外固定支架结合锁定加压钢板在不稳定骨盆骨折治疗中的应用

目的 探讨外固定支架结合锁定加压钢板技术在不稳定骨盆骨折治疗中的应用及效果.方法 对2007年6月至2008年7月获得随访的12例不稳定骨盆骨折患者进行回顾性分析,男9例,女3例;年龄22～51岁,平均36.2岁.均采用髋臼上方外固定架固定前环骨折,锁定加压钢板固定后环骨折的技术.按照Tile分型:B1型5例,B2型3例,B3型2例;C1型2例.合并直肠或膀胱损伤3例,血气胸、颅脑损伤3例,腰骶神经损伤2例,多发骨折8例. 结果 12例患者术后获3～12个月(平均6.3个月)随访.手术时间40～120 min(平均70 min).支架保留时间6～16周(平均11周).骨盆骨折或脱位的愈合时间为12～19周(平均14周).骨折复位按照Tornetta评估标准:优7例,良4例,可1例.术后功能评定按Majeed评分标准:优6例,良4例,可2例.并发症包括2例早期负重行走时后方疼痛,经卧床休息延迟负重后缓解;6例有不同程度钉道感染,2例腰骶神经损伤患者3个月后神经功能部分恢复,无严重医源性并发症和合并症发生. 结论髋臼上方置钉外同定支架技术可有效恢复骨盆前方稳定性,通过股骨牵引还可以达到对骶髂关节的加压.跨骶骨髂骨间锁定加压钢板对骨盆后方的固定有一定优势.两种技术结合应用,创伤较小、手术操作简单,能达到不稳定骨盆骨折微创治疗的目的 .     

AO外固定架在不稳定性骨盆骨折中的临床应用

目的探讨AO外固定架对不稳定性骨盆骨折治疗的疗效和经验。方法回顾性分析24例(13例结合内固定治疗)AO外固定架治疗不稳定性骨盆骨折患者,总结该治疗方法的经验及体会。结果除1例因腹腔脏器破裂大量失血在固定后1d死于失血性休克外,其余23例平均随访13个月,按Matta评定标准,优良率达87.5%。结论①多数情况下单纯外固定架可改善骨盆的稳定性,也可作为终极治疗手段,必要时与内固定结合可增加骨盆的稳定性;②单纯外固定架固定可用于绝大多数B型及部分C型骨折的治疗;③对那些严重损伤,骨盆稳定性差,合并有其它脏器损伤患者,急诊期骨盆外固定架治疗效果显著。     

Haemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures

Bleeding pelvic fractures that result in haemodynamic instability have a reported mortality rate as high as 40%. Because of the extreme force needed to disrupt the pelvic ring, associated injuries are common and mortality is usually from uncontrolled haemorrhage from extra-pelvic sources. Identifying and controlling all sources of bleeding is a complex challenge and is best managed by a multi-disciplinary team, which include trauma surgeons, orthopaedic surgeons and interventional radiologists. Once the pelvis is identified as the major source of haemorrhage, component therapy reconstituting whole blood should be used and the pelvic region wrapped circumferentially with a sheet or pelvic binder. Patients at risk for arterial bleeding who continue to show haemodynamic instability despite resuscitative efforts should undergo immediate arteriography and embolisation of bleeding pelvic vessels. If this is unavailable or delayed, or the patient has other injuries (i.e., head, chest, intra-abdominal, long bone), external fixation and pelvic packing, performed concomitantly with other life-saving procedures, may be used to further reduce pelvic venous bleeding. If however, the patient remains haemodynamically labile without apparent source of blood loss, transcatheter angiographic embolisation should be attempted to locate and stop pelvic arterial bleeding. Institutional practice guidelines have been shown to reduce mortality and should be developed by all centres treating pelvic fractures.     

