Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and overtime work as risk factors for sick building syndrome in Japan.

Sick building syndrome (SBS) is an increasingly common health problem for workers in modern office buildings. It is characterized by irritation of mucous membranes and the skin and general malaise. The impact of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and overtime work on these symptoms remains unclear. The authors examined these relations using data from a 1998 cross-sectional survey of 1,281 municipal employees who worked in a variety of buildings in a Japanese city. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio for symptoms typical of SBS while adjusting for potential confounders. Among nonsmokers, the odds ratio for the association between study-defined SBS and 4 hours of ETS exposure per day was 2.7 (95% confidence interval: 1.6, 4.8), and for most symptom categories, odds ratios increased with increasing hours of ETS exposure. Working overtime for 30 or more hours per month was also associated with SBS symptoms, but the crude odds ratio of 3.0 for SBS (95% confidence interval: 1.8, 5.0) was reduced by 21% after adjustment for variables associated with overtime work and by 49% after further adjustment for perceived work overload. These results suggest that both ETS exposure and extensive amounts of overtime work contribute to the development of SBS symptoms and that the association between overtime and SBS can be explained substantially by the work environment and personal lifestyle correlated with overtime.     

Use of video display terminals during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion, low birthweight, or intrauterine growth retardation

Use of video display terminals (VDTs) during pregnancy among working women was examined using data from a large case-control study of spontaneous abortions (SAB) occurring in 1986-1987. The crude odds ratio for SAB and VDT use was 1.2 for use of less than 20 hours per week (95% CI = 0.88, 1.6) as well as for 20 hours or more (CI = 0.87, 1.5), with little change after adjustment for a variety of confounders. The effects of VDT use may vary by the gestational age at SAB, with stronger associations seen in earlier (less than or equal to 12 weeks) compared to later SABs. Use of VDTs within specific occupational categories was examined, yielding adjusted odds ratios varying from 0.5 to 1.7. The risk for low birthweight (LBW) among the control group also was not greatly elevated at either VDT use level, with adjusted ORs of 1.1 (0.52, 2.1) and 1.4 (0.75, 2.5), respectively. However, the risk for intrauterine growth retardation was somewhat elevated among women with greater VDT use (OR = 1.6, CI = 0.92, 2.9).     

Upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms among female office workers: Associations with video display terminal use and occupational psychosocial stressors

The relationships between musculoskeletal symptoms and both video display terminal (VDT) use and occupational psychosocial stress were assessed among women office workers by self-administered questionnaires. Significantly increased odds ratios for neck or shoulder symptoms were observed from subjects who had ever used a VDT, had less job security, and had more stressful work during the 2 weeks prior to completion of the questionnaire. Significantly increased odds ratios for arm and hand symptoms were observed for subjects who had used a VDT for more than 6 years, reported a very crowded workplace, or reported very stressful work during the 2 weeks prior to completion of the questionnaire. Among current non-users, those who previously used VDTs were more likely to report upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms than those who had never used VDTs. This suggests that individuals with symptoms may be more likely to reduce their VDT usage, distorting results of cross-sectional studies. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Work with video display terminals and the risk of reduced birthweight and preterm birth

To determine whether the use of video display terminals (VDTs) is associated with an increased risk of reduced birthweight (RBW) and preterm birth, a cohort of telephone operators who used VDTs at work was compared to a cohort of non-VDT-users. Among 2,430 women interviewed, 713 eligible singleton live births were reported. Exposure was estimated from company records and a representative sample of electromagnetic fields was measured at the VDT workstations. For RBW (≤2,800 g), we found no excess risk associated with any VDT use during pregnancy (odds ratio [OR] = 0.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.5–1.7). For preterm birth (≤37 weeks), we similarly found no excess risk (OR = 0.7; 95%CI = 0.4–1.1). The risks estimated did not change substantially when hours working with VDTs were used as exposure variables. By contrast, increased risks were found for several known risk factors for LBW and preterm birth. We conclude that occupational VDT use does not increase the risk of RBW and preterm birth. Am. J. Ind. Med. 32:681–688, 1997. Published 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

