Density of mucous glands in the normal adult nasal turbinates

On 13 normal inferior and middle turbinates the mucous membrane was freed, stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method, and the mean density of glandular orifices was determined by counting in 4 mm2 fields. The median density fell in both turbinates in the anteroposterior direction, being in the inferior turbinate 8.2 glands/mm2 anteriorly, 7.9 in the middle, and 7.1 glands/mm2 posteriorly. In the middle turbinate it was 8.4 glands/mm2 anteriorly, 8.1 in the middle, and 7.3 glands/mm2 posteriorly. There were no significant differences in median density between the medial and lateral wall or between the superior and inferior half of the inferior or middle turbinate as a whole. The median total number of glands in the inferior turbinate was 9,200 with a very wide interindividual range of 6,100-12,700. In the middle turbinate the median count was 6,700 glands and the range 4,400-11,500. The pathology of the mucous glands of the nose is discussed.     

Density of mucous glands in the normal adult nasal septum

Summary The entire mucosa from 13 normal nasal septa was stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method, and the mean density of glandular orifices in 13 localities was determined quantitatively by counts in 4 mm² fields. The median density within the entire material was 8.4 glands/mm², with an interindividual variation of ± 1 gland/mm². The median number was 15,900 glands, range 10,800–21,800. The distribution of the glands is regular, with little variation between the localities. Density is somewhat, but significantly lower in the posterior quarter of the septum, and there was a significant increase in density into the infero-superior direction.     

Density of mucous glands in the normal adult nasal septum.

The entire mucosa from 13 normal nasal septa was stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method, and the mean density of glandular orifices in 13 localities was determined quantitatively by counts in 4 mm2 fields. The median density within the entire material was 8.4 glands/mm2, with an interindividual variation of +/- 1 gland/mm2. The median number was 15,900 glands, range 10,800-21,800. The distribution of the glands is regular, with little variation between the localities. Density is somewhat, but significantly lower in the posterior quarter of the septum, and there was a significant increase in density into the infero-superior direction.     

Scanning electron microscopy of the nasal glands and vessels

Summary The trypsin-HCl method of Uehara was applied to the respiratory nasal mucosa of rats and guinea pigs, and the stereoscopic surface view of the nasal glands, vessels, and associated nerve fibers were observed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM).The terminal portion of the glands was composed of glandular cells and myoepithelial cells, the latter were starfishlike features and extended thin cytoplasmic processes which covered the small area of the terminal portion. The arterioles and venules could be clearly distinguished by their adventitial aspects and innervation pattern. Arterioles were occasionally connected to small arterioles with a characteristic structure, which seemed to play a role in the regulation of peripheral blood supply.     

The influence of the normal turbinate mucosa on nasal airflow

Summary In an attempt to determine the influence of the turbinate mucosa on nasal airflow resistance, we measured the nasal resistances in seven patients who had no lateral walls on one side of their nasal cavities because of unilateral operative removal of maxillary tumors. We compared resistances on the operated side with the normal unoperated side. No significant differences were found either on inspiration or expiration. Additionally, no significant influence of the turbinate mucosa on nasal airflow resistance was detected in sitting subjects.     

长期鼻腔冲洗对正常鼻黏膜免疫屏障的影响

目的探讨长期鼻腔冲洗是否会对正常鼻黏膜的免疫屏障功能造成影响。方法55例健康志愿者随机分为两组：生理盐水冲洗（NSI）组29例,男13例,女16例;年龄18～61岁,平均年龄37.90岁。高渗盐水冲洗（HSI）组26例,男13例,女13例;年龄18～66岁,平均年龄40.65岁。NSI组以0.9%的温盐水（40°C）进行鼻腔冲洗,HSI组以3%的温盐水（40°C）进行鼻腔冲洗;两组均为每日1次,晚睡前30 min进行冲洗,干预时间为3个月。干预前和干预3个月后时分别获取两组受试者的鼻腔冲洗液（NLF）,并对NLF中溶菌酶（LYSO）、乳铁蛋白（LF）、表面活性蛋白A（SPA）,分泌型免疫球蛋白A（SIgA）的浓度进行检测。结果两组受试者干预前性别、年龄及NLF中LYSO、LF、SPA和SIgA的浓度之间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,干预后NSI组的NLF中4种检测指标与干预前比较其浓度无显著差异（P>0.05）,干预后HSI组的NLF中4种检测指标与干预前比较其浓度无显著差异（P＞0.05）,干预后两组受试者的NLF中4种检测指标的含量亦无显著差异（P＞0.05）。结论长期鼻腔冲洗对正常鼻黏膜的免疫屏障没有不利影响。     

