腹腔镜膀胱全切术治疗极高龄肌层浸润性膀胱癌临床效果观察

目的探讨腹腔镜膀胱全切术治疗80岁以上极高龄肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者的临床疗效与安全性。方法选取2014年7月至2016年7月收治的80岁以上浸润性膀胱癌患者32例,所有患者均行腹腔镜膀胱全切术。观察并记录手术时间、术中失血量、术后住院时间及并发症发生情况等。结果 32例患者手术均获成功,无死亡,其中,4例中转开腹;平均手术时间为(181.0±40.3)min;平均术中出血量为(325.0±88.9)ml;平均术后住院时间为(10.0±2.8)d;术后发生肺部感染2例、下肢静脉血栓2例、应激性溃疡1例、切口感染1例。结论腹腔镜膀胱全切术治疗80岁以上极高龄肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者安全有效,可在临床推广应用。     

Evaluation of 18F-FDG PET with bladder irrigation in patients with uterine and ovarian tumors.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate PET using (18)F-FDG for gynecologic lesions with continuous bladder irrigation to eliminate artifacts from the (18)F-FDG activity in the bladder. METHODS: Forty-one patients were studied. They had 23 cervical uterine lesions (15 cases of cancer, 5 recurrences, 3 nonrecurrences); 8 cases of uterine corpus cancer, including 2 recurrences; and 10 ovarian masses (6 malignant, 4 nonmalignant). All cases of cancer were histologically proven; however, 2 cases of nonrecurrent uterine cervical carcinomas were diagnosed by clinical course. Continuous bladder irrigation was performed 35-55 min after intravenous administration of 185-370 MBq (18)F-FDG, and an emission scan was obtained 40-55 min after intravenous administration. Standardized uptake value (SUV) was used to estimate the degree of (18)F-FDG uptake quantitatively. RESULTS: After bladder irrigation, the (18)F-FDG activity in the urinary tract was eliminated in 33 patients, so that detection of tumor (18)F-FDG accumulation was easy. Two patients showed residual activity in the urinary bladder, and 6 patients showed activity in the ureter. An artifact was seen in 1 patient with residual activity in the urinary bladder caused by insufficient irrigation. However, these residual activities had no influence on detecting (18)F-FDG accumulation in tumor. The mean (+/-SD) of SUVs of malignant lesions was 6.04 +/- 3.22, that of nonmalignant lesions was 1.71 +/- 1.12, and the difference was significant (P = 0.0002). SUVs of all malignant lesions were greater than 2.0, and SUVs of all nonmalignant lesions, except the 1 case of ovarian fibroma, were less than 2.0. CONCLUSION: (18)F-FDG PET with continuous bladder irrigation is useful for eliminating (18)F-FDG activity in the bladder and for differentiating between malignant and nonmalignant uterine or ovarian masses.     

Cerebrospinal fluid leakage in intracranial hypotension syndrome: usefulness of indirect findings in radionuclide cisternography for detection and treatment monitoring

PURPOSE: To evaluate indirect findings of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage on radionuclide cisternography and their changes after treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was approved by the hospital's institutional review board and informed consent was obtained before each examination. A total of 67 patients who were clinically suspected of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) syndrome underwent radionuclide cisternography, and 27 patients who had direct findings of CSF leakage on radionuclide cisternography were selected for this evaluation. They were 16 males and 11 females, aged between 26 and 58 years. Sequential images of radionuclide cisternography were acquired at 1, 3, 5, and 24 hours after injection. We assessed the presence or absence of 4 indirect findings; early visualization of bladder activity, no visualization of activity over the brain convexities, rapid disappearance of spinal activity, and abnormal visualization of the root sleeves. Changes of the direct and indirect findings after treatment were also evaluated in 14 patients who underwent epidural blood patch treatment. RESULTS: Early visualization of bladder activity was found in all 27 patients. Seven of 27 (25.9%) patients showed no activity over the brain convexities. Rapid disappearance of spinal activity and abnormal root sleeve visualization were present in 2 (7.4%) and 5 (18.5%) patients, respectively. After epidural blood patch, both direct CSF leakage findings and indirect findings of early visualization of bladder activity had disappeared or improved in 12 of 14 patients (85.7%). The other indirect findings also disappeared after treatment in all cases. CONCLUSION: Indirect findings of radionuclide cisternography, especially early visualization of bladder activity, may be useful in the diagnosis and posttreatment follow-up of CSF leakage.     

Angiography in urinary bladder tuberculosis.