1 This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.

     

西安高校学生膳食模式与视频显示终端综合征的关系

探索西安市高校学生不同膳食模式与视频显示终端(video display terminal,VDT)综合征的关系,为VDT综合征的预防制定针对性的改善策略.方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,对西安市5所高校的1 469名研究对象进行生活方式、食物摄入频率、视频显示终端相关症状的问卷调查.利用因子分析方法建立膳食模式,并运用多因素Logistic回归模型分析膳食模式与VDT综合征罹患的相关关系.结果 因子分析得到4种膳食模式,分别为快餐性食物模式、动物性食物模式、素食性食物模式和均衡性食物模式,因子累积贡献率为51.24%.在调整年龄、性别、体质量指数(BMI)、吸烟、饮酒、体力活动、睡眠时间、每日计算机使用时间、计算机累积使用年限等可能的混杂因素后,多因素Logistic回归模型分析显示,快餐性食物模式是VDT综合征的危险因素,因子得分处于高分位数组水平人群VDT综合征的发生风险为低分位数组水平人群的1.47倍(95%CI=1.081.99,P=0.013).均衡性食物模式与VDT综合征罹患之间呈负相关,高分位数组水平人群VDT综合征的发生风险为低分位数组水平的0.71(95%CI=0.520.95,P=0.021).结论 西安高校学生的快餐性食物模式与VDT综合征罹患风险的增加相关,而均衡性食物模式则可降低VDT综合征的罹患风险.     

Video display terminal workstation improvement program: I. Baseline associations between musculoskeletal discomfort and ergonomic features of workstations

Associations between selected sites of musculoskeletal discomfort and ergonomic characteristics of the video display terminal (VDT) workstation were assessed in analyses controlling for demographic, psychosocial stress, and VDT use factors in 273 VDT users from a large administrative department. Significant associations with wrist/hand discomfort were seen for female gender; working 7+ hours at a VDT; low job satisfaction; poor keyboard position; use of new, adjustable furniture; and layout of the workstation. Significantly increased odds ratios for neck/shoulder discomfort were observed for 7+ hours at a VDT, less than complete job control, older age (40 to 49 years), and never/infrequent breaks. Lower back discomfort was related marginally to working 7+ hours at a VDT. These results demonstrate that some characteristics of VDT workstations, after accounting for psychosocial stress, can be correlated with musculoskeletal discomfort.     

Association between duration of daily visual display terminal work and insomnia among local government clerks in Japan

BACKGROUND: Visual display terminal (VDT) work has become very common among office workers in developed countries; however, studies investigating the association between the duration of daily VDT work and insomnia are limited. METHODS: The aim of this study was to clarify the association between the duration of daily VDT work and sleep disturbances. We investigated 2,417 clerks (men, 2,030; women, 387) at local government offices. Sleep disturbances were evaluated using the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). RESULTS: VDT work of 6 hr or more per day was significantly associated with insomnia (odds ratio = 1.62, 95% confidence interval: 1.16-2.27) and, in particular, caused problems with "total sleep duration" and "sleepiness during the day" among sleep-related symptoms, even after adjusting for possible confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggested that VDT work of 6 hr or longer per day was related to insomnia.     

Relationship between employees' management factor of visual display terminal (VDT) work time and 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) at one Japanese IT company's computer worksite

OBJECTIVES: We studied 1365 male workers at a Japanese computer worksite in 2004 to determine the relationship between employees' time management factor of visual display terminal (VDT) work and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) score. METHODS: We developed questionnaires concerning age, management factor of VDT work time (total daily VDT work time, duration of continuous work), other work-related conditions (commuting time, job rank, type of job, hours of monthly overtime), lifestyle (smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, having breakfast, sleeping hours), and the Japanese version of 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) of the high-GHQ groups (>6.0) associated with age and the time management factor of VDT work. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated lower ORs for certain groups: workers older than 50 years old had significantly a lower OR than those younger than 30 years old; workers sleeping less than 6 h showed a lower OR than those sleeping more than 6 h. In contrast, significantly higher ORs were shown for workers with continuous work durations of more than 3 h compared with those with less than 1 h, those with more than 25 h/mo overtime compared with those with less, those doing VDT work of more than 7.5 h/day compared with those doing less than 4.5 h/day, and those with more than 25 h/mo of overtime compared with those with less. CONCLUSION: Male Japanese computer workers' GHQ scores are significantly associated with time management factors of VDT work.     