复合固定技术治疗不稳定性骨盆骨折

[目的] 探讨复合固定技术治疗不稳定性骨盆骨折的疗效.[方法] 2000年1月-2007年6月共收治28例不稳定性骨盆骨折患者.男18例,女10例,年龄22～68岁,平均38岁.按Tile分型:B2型9例,B3型8例,C1型6例,C2型2例,C3型3例.均有不同的合并损伤,28例患者采用复合固定技术进行了手术治疗.[结果] 根据影像学Matta法和功能恢复情况评价,优18例,良7例,可2例,差1例,优良率89%.[结论] 早期外固定为抢救赢取时间,病情平稳后根据情况选择内固定治疗,复合固定技术是治疗不稳定性骨盆骨折的良好方法.     

不稳定性骨盆骨折的手术内固定治疗

目的探讨不稳定性骨盆骨折内固定手术治疗的临床疗效.方法41例不稳定性骨盆骨折采用开收复位加内固定手术治疗.前环骨折采用耻骨联合上方弧形切口或经腹股沟入路．应用钛合金重建钢板内固定;后环骨折分别采用骶骨棒、骶髂拉力螺钉固定.结果41例均获随访．时间3～36个月,骨折愈合时间为2．0～3．5（2．5±0．4）个月。疗效评估：优14例,良18例,中8例．差1例.结论不稳定性骨盆骨折采用手术内固定叮以重建有效骨盆稳定性,疗效满意。     

Management of pelvic injuries in hemodynamically unstable polytrauma patients – Challenges and current updates

Pelvic injuries are notorious for causing rapid exsanguination, and also due to concomitant injuries and complications, they have a relatively higher mortality rate. Management of pelvic fractures in hemodynamically unstable patients is a challenging task and has been variably approached. Over the years, various concepts have evolved, and different guidelines and protocols were established in regional trauma care centers based mainly on their previous experience, outcomes, and availability of resources. More recently, damage control resuscitation, pelvic angioembolization, and acute definitive internal fixation are being employed in the management of these unstable injuries, without clear consensus or guidelines. In this background, we have performed a computerized search using the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and PubMed databases on studies published over the past 30 years. This comprehensive review aims to consolidate available literature on the current epidemiology, diagnostics, resuscitation, and management options of pelvic fractures in polytraumatized patients with hemodynamic instability with particular focus on damage control resuscitation, pelvic angioembolization, and acute definitive internal fixation.     

Closed reduction and iliosacral percutaneous fixation of unstable pelvic ring fractures

OBJECTIVE: To report clinical results of patients treated with closed reduction and percutaneous iliosacral screw fixation for unstable pelvic ring fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study using medical records, images and late clinical assessment of all patients treated in our centre with percutaneous iliosacral screw fixation for unstable pelvic ring fractures, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Seventy-three patients with a mean age of 40.3 years old (range 14-70 years) were treated between July 1998 and December 2005. Seventy-one patients were included. Fractures types included 10 AO type B and 61 AO type C injuries. Forty-two patients had associated injuries. Mean follow-up was 31 months (12-96). Functional status was assessed using Majeed's grading score for pelvic fractures at final follow-up. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients obtained a satisfactory initial reduction. Two patients had transitory postoperative neurological deficit. Five patients presented hardware failure. Fifteen patients developed sacroiliac osteoarthritis during follow-up. Good and excellent functional results were observed in 66 patients at final follow-up. Five patients had bad results, one due to infection of an anterior pelvic plate and the others due to painful refractory sacroiliac osteoarthritis that required a sacroiliac fusion. Sixty-one (86%) patients were able to return to pre-injury occupation. CONCLUSIONS: Good clinical results with a low and predictable rate of complications can be expected using closed reduction and percutaneous iliosacral screw fixation for unstable pelvic ring fractures.     

切开复位内固定治疗垂直不稳定骨盆骨折

目的探讨切开复位内固定治疗垂直不稳定骨盆骨折的临床疗效。方法28例垂直不稳定骨盆骨折患者在大重量牵引纠正垂直移位后,全部行切开复位内固定,骨盆前环骨折均用重建钢板内固定。结果随访12~48个月,平均23.2个月,均骨性愈合,无下肢不等长,骨盆畸形基本纠正,按刘利民等功能评定标准,优10例,良13例,可5例。结论切开复位内固定治疗垂直不稳定骨盆骨折可取得满意疗效,对前后环骨盆骨折尽可能手术固定。     