Angiography was performed in 6 cases of bacteriologically and microscopically verified tuberculosis of the urinary bladder. As a rule, general or locally accentuated hypervascularization in the bladder wall could be demonstrated in the arterial phase but no venous abnormalities were observed. The circulation time was usually not changed. Thus the angiographic appearances were non-specific. Angiographically it is impossible to differentiate between tuberculous cystitis, cystitis of other genesis or even tumour of the bladder.     

The urinary tract image obtained during 99mTc bone scanning.

During the course of a technetium (99mTc) bone scan, it is usual to obtain an image of both kidneys and the bladder. A review of 96 bone scans performed over a two-year period was undertaken in an attempt to assess the accuracy of this image. Ten examinations showed abnormalities of the urinary image suitable for inclusion in the paper, and were subsequently further investigated. Three cases showed that relatively small lesions may be detected within a kidney if localised caliectasis produced a 'hot-spot'. However, greater diffuse concentration of the imaging agent within one renal image does not necessarily represent an abnormality. Space-occupying lesions can be detected as areas of diminished activity within the renal image, if the tumour is extensive. 'Defects' in the bladder image reflect extrinsic impression rather than intrinsic lesions. A further six cases are included to demonstrate how unusual accumulation of the imaging agent within the abdomen may mimic renal tract pathology.     

膀胱结核的CT诊断

目的研究膀胱结核的CT表现及其诊断价值. 资料与方法 50例经实验室检查或膀胱镜证实的膀胱结核患者,行螺旋CT平扫、增强及延迟扫描. 结果早期病变位于输尿管口附近, 5例表现为膀胱壁局部结节,8例表现为膀胱壁局部僵硬、增厚;中晚期病变表现为膀胱壁广泛增厚和容积缩小,共37例,病变表面线状强化提示病变活动. 结论螺旋CT扫描能很好显示膀胱结核早期改变,结合临床可以做出正确诊断.     

BPH患者尿动力学检查结果及其在指导治疗中的作用

目的观察良性前列腺增生症（BPH）患者尿流动力学相关参数,并评价尿流动力学检查结果对指导BPH治疗的价值。方法对119例BPH患者,治疗前后分别进行尿流动力学检查、国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）和生活质量评估（QOL）并分析检查结果。结果 119例患者中有4例可疑梗阻,3例无梗阻,7例逼尿肌收缩乏力,105例膀胱出口梗阻（BOO）。BOO患者中伴不稳定膀胱41例（39.05%）,低顺应性膀胱19例（18.10%）,不稳定膀胱合并低顺应性膀胱16例（15.24%）。根据测定结果选用不同方法治疗,其中行经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）103例,行耻骨上经膀胱前列腺摘除术2例,膀胱造瘘术7例,保守治疗7例。治疗后4～6个月复查,比治疗前症状明显改善,取得满意疗效。结论尿流动力学检查可以明确BPH患者有无BOO及梗阻程度如何,又可了解膀胱功能和逼尿肌稳定性,为临床鉴别诊断、选择合理的治疗方案和估计预后提供依据,对提高疗效具有重要的临床意义。     

Monitoring of the biodistribution and biokinetics of dysprosium-165 ferric hydroxide with a shadow-shield whole-body counter

Radiation synovectomy is indicated when conventional pharmacological treatment of chronic synovitis has proved insufficient. In these cases dysprosium-165 ferric hydroxide (DFH) has been demonstrated to be clinically effective. After application of the agent, blood activity measurements and monitoring of activity distribution by gamma camera imaging over the local lymph nodes and the liver are commonly performed for control of possible leakage. In addition, we have used a shadow-shield whole-body counter with a profile facility to evaluate the biokinetics and biodistribution of¹⁶⁵Dy-DFH. Fifteen intra-articular injections were performed in 13 patients who received a median activity of 6.8 GBq (range 0.5-9.9 GBq)¹⁶⁵Dy-DFH. Activity profiles were obtained with the whole-body counter 2, 4 and 6 h after injection of¹⁶⁵Dy-DFH. The doses to non-target organs were calculated using the software MIRDOSE 3. In 10 of 15 treatments, absence of any leakage could be demonstrated. The effect of scattered rays could be observed in 14 measurements. In three patients small amounts of activity could be detected in the urinary bladder and in three patients activity was detected in the local inguinal lymph nodes, while no leakage could be detected by camera imaging. In these cases the individual doses to the bladder were 15 Gy, 65 mGy and 50 mGy, and those to the lymph nodes, 0.54 Gy, 0.89 Gy and 2.41 Gy. The whole-body counter also enabled the monitoring of activity profiles related to more complex pathological structures. In conclusion, using a whole-body counter activity leakage could be detected with much higher sensitivity than by using a gamma camera. The biodistribution of¹⁶⁵Dy-DFH could be determined, and leakage could be localised and related to organs. These results encourage the use of a whole-body counter to identify, the site and extent of activity leakage.     