iTRAQ技术检测鼻息肉和正常鼻黏膜组织间差异表达蛋白质

目的 通过分析鼻息肉蛋白质表达谱的变化探索鼻息肉的发病机制。 方法 采集正常成年人中鼻道鼻腔黏膜以及鼻息肉患者的息肉组织(各4例),用同位素标记相对和绝对定量(iTRAQ)技术分析标本中的蛋白表达谱,筛选差异表达蛋白质。 结果 共筛选出差异表达蛋白311个。上调蛋白88个,主要包括CLC、PLEKHA7等,其中上调2倍以上的蛋白18个;下调蛋白223个,主要包括S100A1等,其中下调50%以上的蛋白65个。 结论 鼻息肉组织蛋白表达谱与正常中鼻道鼻腔黏膜相比有较大差异,差异蛋白可能在鼻息肉的发生发展过程中发挥重要作用,其中CLC可能参与鼻黏膜的炎症及免疫反应,PLEKHA7与鼻腔黏膜损伤修复有关。     

Ciliated mucous cells found in the nasal mucosa of a patient with Kartagener's syndrome

Summary Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of ciliated cells containing many mucous secretory granules in the nasal surface epithelium of a 13-year-old patient suffering from Kartagener's syndrome. In these cells, mucous secretory granules were accumulated in the apical cytoplasm, and the Golgi apparatus was well developed in the supranuclear region. Mucous secretory granules were discharged infrequently through the apical cell membranes by single or compound exocytosis. The cells were considered to be ciliated mucous cells, which have already been reported to be present in the lower respiratory tract but not in the upper respiratory tract.     

大气可吸入颗粒物致大鼠鼻黏膜急性损伤的研究

目的:探讨大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)对大鼠鼻黏膜的急性损伤作用及其可能的机制.方法:分别使用高、中、低3个剂量的PM10给予大鼠鼻腔内染毒1周.苏木精-伊红染色及扫描电镜下观察染毒对鼻黏膜形态学的影响.结果:苏木精-伊红染色后显示PM10可导致大鼠鼻黏膜上皮细胞脱落,杯状细胞增生,固有层水肿,炎性细胞浸润,腺体增生,腺管狭窄堵塞,血管扩张出血.3个染毒剂量组与生理盐水组炎性细胞计数比较均差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05),黏膜结构损伤的半定量记分高、中剂量组与生理盐水组比较均差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).以上改变均存在剂量-反应关系.扫描电镜下显示PM10可导致大鼠鼻黏膜上皮纤毛稀疏、脱落、倒伏,集结缠绕,分泌物黏附.结论:大气可吸入颗粒物对大鼠鼻黏膜具有损伤和致炎症作用.     

A型肉毒杆菌毒素降低豚鼠鼻黏膜腺细胞乙酰胆碱酯酶浓度的研究

目的:探讨A型肉毒杆菌毒素(BTA)对豚鼠鼻黏膜腺细胞乙酰胆碱酯酶浓度的影响。方法:18只雄性豚鼠随机分为BTA组和对照组。BTA组左侧鼻腔以浸有0.2ml(10U)BTA的Merocel作用1h,对照组以生理盐水代替BTA。分别于用药后第1、2、4周全身麻醉下切取豚鼠左侧下鼻甲黏膜(每个时间点每组3只),4%多聚甲醛固定后石蜡包埋、切片,免疫组织化学染色,光镜下定量分析。结果:BTA局部应用后第1、2周豚鼠鼻黏膜腺体及腺上皮中腺细胞的乙酰胆碱酯酶浓度显著降低,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01);第4周乙酰胆碱酯酶浓度恢复正常。结论:BTA可降低豚鼠鼻黏膜腺细胞乙酰胆碱酯酶的浓度。     