可调式外固定架治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折

<正>桡骨远端骨折十分常见,约占全身骨折的17%[1]。稳定性骨折多采用手法复位加石膏或小夹板外固定;但对于不稳定性骨折,此法多不能达到满意效果,常出现畸形、握力减弱、     

可调式骨盆外固定架治疗不稳定性骨盆骨折

2007年3月～2011年1月,我科应用可调式骨盆外固定架治疗不稳定性骨盆骨折48例,临床效果满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1器械开口器和钻孔器(见图1):开口器尖部呈三棱锥样,长约1 cm,较     

External fixation of distal radius fractures

External fixation has been used for the treatment of distal radius fractures for more than 50 years. Although the fixator configurations have undergone considerable modification over time, the type of fixator itself is not as important as the underlying principles that provide the foundation for external fixation. Although volar plate fixation is currently in vogue, the indications for external fixation remain largely unchanged. Newer fixator designs have also expanded the traditional usage to include nonbridging applications that allow early wrist motion. The following discussion focuses on the myriad uses for external fixation as well as the shortcomings and potential pitfalls.     

Effects of early use of external pelvic compression on transfusion requirements and mortality in pelvic fractures

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that early use of external mechanical compression (EMC) reduces hemorrhage and mortality associated with pelvic fractures. METHODS: Patients with pelvic fractures and one of the following risk factors for hemorrhage were studied retrospectively: (1) unstable fracture pattern, or (2) any fracture in patients older than 55 years of age, or (3) fracture with systemic hypotension. Starting in November of 2003, EMC was performed using circumferential pelvic binders on patient arrival and continued for 24 to 72 hours. Patients who underwent EMC (n = 118) were compared with historical controls in the preceding year (n = 119). RESULTS: Patients in the EMC and control groups had similar fracture patterns, age, and injury severity. EMC had no effect on mortality (23% vs 23%, P = .92), need for pelvic angioembolization (11% vs 15%, P = .35), or 24-hour transfusions (5.2 +/- 10 vs 4.6 +/- 9 U, P = .64). CONCLUSIONS: Early EMC with pelvic binders does not reduce hemorrhage or mortality associated with pelvic fractures.     

有限切开内固定结合外固定器治疗Tile C型骨盆骨折

目的 探讨有限切开内固定结合外固定器治疗Tile C型骨盆骨折的临床价值.方法 采用有限切开内固定结合外固定器治疗Tile C型骨盆骨折28例,男17例,女11例;年龄21~52岁,平均34岁;合并神经损伤4例,失血性休克16例,其他部位骨折15例.按照Tile分型均为C型骨折,C1型15例,C2型9例,C3型4例.结果 28例中,23例复位满意,5例未完全复位,其中3例纵向移位≥1cm,2例横向分离移位(耻骨联合分离≥2cm,耻骨支分离≥1cm).骨折愈合时间2~5个月,平均3.2个月.2例切开复位后骶髂部皮肤发生浅层感染,培养为表皮葡萄球菌,选用敏感抗生素治疗后感染得到控制.3例外固定针孔感染.1例骶髂螺钉固定术后CT证实螺钉穿出S1A椎体前皮质.1例外固定支架固定螺钉穿出髂嵴外侧皮质.1例术后股外侧皮神经损伤.26例获得随访,随访时间18~58个月,平均48个月.根据Majeed制定评估标准,优17例,良7例,可2例,优良率92.3%.4例术前有神经损伤症状者,2例在术后4个月时完全恢复,2例未恢复.4例患者主诉腰骶部疼痛.结论 有限切开内固定可纠正不稳定骨盆骨折纵向移位,而横向移位可以使用外固定器复位固定.     

