肝外胆管结石微创治疗进展

自1991年Phillips^[1]首次成功完成腹腔镜下胆道探查术,随着腹腔镜、胆道镜及十二指肠镜技术的成熟,微创治疗肝外胆管结石的理念逐渐为胆道外科医生和患者所接受,胆道疾病的诊治也发生了根本性的变化.但微创治疗肝外胆管结石的策略趋向多元化.面对多种微创治疗方法,选择哪种合适的治疗方式往往困惑着临床医生.本文就肝外胆管结石的微创治疗现状及进展作一综述.     

肝外胆管结石的内镜、腹腔镜联合治疗

肝外胆管结石是胆道外科常见病,随着内镜、腹腔镜技术广泛应用于该病的临床治疗,使传统的治疗方式受到微创技术的冲击。随着治疗性腹腔镜、胆道镜的临床广泛应用,进一步改变了传统外科手术的模式和观念,使肝外胆管结石的微创治疗理念逐渐为胆道外科医生所接受。但随着医疗实践的深入和病例数量的积累,单一的内镜或腹腔镜治疗方法的弊端逐渐显现出来。由于乳头局部因素、结石因素、胆总管远端狭窄段过长等,都很难完成内镜下取石治疗;腹腔镜胆总管探查、T管引流术,因T管常给病人带来痛苦和不便,又加上腹腔镜手术形成窦道较晚,T管留置时间长,…     

微创技术治疗肝内外胆管结石的应用

<正>随着内镜、腹腔镜技术在临床的广泛应用,传统的外科治疗方式受到微创技术冲击。胆道外科的常见病-肝内外胆管结石的相关微创治疗理念逐渐为胆道外科医师所接受[1]。     

肝内外胆管结石的内镜治疗

<正>胆石症是我国的常见病和多发病,按结石的部位可分为肝内胆管结石和肝外胆管结石两大类,随着生活及卫生水平的提高,肝内胆管结石的发病率逐渐下降,而肝外胆管结石的发生升高,以胆囊结石的发病率升高为主。随着内镜和腹腔镜技术的发展和成熟,微创理念已经成为治疗胆石症的"主流",该趋势不仅指导着胆道外科医生的技能发展方向,     

胆道外科疾病临床诊治进展

胆道外科疾病是临床上的常见病、多发病。由于胆道系统固有的特点及胆道外科疾病治疗上难易程度的不同,发展是不平衡的。微创外科技术的临床应用给胆囊结石、肝外胆管结石的治疗带来了前所未有的疗效;而对另一些胆道外科疾病,如肝内胆管结石、胆管癌等的治疗仍然存在重重困难,并曾经一度让人失望,但经过多年的努力,也取得了可喜的成     

肝外胆管结石的腔镜治疗

由于胆道系统解剖的特殊性和腔镜技术的发展，目前对于胆道良性疾病的处理已到达“微创化”，特别是肝外胆管结石，微创治疗已经被公认为首选手段，其疗效和安全性已经被胆道外科医师和患者所接受，目前微创治疗肝外胆管结石的手段主要集中在腹腔镜、十二指肠镜和胆道镜方面，不同类型的肝外胆管结石采用不同的三镜组合处理方案，既缩短了住院时间，降低费用，又减轻了患者的手术创伤，缩短术后恢复时问，达到生理心理的微创化。     

腹腔镜经胆囊管胆总管探查术治疗胆管结石的疗效分析

<正>肝外胆管结石是常见的胆道外科疾病,容易反复发作,近年随着我国人口老龄化的加剧及人们饮食结构的变化,肝外胆管结石发病率呈上升趋势,多数胆管结石患者进食油脂食物或改变体位后,因结石在胆管内向下移动会刺激胆管发生痉挛,导致胆汁发生阻塞形成胆绞痛~([1])。目前针对肝外胆管结石主要采取手术治疗,传统开腹手术创伤较大,术后康复慢,随着微创外科的飞速发展及内镜、腹腔镜等器械的应用,微创手术开展得越来越多,而胆管结石手术一直被认为     

目前胆道外科应重视的几个问题

胆道外科疾病种类繁多,主要包括结石、感染、先天性解剖畸形、肿瘤和损伤等,诊断与治疗均有诸多复杂性.1882年,德国Langenbuch施行第1例胆囊切除术[1],经过百余年的实践,肝内胆管结石和肝门部胆管癌等传统疑难复杂胆道外科疾病的诊治水平有了显著提高,特别是1987年法国Mouret施行首例腹腔镜胆囊切除术( Laparoscopic eholecystectomy,LC)以来[2],胆道外科在微创理念指导下,诊治手段与途径均有极大的丰富,治疗效果更加确切,逐渐形成了以腹腔镜、内镜、胆道镜和介入技术为代表的四大微创技术.胆道外科微创理念与技能的迅速发展,使传统胆道外科的诊治观念与治疗模式均面临着更新和挑战.     