扬州市学龄前儿童视屏现况及其影响因素分析

了解扬州市3~6岁学龄前儿童视屏时间现况以及可能导致每天视屏时间>2h的影响因素,为制定相关干预措施提供依据.方法 采用整群抽样的方法,选取扬州市城区7所幼儿园的2 531名在园儿童进行身高及体重的测量,并填写家长问卷,问卷调查主要包括父母健康状况、家庭信息、出生结局和视屏时间等内容,分析可能导致视屏时间>2h的危险因素.结果 扬州市城区学龄前儿童周一至周五平均每天视屏时间>2h的比例分别为19.3%,39.3%和28.2%.以儿童3岁年龄组,儿童体重正常,父母年龄≥35岁,父母BMI为18.5~ 23.9 kg/m2,父母本科及以上学历,独生子女分别作为参照组,进行二分类非条件Logistic同归分析表明,母亲现在BMI≥24 kg/m2(OR=1.33)和本科以下学历(OR=2.15)是周一至周五视屏时间>2 h的危险因素;儿童4~6岁年龄组(OR值分别为1.53,1.88,1.95)、儿童肥胖(OR=1.34)、父亲年龄<35岁(OR=1.30)、母亲现在BMI≥24 kg/m2(OR=1.32)、父母本科以下学历(OR值分别为1.37,1.90)以及非独生子女(OR=1.32)是周末视屏时间>2 h的危险因素.父亲年龄<35岁(OR=1.44)、母亲现在BMI≥24 kg/m2(OR=1.43)和父母本科以下学历(OR值分别为1.27,2.10)是一周视屏时间>2h的危险因素.结论 儿童年龄、肥胖状况、父亲年龄、母亲现在BMI、父母学历、是否独生子女对学龄前儿童的视屏时间会产生影响.     

Association between duration of daily VDT use and subjective symptoms

BACKGROUND: Although visual display terminal (VDT) work has become a common task among office workers, surveys which would help to determine the allowable duration of daily VDT use are limited. METHODS: We investigated more than 25,000 workers three times over a 3-year period using a self-administered questionnaire. Three factors, namely mental, physical and sleep-related symptoms, were extracted by factor analysis. Adjusted means of each factor score were compared with the duration of daily VDT use by general linear model. RESULTS: Physical symptoms score became higher with increasing duration of daily VDT use without a threshold effect. Mental and sleep-related symptom scores of the workers using VDT for more 5 hr/day were significantly higher than that of the groups using VDT for >1, 1-3, and 3-5 hr/day. CONCLUSIONS: Duration of daily VDT use was linearly related to the physical symptom score, and was non-linearly related to mental and sleep-related symptom score with a threshold effect of 5 hr/day.     

Stressful psychosocial work environment increases risk for back pain among retail material handlers

BACKGROUND: Back pain is a major source of lost work time. Occupational physical activity only accounts for a fraction of low back pain; therefore, there is growing interest in investigating other possible causes of back pain including the psychosocial work environment. METHODS: Material handlers (N = 6,311) in 160 newly opened stores were interviewed at study entry and approximately 6 months later. Factor analysis was used to reduce the 37 psychosocial questionnaire items to seven distinct factors. RESULTS: After adjusting for history of back problems and work-related lifting, risk of back pain was moderately increased among employees who reported high job intensity demands (odds ratio (OR) = 1.8), job dissatisfaction (OR = 1.7), and high job scheduling demands (OR = 1.6). CONCLUSIONS: Modification of the psychosocial work environment for material handlers in large retail stores may help reduce back pain among employees.     