Is early bladder activity in radionuclide cisternography an indirect sign of spontaneous intracranial hypotension or sequence of lumbar puncture?

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is characterized by severe postural headache and low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure. Radionuclide cisternography (RC) is of some value in diagnosing CSF leakage causing SIH. However, the sensitivity of RC is too low to demonstrate the site of leakage. In these cases, the early appearance of the radioactivity in the urinary bladder has also been used as an indirect finding in the diagnosis of SIH. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic reliability of early urinary bladder activity as an indirect sign of SIH. We investigated early bladder activity in 21 patients with suspicion of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Of the 21 subjects, 13 (62%) showed early bladder activity. We demonstrated that early bladder activity is observed in patients without CSF leakage such as normal pressure hydrocephalus. Therefore, this indirect finding of RC is not a reliable finding in diagnosing SIH.     

Digital filtering of the bladder in SPECT bone studies of the pelvis

A data processing technique for the removal of bladder activity from single photon emission computed tomographic bone studies of the pelvis has been developed. The method involves the replacement of count values in the bladder on all projection views by data which are representative of the activity in surrounding structures. Reconstruction is then performed using the amended set of projection views. The method was tested by examining a group of 13 patients referred for investigation of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Significant improvements in image quality were observed, particularly with respect to the level of artifact production, which increased the number of cases in which a confident and correct diagnosis was made.     

Staging of urinary bladder neoplasms with MR imaging: is Gd-DTPA helpful?

This study was performed to investigate whether intravenous administration of Gd-DTPA can improve the accuracy of MR imaging in the detection and staging of bladder neoplasms. In 68 patients with suspected urinary bladder neoplasms, MR examinations were performed with T1-weighted SE sequences before and after intravenous administration of Gd-DTPA. The findings were compared with surgical staging using the TNM classification. Overall staging accuracy of contrast enhanced MR was 46%; if stages Ta-T3a were combined into one group, the accuracy was 69%. Accuracy was low (19%) in tumors without muscular bladder wall invasion (Ta). In cases with extravesical spread (greater than or equal to T3b), the accuracy of staging was 87%. Contrast enhanced MR detected extravesical extension of tumor with a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 95%. Contrast enhancement increased the sensitivity for detection of urinary bladder neoplasms from 70% on precontrast T1-weighted scans to 79% on postcontrast scans. In comparison with T2-weighted scans, the Gd-DTPA enhanced T1-weighted scans had better image quality and lower acquisition times.     

长期卧床膀胱结石患者的CT表现

目的：探讨长期卧床患者膀胱结石的特征性CT表现。方法：回顾性分析23例长期卧床膀胱结石患者及11例对照组非卧床膀胱结石患者的CT表现,对其膀胱结石的CT表现进行对比分析。结果：长期卧床患者膀胱单发结石15例,结石多贴近膀胱后壁且偏于一侧,其中新月形9例,不规则飘带形与短线条形各3例;多发结石8例,结石主要沿膀胱后壁分散或聚集分布,其中弧形堆叠状2例,多发卵圆形与沙粒状各3例。对照组非卧床膀胱结石患者11例,结石均为单发卵圆形,其中6例可见同心环征象。结论：长期卧床患者膀胱结石的CT表现具有以弧形为主的多样性特征。     