腹腔镜联合内镜技术治疗肝内外胆管结石的术式选择

腹腔镜和内镜技术的迅速普及,使得胆道外科医生在处理肝内外胆管结石的病人时拥有更多的术式选择.目前,微创观念已经为广大的外科医生所接受,但在实际工作中如何规范地、合理地应用微创技术,仍需改进.本文将结合笔者的工作经验与大家共同探讨,腹腔镜联合内镜技术治疗肝内外胆管结石尚存的一些争议性问题,并以经腹腔镜月旦囊切除胆总管切开取石术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy and laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE)和经腹腔镜肝切除术为例介绍腹腔镜技术治疗肝内外胆管结石的手术方法.     

肝外胆管结石微创治疗的现状及进展

肝外胆管结石是我国常见的胆道系统疾病,目前外科手术仍是主要的治疗手段。随着微创技术的发展,微创手术治疗肝外胆管结石已逐渐取代传统手术,腹腔镜、胆道镜及十二指肠镜单独或联合使用等微创治疗技术以创伤小、康复快、残石率低等优势越来越多地应用于肝外胆管结石。近年开展的3D腹腔镜、机器人手术、消化内镜下SpyGlass系统取石等更使得肝外胆管系统结石的微创治疗充满了无限暇想。本文现就肝外胆管系统结石微创治疗的现状及进展作一综述。     

Hazards and complications of endoscopic transurethral ureterolithotripsy and lithoextraction and means of prevention

Complications related to ureterolithotomy and ultrasonic ureterolithotripsy performed under the control of visual endoscope were analyzed in 86 ureterolithiasis patients, methods of their prevention discussed. All the aforementioned complications were distributed into three groups: inapplicability of surgery due to anatomic and functional defects of lower and upper urinary tracts, intraoperative, and postoperative complications. The commonest ones were ureteral abruption and perforation, acute pyelonephritis, temporary vesicoureteral reflux. Their control measures were considered as relative methods of treatment: immediate surgical intervention in case of ureteral abruption, renal catheterization in patients with insignificant ureteral perforation or acute pyelonephritis. Adequate ureteroscopy, careful consideration of pro- and contraindications, catheterization of renal pelvis and urinary bladder performed within 2-3 days after the surgery and adequate antibacterial therapy are the most decisive steps in the control of aforementioned complications.     

牙体牙弓颌骨阻力中心及其临床意义

牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心在正畸矫治力系统中具有重要的意义,也是正畸学领域争论较多的一个问题。Dermaut等研究表明,当力作用于物体阻力中心时,物体将发生平动,否则将发生平动和转动的复合运动。目前,国内外多数学者认为牙体、牙弓及颌骨存在阻力中心,但其位置存在争议。本文就牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心及其临床意义作一综述。     

Characterisation and differentiation of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas - presence and expression of collagen types I and II

AIM: Chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas are rare benign skeletal neoplasms with reported overlapping histology. Aim of this study was to analyse the biochemical composition of the matrix of these tumour entities in order to further characterise the cellular phenotypes of these neoplasms using typical cell biological marker genes. METHODS: The matrix compositions of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas were analyzed by HE-histology, histochemistry, and immunolocalization techniques. Cellular gene expression patterns were detected by mRNA in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Chondroblastomas are rich in collagen type I and show foci of an osteoid-like matrix, whereas collagen type II as a typical marker of chondrocytic differentiation was not detected in any of the specimens. Chondromyxoidfiibromas had foci of chondroid appearance with chondroblastic cellular differentiation characterised by collagen type II expression. CONCLUSION: These results characterise chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas as skeletal neoplasms that have a different biology and which can be distinguished by matrix protein expression products: collagen type II, the typical marker of chondroblast differentiation, could only be detected in chondromyxoidfibromas, but not in chondroblastomas. Thus, both neoplasms are clearly different on the cell biological level.     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.