吸入性氢气清除法鼻粘膜微循环血流量测定

目的测定国人鼻粘膜微循环血流量。方法应用ＡｍｅｆｌｏｗＨ２微循环测量仪对１３０例鼻粘膜微循环血流量在局部喷雾血管收缩剂前后进行了测量，其中健康成人９８例；鼻息肉患者１８例，变应性鼻炎患者１４例。统计学处理采用ｔ检验。结果健康成人对照组鼻粘膜微循环血流量大于鼻息肉组及变应性鼻炎组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。血管收缩剂应用后各组微循环血流量均下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），以鼻息肉组下降最为明显。结论氢气清除法微循环血流量测定具有定位好、可连续测定和重复、损伤小等优点。     

Malignant melanoma of the nasal mucosa

Malignant melanoma of the nasal mucosa is a rare tumor. We present here a case which involved the nose and the paranasal sinuses. Though surgical excision was achieved, postoperative metastalic spread to the liver resulted in poor prognosis, necessitating chemotherapy. Relevant literature on the subject is reviewed.     

功能性内镜鼻窦手术后不同鼻窦黏膜的转归规律

目的 探讨慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者功能性内镜鼻窦手术后不同鼻窦黏膜转归的时间规律.方法 前瞻性收集77例慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者的临床资料,在实施功能性内镜鼻窦手术后的第2周、第1、2、3、6、9、12个月采用Lund-Kennedy内镜评分方法分别对每侧鼻腔每个鼻窦进行评估,比较不同时期不同鼻窦黏膜形态的评分数值和完成上皮化比例.结果 共计154个上颌窦、154个筛窦、138个额窦和129个蝶窦纳入内镜观察与评分分析.在术后第2周,蝶窦、筛窦、上颌窦和额窦黏膜形态评分分别为(3.5±1.5)、(3.6±1.4)、(3.7±1.5)、(3.8±1.5)分,差异无统计学意义(x2=1.674,P =0.643);在术后第2、3、6、9个月,4种鼻窦黏膜的转归过程呈现明显分离趋势,依次出现黏膜评分下降拐点和上皮化比例升高峰值;在术后第12个月,蝶窦、筛窦、上颌窦、额窦评分分别为(0.4±0.1)、(0.9±0.1)、(1.4±0.2)、(2.1±0.2)分,差异有统计学意义(x2=52.691,P=0.000);且蝶窦黏膜形态评分(Z=-3.417,P =0.001)和完成上皮化的比例(x2=4.313,P=0.038)明显优于筛窦,筛窦黏膜形态评分(Z=-2.218,P=0.027)和完成上皮化比例(x2=4.292,P=0.038)明显优于上颌窦,上颌窦黏膜形态评分(Z=-2.244,P =0.025)和完成上皮化比例(x2=4.100,P =0.043)明显优于额窦.结论 功能性内镜鼻窦手术后不同鼻窦的黏膜转归存在明显时间差异,上皮化进程的先后顺序依次是蝶窦、筛窦、上颌窦和额窦.     

鼻内翻性乳头状瘤与鼻息肉和对照组鼻黏膜组织差异蛋白分析

目的 应用蛋白质组学技术,分析比较鼻内翻性乳头状瘤(nasal inverted papilloma,NIP)与鼻息肉、对照组鼻黏膜组织的差异蛋白质,筛选具有特异性表达的蛋白.方法 分别采集3例NIP组织、3例鼻息肉组织以及3例单纯鼻中隔偏曲患者(对照组)的中鼻甲黏膜组织标本,应用双向凝胶电泳(two-dimensional gel electrophoresis,2-DE)技术分离各组织的总蛋白质,利用GS-800Calibrated Densitometer凝胶成像系统获取图像,识别差异表达蛋白质点,查询数据库,鉴定差异表达蛋白质.结果 鉴定了6个NIP与鼻息肉组织有明显差异表达的蛋白质点,分别是半乳糖凝集素1、锰-超氧化物歧化酶、半乳糖凝集素7、曲古抑菌素A、抑制素、转铁蛋白.这6个蛋白质点在NIP中的表达均明显增强.结论 应用蛋白质组学研究方法可以对鼻黏膜组织进行差异蛋白分析,鉴定出6个差异表达蛋白质可能与NIP的发病相关.     