饮水排尿再充盈延迟显像在膀胱病灶PET／CT检查中的价值

目的探讨提高SUVmax显示阈值结合大量饮水排尿后充盈膀胱延迟显像在^18F—FDGPET／CT诊断膀胱病灶中的价值。方法回顾性分析2007年7月至2012年10月因可疑膀胱占位和膀胱肿瘤治疗后（保留膀胱）行^18F—FDGPET／CT显像的患者63例[男55例,女8例,平均年龄69．1岁],常规显像后患者饮水1500～2000ml,觉憋尿时排尿,重复3次后再次充盈膀胱行盆腔延迟显像。对常规显像图进行2次阅片分析,第2次是对提高SUVmax显示阈值（从6—8至8～20）后的显像图再分析。所有患者经病理活组织检查或随访（〉6个月）确诊。观察常规显像与延迟显像尿液SUVmax及膀胱病灶^18F—FDG代谢的变化。采用配对样本t检验分析数据。结果常规显像和延迟显像尿液的SUVmax分别为15．11±11．11和4．73±2．00,差异有统计学意义（t=4．15,P〈0．01）。经病理及临床随访,63例患者中,发现膀胱病变18例（恶性15例,良性3例）,均为PET／CT检出,3例PET／CT假阳性中,2例无^18F—FDG代谢增高（良性）,1例为炎性反应。余45例PET／CT显像膀胱未见明显异常的患者经临床影像学随访6个月以上均未发现病变。16个病灶（16例患者）表现为^18F—FDG代谢增高,其中15例为膀胱癌原发或复发病灶,1例为炎性反应。16例PET显像高代谢病灶中,常规显像SUVmax显示阈值范围下分析,有18．8％（3／16）为阳性;提高SUVmax显示阈值范围后43．8％（7／16）为阳性。结论提高SUVmax显示阈值结合大量饮水排尿后再次充盈膀胱行延迟显像用于可疑膀胱肿瘤及膀胱肿瘤治疗后的^18F—FDGPET／CT显像,可有效提高膀胱病灶的检出率和诊断准确性。     

The sentinel clot sign: a useful CT finding for the evaluation of intraperitoneal bladder rupture following blunt trauma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency and relevance of the "sentinel clot" sign on CT for patients with traumatic intraperitoneal bladder rupture in a retrospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During a recent 42-month period, 74 consecutive trauma patients (45 men, 29 women; age range, 12-84 years; mean age, 50.8 years) with gross hematuria were examined by the use of intravenous contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen and pelvis, followed by retrograde cystography. Contrast-enhanced CT scanning was performed by using a helical CT scanner. CT images were retrospectively reviewed in consensus by two radiologists. The CT findings including the sentinel clot sign, pelvic fracture, traumatic injury to other abdominal viscera, and the degree of intraperitoneal free fluid were assessed and statistically analyzed using the two-tailed x(2) test. RESULTS: Twenty of the 74 patients had intraperitoneal bladder rupture. The sentinel clot sign was seen for 16 patients (80%) with intraperitoneal bladder rupture and for four patients (7%) without intraperitoneal bladder rupture (p < 0.001). Pelvic fracture was noted in five patients (25%) with intraperitoneal bladder rupture and in 39 patients (72%) without intraperitoneal bladder rupture (p < 0.001). Intraperitoneal free fluid was found in all patients (100%) with intraperitoneal bladder rupture, irrespective of an associated intraabdominal visceral injury, whereas 19 (35%) of the 54 patients without intraperitoneal bladder rupture had intraperitoneal free fluid (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Detection and localization of the sentinel clot sign abutting on the bladder dome may improve the accuracy of CT in the diagnosis of traumatic intraperitoneal bladder rupture, especially when the patients present with gross hematuria.     

神经源性膀胱患者腰骶部的MR研究

目的探讨神经源性膀胱患者腰骶部病变的MR特征。方法对90例临床诊断为神经源性膀胱并疑有腰骶部病变的患者行MR检查,观察腰骶部有无异常并对异常的MR表现进行归纳分类。结果90例中,MR发现腰骶部异常61例,阳性率68%,61例阳性病例中,MR诊断正确60例,准确率为98.5%。阳性病例腰骶髓病变主要为椎体脊髓畸形(25例),椎管内肿瘤(19例),下腰椎椎间盘突出(13例)3大类。结论MR对诊断脊髓疾病有很好的价值,是临床以神经源性膀胱为首发症状的病因检出的重要手段之一。     

Secondary bladder cancer during long-term follow-up after iodine-125 permanent seed implantation for localized prostate cancer