高校医学生视频显示终端综合征与抑郁症状的关系

  目的  了解医学生视频显示终端(video display terminal, VDT)综合征现状,并探讨其与抑郁症状的相关性,为促进医学生心理健康提供依据。  方法  采用普查方法,于2019年11月对江西某大学医学部3 265名在校大一至大三学生进行问卷调查,收集个人基本情况、VDT综合征相关症状、抑郁状况等信息。  结果  高校医学生VDT综合征检出率为33.3%,不同性别、是否临床专业VDT综合征检出率差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为6.45,18.82,P值均 < 0.05)。抑郁症状检出率为54.6%,单因素分析显示,是否VDT综合征检出者抑郁症状检出率差异有统计学意义(χ2=63.88,P < 0.01);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,VDT综合征可增加抑郁症状检出的风险(OR=1.84,95%CI=1.58~2.14,P < 0.01)。  结论  VDT综合征在医学生中检出率较高,且是医学生抑郁症状发生的相关因素。高校应重视对医学生合理使用视频终端的健康教育,并采取相应的措施加以干预,从而提高医学生身心健康水平。     

Risk factors for symptoms of allergic rhinitis in adolescents in Castellón, Spain]

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risk factor for symptoms of allergic rhinitis in adolescents in Castellón, Spain. METHODS: A cross-sectional population based study of Phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) conducted in 2002 among adolescents from 13-14 years of age. The ISAAC questionnaire was used to define cases of allergic rhinitis. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: Participation was 66.8% (3,995 adolescents of the 5,981 total). The prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms in the last 12 months was 16.5% and the prevalence of nasal allergy at some point was 7.4%. Logistic regression showed that rhinoconjunctivitis was associated with being female (OR = 1.63; 95%CI: 1.33-2.00); a mother who smokes in the home (OR = 1.32; 95%CI: 1.08-1.63); a history of sinusitis (OR = 2.02; 95%CI: 1.51-2.70); and living on a street with heavy truck traffic (OR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.02-2.44). Likewise, nasal allergy was associated with a family history of allergic rhinitis (OR = 2.62; 95%CI: 1.90-3.63); a history of sinusitis (OR = 2.65; 95% CI: 1.77-3.96); a history of bronchitis (OR = 1.68; 95%CI: 1.19-2.36); and social class, with a steady decline when comparing higher classes to lower classes. CONCLUSIONS: Various environmental risk factors were associated with the symptoms of nasal allergies, which points to the importance of implementing specific preventive measures.     

Survey on subjective symptoms in VDT workers: complaint rate and years of service

A questionnaire survey was conducted on 271 workers of microelectronics company. The questionnaire included such items as age, years of service, working conditions and subjective symptoms related to visual, musculoskeletal and general status. The following results were obtained: Of these workers, approximately 80% operated visual display terminals (VDT). The years of service for most were less than 4 to 5 years with the average being about 2 years (Fig. 1). The working hours per day on the VDT for most of them was less than 90 min, although some workers operated VDT for 3 or more hours per day (Fig. 2). A high incidence of complaints of visual function, i.e. eye strain and blurring of distant objects, was observed. Some also complained of musculoskeletal and general symptoms (Table 1). The rates of these subjective symptoms increased with years of service (Figs. 4 and 5), while the complaint rates decreased with age (Fig. 3). Significant positive correlations were found between most of these complaint rates and length of service (Table 2), although correlations between the complaint rates and age were generally non-significant but negative. The complaints tended to increase with working hours per day, although the operators who worked for longer period per day did not seem to complain as much as those who did not work so long (Fig. 6). In conclusion, the results of this questionnaire suggest that the effects of visual display terminals (VDT) work accumulate gradually over months and years.     

Violence and Women's Psychological Distress After Birth: An Exploratory Study in Italy

Our aim in conducting this study was to analyze the relationships between violence and maternal psychological distress 8 months after a birth, taking into account other important psychosocial factors, known to be associated both with violence and with new mothers’ mental health. A total of 352 women responded to a questionnaire after the birth at a maternity hospital in northern Italy, and 292 also participated in a telephone interview 8 months later. We evaluated psychological distress with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and partner and family violence with a 28-item scale. Eight months postpartum, 5% of women showed high psychological distress; 10% were currently experiencing violence from the partner or another family member. After adjustment for covariates, the odds ratio for depressive symptoms was 13.74 for women experiencing violence. We believe that these results provide support for the important role of violence in postpartum maternal psychological distress.     

Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of carpal tunnel syndrome in a large footwear factory

The study was conducted to assess the prevalence and incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in a large modern footwear factory and to identify factors predictive of CTS. To this end, 199 workers were examined in 1996, and 162 of them were re-examined in 1997. Ergonomic and psychosocial risk factors of CTS were assessed by workpost analysis and self-administered questionnaire. The prevalence of CTS at baseline in 1996 and in 1997 was 16.6% (95%CI: 11.4-21.7) and 11.7% (95%CI: 6.7-16.8), respectively. The incidence rate of CTS in 1997 was 11.7% (95%CI: 6.7-7.8). No specific type of job performance was associated with CTS. Obesity (OR = 4.4; 95%CI: 1.1-17.1) and psychological distress at baseline (OR = 4.3; 95%CI: 1.0-18.6) were strongly predictive of CTS. Rapid trigger movements of the fingers were also predictive of CTS (OR = 3.8; 95%CI: 1.0-17.2). A strict control of thework by superiors was negatively associatedwith CTS (OR = 0.5; 95%CI: 0.2-1.3). The prevalence and incidence of CTS in this workforce were largely higher than in the general population and numerous industries. The study highlights the role of psychological distress in workers exposed to a high level of physical exposure and psychological demand.     

Ocular,nasal, dermal and general symptoms among commercial airline crews

OBJECTIVE: To study symptoms among a commercial cabin crew, in relation to personal risk factors, perceived psychosocial work environment, occupation, and work on intercontinental flights, with exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). METHODS: A standardized questionnaire (MM 040 NA) was mailed in February-March 1997 to all Stockholm aircrew on duty in a Scandinavian flight company ( n=1,857), and office workers from the same company ( n=218). During this time, smoking was allowed only on intercontinental flights. The participation rate was 81% ( n=1,513) of the aircrew, and 77% ( n=168) of the office group. Statistical analysis was performed by multiple logistic regression analysis, keeping age, gender, atopy, current smoking, occupation, and perceived psychosocial work conditions simultaneously in the model. RESULTS: The most common symptoms among the aircrew were fatigue (21%), nasal symptoms (15%), ocular symptoms (11%), dry or flushed facial skin (12%), and dermal hand symptoms (12%). The aircrew had more nasal (odds ratio (OR) = 3.12), throat (OR=5.75), and dermal symptoms on the face (OR=2.03), and hands (OR=3.68), than the office workers. The aircrew with a history of atopy had an increase of most symptoms (OR=1.5-3.8), but age, gender, or smoking was not associated with symptoms. Perceived stress due to excess of work was associated with fatigue (OR=7.33), feeling heavy-headed (OR=9.52), headache (OR=5.10), and facial dermal symptoms (OR=3.75), while those crew with better work control and work satisfaction had less fatigue. For most symptoms, there were no differences between different categories onboard, but pilots had fewer ocular (OR=0.28) nasal (OR=0.52), and dermal hand symptoms (OR=0.39). Airline crew that had been on an intercontinental flight the previous week had more complaints of fatigue (OR=1.87), heavy-headedness (OR=1.89), and difficulties concentrating (OR=3.22). CONCLUSION: There was an association between symptoms and work stress, lack of influence on working conditions, atopy, and work on intercontinental flights where smoking was allowed. In view of the increase of civil aviation, the working conditions for aircrews need further attention.     