吸烟对鼻气道阻力影响的初步探讨

目的：探讨吸烟对鼻气道阻力（ＮＡＲ）的影响,方法：采用前鼻测压法,对４０例正常不吸烟者（对照组）,４１例轻度吸烟者（轻度吸烟组）、４２例重度吸烟者（重度吸咽组）的单侧及总鼻腔ＮＡＲ进行测定,比较。结果：重度吸烟组鼻粘膜减充血前单侧及总鼻腔（ＮＡＲ）与对照组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）,鼻粘膜减充血后则针显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）;轻度吸烟鼻粘膜减充血前后均无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论：长     

Immunohistochemical localization of lysozyme in the nasal respiratory mucosa

Summary By use of the indirect immunoperoxidase method, lysozyme was localized in the serous glands and serous parts of mixed mucous-serous glands of the nasal respiratory area. Histochemically, lysozyme was absent from acini containing acid mucosubstances. These findings are in agreement with localizations of lysozyme in glands at other sites.     

经鼻给药对鼻粘膜结构的影响

目的研究药物经鼻吸收时对鼻粘膜结构的影响。方法使用硫酸庆大霉素及胰岛素给家兔滴鼻,在用药后３、５、７ｄ和２周及停药后的１周及２周取鼻粘膜进行光学显微镜和透射显微镜观察。结果用药后３～７ｄ出现渐进性鼻粘膜损伤的改变,１周后部分区域上皮脱落,但基底膜完整。停药后１～２周内上皮细胞及纤毛迅速修复。结论鼻内给药是一种可行的有前途的给药途径。     

鼻息肉黏膜上皮钠通道蛋白表达的研究

目的 比较鼻息肉与正常中鼻甲黏膜上皮钠通道(epithelial sodium channels,ENaC)蛋白的表达,探讨鼻黏膜ENaC蛋白依赖的Na+吸收机制及液体转运机制.方法 12例Ⅱ型2期慢性鼻-鼻窦炎(chronic rhinosinusitis,CRS)患者为鼻息肉(nasal polyp,NP)组,5例行鼻中隔矫正术和上颌窦囊肿摘除术患者的中鼻甲黏膜(ethmoid cornu mucosa,ECM)为对照组,内镜下取新鲜组织制成冰冻切片后行免疫荧光染色,激光共聚焦显微镜下记录荧光相对表达量;反转录-实时聚合酶链反应(Rtreal-time PCR)法检测两组ENaC-α、β、γ mRNA的表达.结果 NP组ENaC蛋白免疫荧光相对表达量(x±s)为35.79±5.47,高于ECM组(22.17±5.43),差异具有统计学意义(t=4.69,P<0.01);NP组ENaC-α、β、γ mRNA表达(分别为2.06±0.42、1.97±0.32、1.96±0.54)均大于ECM组(分别为1.01±0.10、0.98±0.08、0.97±0.06),差异具有统计学意义(t值分别为5.482、6.659、4.036,P值均<0.01);ENaC三个亚基mRNA的表达在NP组与ECM组均为α>β>γ;NP组ENaC蛋白的相对表达量与ENaC-α、β、γ mRNA的表达呈止相关(r值分别为0.907、0.948、0.919,P值均<0.01).结论 ENaC蛋白及ENaC-α、β、γ mRNA在鼻息肉黏膜中的表达上调,且二者具有同步性,ENaC蛋白表达上调可能足造成黏膜下水肿,最终导致鼻息肉形成的重要原因之一.