IntroductionBrachytherapy for prostate cancer treatment may induce secondary bladder cancer during long-term follow-ups. This study reviews the risk and tumor characteristics of secondary bladder cancer after brachytherapy.MethodsThis single-institution retrospective study included 1162 patients treated with low-dose-rate permanent seed implantation brachytherapy with iodine-125, with or without external beam radiation therapy, for localized prostate cancer. We calculated and compared the rates of secondary bladder cancer among patients treated with brachytherapy and radical prostatectomy (n = 218) before and after a propensity score-matching analysis. Possible risk factors for secondary bladder cancer, such as patient age and external beam radiation therapy administration, were analyzed.ResultsOf 1162 patients with a median follow-up period of 11.4 (range: 0.7–15.5) years, 26 presented with urothelial carcinomas and 1 with adenocarcinoma at a median of 8.9 (range: 2.9–14.0) years after brachytherapy, although the incidence rates of secondary bladder cancer after brachytherapy were not significantly different from those after radical prostatectomy. No significant risk factors for secondary bladder cancer were identified. The initial symptoms of secondary bladder cancer were gross hematuria (74%) and microscopic hematuria with positive urine cytology (15%). Among 26 cases of secondary urothelial carcinoma, 54% were high-grade and 46% were invasive. After brachytherapy, invasive urothelial carcinoma occurred later than noninvasive urothelial carcinoma (p = 0.01).ConclusionsConsidering the aggressive malignancy of secondary bladder cancer, cystoscopy and urine cytology should be performed for further investigation of the causes of gross or microscopic hematuria and rule out secondary bladder cancer in cases followed longer than 3 years after brachytherapy.     

改良内倒转术在剖宫产术中出头困难的应用

目的探讨改良内倒转术在剖宫产术中出头困难的应用。方法对2009年4月—2011年11月在本院妇产科行剖宫产术,术中出现出头困难的180例产妇行改良内倒转术。结果 180例产妇行改良内倒转术均成功。未出现子宫下段切口延裂,无输尿管及膀胱损伤,无新生儿极重度窒息或死亡,产后出血量无增加。结论剖宫产术中出现出头困难时,改良内倒转术是行之有效的,且手术方法简单、安全。     

Ectopic pregnancy: Value of transabdominal sonography without deliberate bladder distention

We reviewed 19 consecutive patients with ectopic pregnancy in whom pelvic sonography demonstrated findings highly predictive of the diagnosis. The correct diagnosis was established by transabdominal sonography without attempting bladder distention in 12 patients (63%); the bladder was full in only one patient. Transabdominal sonography performed without waiting for the bladder to fill and thus with no delay or patient discomfort can establish the presence of ectopic pregnancy and obviate the need for transvaginal sonography in a substantial proportion of patients in whom the diagnosis can be made sonographically. In patients at risk for ectopic pregnancy, we recommend that transabdominal sonography without waiting for bladder distention be attempted before transvaginal sonography is performed.     

小儿盆腔及泌尿生殖系横纹肌肉瘤的超声诊断

目的:探讨小儿盆腔及泌尿生殖系横纹肌肉瘤(RMS)的超声表现及其诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析36例经手术及病理证实的原发于盆腔及泌尿系RMS的临床及超声资料。患儿采取相应憋尿的形式经腹探查。结果:36例患者主要临床表现为尿频、排尿困难、血尿、排便困难、腹部疼痛或发现包块、阴道或尿道口脱出肿物。膀胱RMS14例,多发生于膀胱颈三角区呈形态不规则的菜花状的实性低回声块。盆腔RMS12例起自盆腔,为实性不均匀的低回声包块,形态不规则,边界清晰,常包绕或与盆腔大血管关系密切,并可发生早期转移。前列腺RMS7例,为前列腺区的较大的不均匀的实性低回声肿物,将膀胱顶起位置抬高,环绕尿道,内伴有不同程度的坏死无回声区。阴道RMS2例表现为阴道处实性低回声块,子宫有不同程度的受累。尿道RMS1例示尿道内实性低回声块,致尿路梗阻。结论:超声能够明确小儿横纹肌肉瘤的位置、起源、形态、内部结构以及与周围组织的关系,揭示继发的上尿路病变,且无创伤无射线伤害。     

Bladder entrapment after external fixation of traumatic pubic diastasis: importance of follow-up computed tomography in establishing prompt diagnosis

A 30-year-old male was an unrestrained driver in a high-speed motor vehicle crash. On presentation, the patient was profoundly hypotensive with multiple injuries, including a 20-cm-deep perineal laceration with avulsion of the rectum, a diffusely tender abdomen, an unstable open-book pelvic fracture, and multiple rib fractures. Blood noted at the urethral meatus prompted a retrograde urethrogram and cystogram, which were within normal limits. A Foley catheter was placed with the return of clear urine. Closed reduction and external fixation of the pelvic fracture were performed emergently without difficulty. Postoperative computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a retrovesical pelvic hematoma and entrapment of the bladder in the reduced pubic symphysis diastasis. Lower abdominal exploration revealed an intact bladder without evidence of gross bladder wall injury. On release of the external fixator, the bladder was easily reduced into the normal retropubic location. Definitive internal fixation of the pubic diastasis was performed. No urologic sequelae were noted postoperatively.