外固定支架在骨盆骨折治疗中的应用

目的 探讨外固定支架在骨盆骨折治疗中的作用和优点. 方法 2002年4月至2008年7月根据Tile分型,分别采用外固定支架固定、牵引+外固定支架固定、内固定+外支架同定三种方法对55例骨盆骨折进行复位固定,以达到骨折复位、骨盆环稳定的目的 . 结果 2例合并有胸腹部多发伤患者术后死亡,2例失访,51例获得平均11个月随访.骨折均获得骨性愈合,下地负重时间6～14周,平均11周.拆外固定支架时间8～14周,平均12周.按刘利民等关于骨盆骨折术后功能评定标准:优33例,良12例,中4例,差2例,优良率为88.2%.2例合并髋臼骨折者术后2年因髋关节骨关节炎行全髋关节置换术;1例因骶髂关节骨关节炎行骶髂关节融合后症状消失;1例伴骶骨骨折患者术后2年出现骶神经损伤症状,CT检查示骶管内骨赘形成,行骶管探查骶赘切除后症状缓解.结论 对于Tile B1、B2型骨折单用外固定支架,C型骨折使用外固定支架结合内固定或牵引治疗,均可达到骨折复位、骨盆环稳定的作用;对多发伤患者,急诊行外固定治疗,可迅速稳定骨盆、减少出血,提高抢救成功率.     

外固定支架结合经皮交叉穿针固定治疗不稳定型桡骨远端骨折

目的探讨外固定支架结合经皮交叉穿针固定治疗不稳定型桡骨远端骨折的临床疗效。方法采用外固定支架结合经皮交叉穿针固定治疗34例不稳定型桡骨远端骨折患者。结果患者均获得随访,时间6~14个月。X线检查显示,骨折端解剖复位,固定牢靠,骨性愈合。按Green-O'brien腕关节评分标准评估:优26例,良6例,一般2例,优良率为94.1%。无钉道感染、骨髓炎、医源性神经肌腱伤和交感神经反射性骨营养不良等并发症。2例发生关节僵硬,经积极功能锻炼后症状好转。结论外固定支架结合经皮交叉穿针固定治疗不稳定型桡骨远端骨折能达到解剖复位,固定可靠,且有效减轻术后腕关节功能障碍。     

Complications of temporary and definitive external fixation of pelvic ring injuries

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of complications of external fixation in pelvic ring injuries, comparing fixator use for temporary and definitive treatment. DESIGN: Retrospective case-note review. SETTING: A regional centre for pelvic trauma in the UK. PATIENTS: 100 consecutive patients. INTERVENTION: All patients were treated with pelvic external fixation for a pelvic ring injury. RESULTS: In 52 patients, external fixation was intended for use as the definitive treatment of the pelvic ring injury and was maintained for a mean duration of 60 days (17-113). In 48 patients, it was used temporarily for a mean duration of 8 days (1-20) before internal fixation of the pelvic ring. The complication rate for definitive and temporary fixators was 62 and 21%, respectively. Pin-site infection occurred in 50% of definitive fixators and 13% of temporary fixators but rarely led to more serious complications. In five patients, the definitive management was changed as a result of a complication of the external fixator. The commonest cause for revision of either fixator was aseptic pin loosening. Revision for loose pins in eight patients was associated with the use of two pins in each iliac crest rather than three. CONCLUSIONS: The temporary use of external fixation is safe and effective, but use for definitive treatment is associated with a high rate of infection and aseptic pin loosening.     

外固定架与切开复位内固定治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折疗效的Meta分析

目的 应用Meta分析的方法,评价外固定架与切开复位内固定治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的疗效差异,为临床选择治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的治疗方法提供依据. 方法 计算机检索MEDLINE(1975年至2008年1月)、Cochrane图书馆(2007年第2期)、EMBASE(1980年至2007年)和中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM,1978年至2007年)、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI,1994年至2007年)、中国医学学术会议论文数据库(CMAC,1994年至2007年)、中文科技期刊数据库(1989年至2007年).手检1980年1月至2008年1月国内相关杂志9种,均从创刊检索至2007年11月,搜集不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的内固定或外固定治疗的临床研究.按照文中所述纳入标准收集后进行比较.利用STATA软件进行异质性分析及Meta分析,绘制森林图. 结果 共纳入71篇文献,其中外固定架组23篇文献(856例患者),内固定组48篇文献(1741例患者).结果发现,两组在握力、腕部活动范围、放射学指标以及功能评分上差异无统计学意义(95%置信区间有重叠).外固定架组的感染率、固定失败率和神经炎发生率较高,而内固定组的肌腱并发症的发生率和内固定提前拆除的比例较高(95%置信区间无重叠).结论 采用外固定架与切开复位内固定治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折各有利弊,尚缺乏内固定优于外固定治疗的证据,其疗效无明显差异.     

