patients with symptomatic lower-limb DVT between April 2001 and October 2006. In all sessions, a Gunther tulip retrievable vena cava filter (GTF) was implanted during the procedures. The degree of trapped thrombus in the filter was evaluated by repeated venocavography.

Results: Implantation of a total of 66 GTFs was successfully performed in 37 sessions. Worsening of or new formation of pulmonary embolism was avoided in all patients. In 20 (54.1%) of the 37 sessions, a trapped thrombus in the filter was observed. In 14, the trapped thrombus was large, filling more than half the height of the filter.

Conclusion: Temporary implantation of filters is effective in preventing pulmonary emboli during endovascular treatment of DVT in the lower extremities.     

下腔静脉滤器植入术预防肺动脉栓塞症的应用价值

目的探讨经皮穿刺下腔静脉滤器植入术(IVCF)预防肺动脉栓塞症的临床应用价值。方法自2004年9月—2007年1月对10例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者施行IVCF植入术。男6例,女4例,年龄45~79岁,患者经健侧股静脉径路植入IVCF全部成功,植入部位均为肾静脉开口水平以下,随访12~30个月。结果本组10例均成功植入,术后无局部血肿及血栓形成,均无肺栓塞发生,无一例滤器移位、腔静脉血栓阻塞和死亡。然而5例患者均残存不同程度的患侧肢体麻木、无力、肿胀等下肢静脉功能不全症状。1例术后1月停用华法林,自行中药治疗而再次股静脉栓塞,但未发生肺栓塞。结论IVCF植入术能有效预防肺动脉栓塞,并防止再发肺栓塞所致死亡,对深静脉血栓形成患者是一种安全、有效的防治措施。     

下腔静脉滤器置入术96例临床总结

目的探讨下腔静脉滤器置入术(IVCF)预防致命性肺动脉栓塞(PE)的疗效、相关并发症及处理。方法经股静脉途径放置下腔静脉滤器96例。结果术后随访4～36个月。96例IVCF无一例出现致命性肺栓塞,17例出现相关的并发症。结论下腔静脉滤器可以有效预防致命性肺动脉栓塞,并发症的发生率较高,相关并发症可以有效预防和处理。