Development of neck and hand-wrist symptoms in relation to duration of computer use at work

OBJECTIVES: This study attempted to identify risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck and hand-wrist regions among employees using computers at work. METHODS: Computer users (N=5033) first received a questionnaire in the beginning of 1999 (69% response rate, N=3475), and a follow-up questionnaire was mailed in December of 2000 to the 3361 respondents to the baseline survey (77% response rate, N=2576). Health outcome was defined as musculoskeletal symptoms for >7 days within the last year of follow-up among the nonsymptomatic respondents at baseline. RESULTS: Men's and women's previous symptoms, women's low influence at work and high-placed computer screen, and men's short time in the same job and good computer skills were associated with neck symptoms. Hand-wrist symptoms were predicted by previous symptoms and low influence at work for both the men and women and sensorial demands for the women only. The duration of computer use predicted hand-wrist symptoms [eg, odds ratio (OR) of 2.3, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.2-4.3, for almost continual computer use], but not neck symptoms. For those with almost continual computer use, hand-wrist symptoms were associated with mouse use for at least half of the worktime (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.0-15.5) and not using the mouse at all (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.1-14.4), as compared with mouse use for one-fourth of the worktime. CONCLUSIONS: Limiting computer use to less than three-fourths of the worktime would help to prevent hand-wrist symptoms. Furthermore, low influence at work predicts both neck and hand-wrist symptoms.     

Work-related risk factors for the incidence and recurrence of shoulder and neck complaints among nursing-home and elderly-care workers

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the differences and similarities in the incidence and recurrence of shoulder and neck complaints with respect to work-related physical, psychosocial, and personal risk factors. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was carried out among 769 workers of nursing homes and homes for the elderly. At baseline, a questionnaire was used to collect data on personal characteristics, physical workload, psychosocial workload, and the presence of shoulder and neck complaints. After 1 and 2 years, follow-up data were collected on shoulder and neck complaints. Generalized estimation equations were used for analyzing risk factors for the participants with at least one follow-up measurement available (N=556, 72%). RESULTS: In the multivariate model, adjusted for age and gender, obesity [odds ratio (OR) 2.12, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.23-3.65] was related to the incidence of shoulder complaints. The incidence of neck complaints was increased for obesity (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.07-3.05), work in awkward postures (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.11-2.78), and poor or fair general health (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.02-2.31). The recurrence of both shoulder and neck complaints was associated with chronic complaints at baseline (shoulder: OR 1.91, 95% 1.36-2.67; neck: OR 1.71, 95% 1.14-2.55) but not with work-related risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that there are differences in risk factors for the incidence and recurrence of shoulder and neck complaints.     

中学生抑郁症状的影响因素分析

目的 探讨中学生出现抑郁症状的影响因素,建立风险预测的列线图模型,为防控中学生抑郁提供理论依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法,抽取大连市城市和农村中学生共3 470名,使用学生健康行为调查表及抑郁量表进行问卷调查;采用多因素logistic回归分析抑郁症状的影响因素,并建立列线图,预测中学生出现抑郁症状的风险。 结果 中学生的抑郁症状检出率为24.12%,肯定有抑郁症状的检出率为16.22%。遭受校园欺凌（OR = 2.748,95%CI:2.257～3.346）、被家长打骂（OR = 2.025,95%CI:1.679～2.433）、学段（职高:OR = 1.883,95%CI:1.286～2.758;高中:OR = 1.242,95%CI:1.001～1.541）、上网时间越长（≥3 h:OR = 1.773,95%CI:1.366～2.302;2～＜3 h:OR = 1.525,95%CI:1.190～1.954）、女生（OR = 1.352,95%CI:1.141～1.603）、农村地区（OR = 1.351,95%CI:1.126～1.622）均是中学生抑郁症状检出的危险因素;体育课时数多（2 节:OR = 0.685,95%CI:0.504～0.931;≥3 节:OR = 0.583,95%CI:0.425～0.799）、睡眠时间充足（OR = 0.676,95%CI:0.562～0.812）都是中学生抑郁症状检出的保护因素;基于以上影响因素建立的列线图模型具有较好的区分度（一致性指数C - index = 0.700,95%CI:0.680～0.721）和准确度（Hosmer - Lemeshow检验χ2 = 2.885,P = 0.941）。 结论 遭受校园欺凌、被家长打骂、职高或高中、上网时间越长、女生、来自农村地区、体育课时数少、睡眠时间不足的中学生更容易出现抑郁症状,可以利用列线图直观、有效地预测中学生出现抑郁症状的风险,从而有针对性地对高危群体及时采取干预措施。