垂直不稳定骨盆骨折内固定垂直稳定性的生物力学研究

目的探讨垂直不稳定骨盆骨折空心螺钉和钢板内固定前后环或后环的垂直方向稳定性差异。方法：将6具尸体骨盆随机取3具做压力测试为正常组，然后制成垂直不稳定骨盆骨折模型，分别行后环空心螺钉结合前环空心钉、后环空心螺钉、后环结合前环钢板、后环钢板内固定。结果在垂直方向，后环空心螺钉内固定强于钢板螺丝钉内固定，增加前环内固定可以显著增加前环的稳定性。结论垂直不稳定骨盆骨折空心螺钉内固定具有较好的生物力学稳定性，前后环内固定要优于单纯后环内固定。     

开放性骨盆骨折：治疗对策与疗效分析

目的探讨开放性骨盆骨折的治疗对策,评价其疗效。方法回顾性分析1998年1月至2008年10月我院收治的42例开放性骨盆骨折病例资料。男23例,女19例;年龄7～73岁,平均45.5岁。致伤原因：车祸伤24例,压砸伤10例,高处坠落伤8例;并发休克27例。按Tile分型：A型3例,B型9例,C型30例。软组织损伤按Gustilo-Anderson分类：Ⅰ类3例,Ⅱ类7例,Ⅲ类32例。骨盆周围皮肤软组织损伤部位：髂前上棘3例,腹股沟区5例,臀骶部5例,腰背、臀骶及大腿根部严重大面积皮肤撕脱1例。伴发其他系统损伤：颅脑损伤5例,胸部和肺部损伤7例,胃破裂2例,脾破裂3例,卵巢破裂1例,腹膜后血肿5例,空回肠破裂5例,直肠乙状结肠损伤7例,泌尿系统挫裂伤23例,会阴挫裂伤19例。运动系统其他合并损伤：坐骨神经损伤3例,股神经损伤2例,骶丛损伤6例,腰椎骨折伴脊髓损伤4例,股骨头骨折2例,股骨颈骨折2例,转子下骨折3例,股骨干骨折6例,胫骨平台骨折4例,胫腓骨骨折8例,胫骨远端骨折1例,内外踝骨折2例,桡骨远端骨折3例。ISS评分9～58分,平均31.5分。结果治愈37例,死亡5例。42例患者中,骨盆骨折以外组织的损伤数量为123处,是骨盆骨折的2.9倍,其中泌尿系统挫裂伤占54.8%,会阴损伤占45.2%,肠道损伤率占28.6%。剖腹探查率42.9%,初期乙状结肠造瘘率26%,延期乙状结肠造瘘率23%。本组死亡率为11.9%,死亡组平均ISS评分为41.5分,且骨折类型均为Tile C型。存活组平均ISS评分为28.2分。骨盆骨折采用外固定支架固定29例,单纯内固定9例,未同定4例。42例开放性骨盆骨折的创面平均手术3.1次,5例出现深部感染,其中1例为会阴、肛周撕裂伤,受粪便污染而导致创面感染形成深部脓肿,经多次清创和乙状结肠造瘘而治愈。3例为内固定术后感染,其中2例形成窦道,经久不愈,最终去除内固定而愈合;另1例术后出现严重感染,因败血症而死亡。1例为剖?     

不稳定型骨盆骨折的疗效探讨

目的 探讨不稳定型骨盆骨折(Tile B和Tilec型)的治疗和疗效。方法 比较78例骨盆骨折患者使用和非使用骨盆外固定支架手术疗效。结果 在38例骨盆骨折患者未使用骨盆外固定支架治疗中，失血性休克的纠正率为76％，死亡率10．6％，平均ISS评分11．6。而在使用骨盆外固定支架治疗的40例患者中，失血性休克的纠正率为90％，死亡率为2．5％，平均ISS评分9．87结论 骨盆外固定支架治疗不稳定型骨盆骨折合并失血性休克，手术简单，疗效可靠，大大降低了患者的死亡率。