南非华侨乙型肝炎病毒感染的流行病学

在中国侨民中常发现有慢性乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染及与此相关的肝硬化和肝细胞癌,反映了中国较高的带毒状况。据文献报道,携带率为15～20％的台湾,经调查HBsAg及HBeAg均阳性的母亲所生的婴儿有90～95％将成为HBV携带者。通过母婴传播的约占儿童携带者的40～50％,但仅占HBV感染者的10％;从年龄组携带率曲线可见,感染通常发生于童年后期,这可能是病毒水平传播的结果。居住于中国国外并避免与携带者频繁接触的     

71例乙型肝炎病毒携带孕妇的护理体会

乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）表面抗原的携带率在我国约为10．34％,即约1．3亿人为乙肝病毒携带者,并且具有明显的家庭聚集性,主要与HBsAg阳性母亲有关,HBsAg阳性孕妇所生婴儿中40％-70％将成为HBsAg携带者,如果孕妇HBsAg阳性并伴有乙肝e抗原（HBeAg）阳性,通过母婴传播,婴儿感染率可达90％,HBV主要通过血液及体液进行传播。     

乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染的研究现状及今后工作重点

乙型肝炎(乙肝)呈世界范围流行，我国是高发区，全世界约有3．5亿乙肝病毒(HBV)慢性感染者，我国乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)携带者就达1亿多，其中1／3以上是母婴传播所致，乙肝疫苗和乙肝高效价免疫球蛋白的应用使母婴间的水平传播及产中、产后的传播得到有效控制，但HBV母婴传播中的宫内感染尚不能用乙肝疫苗完全阻断。若按一般人群HBsAg携带率为10％，HBV宫内感染率为5％～10％保守估计，     

阻断宫内感染 控制乙肝流行

乙型肝炎是一种最常见的病毒性肝炎，全球乙肝的分布极不平衡，东亚和东南亚地区为高发区。我国人群乙肝病毒的携带率高达10％左右，其中包括育龄妇女。我国HBV慢性携带者约有1亿3千万，其中近半数为母婴传播即HBsAg阳性母亲将乙肝病毒传给子女。生命早期感染乙肝病毒慢性化发生率高，成人期感染乙肝病毒慢性化发生率     

携带乙型肝炎病毒孕妇的护理体会

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)表面抗原的携带率在我国约为10.34%,即约1.3亿人为乙肝病毒携带者[1],并且具有明显的家庭聚集性,主要与HBsAg阳性母亲有关,特别是与HBeAg阳性母亲有关,有40%携带HBV阳性的母亲,将通过母婴垂直传播,使80%～90%的新生儿(每年约80～90万人)成为慢性HBV携带者.我们通过对携带HBV孕妇的护理干预,在阻断母婴传播方面体会如下.     

HBV血清学标记携带者转归及其影响因素

本研究通过对HBV血清学标记携带者进行3年随访发现,3年后HBsAg和抗-HBc二标记阴转率为40.27%,3年后HBsAg、抗-HBc、HBeAg和抗-HBe四标记阴转率为30.62%。抗-HBs阳性有助于阴转,阴转率比为1.32,其效应受抗-HBc携带状况所修饰。HBsAg阳性者四标记阴转率有降低趋势。抗-HBc阳性者阴转率低,并且随着携带抗-HBc滴度越高,阴转率越低。文化水平和年龄与阴转呈负相关。进一步研究不同年龄携带者阴转率的差异有助于阐明HBV血清学标记携带者阴转规律及机理。     

国内关于HBV母婴传播及其阻断方法的研究近况

近年来,我国对乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)母婴传播及其阻断方法的研究有了很大进展。各地调查数据表明,我国孕妇HBsAg阳性率为4～10％。HBsAg阳性孕妇中,约1/3HBeAg阳性。HBsAg阳性孕妇所生婴儿,在出生半年内有20～50％成为HBsAg携带者;而HBeAg阳性孕妇分娩的婴儿,半年内成为HBV携带者的达75～90％以上(取决于母亲HBeAg检测方法的灵敏度)。出生后一年感染HBV的婴儿,多数能清除体内的HBV,而围产期感染的婴儿则大多数演变为持续感染的慢性携带者。这些人持续携带HBV的年限尚不清楚。有人估计, 社会上30％HBsAg携带者是由母婴传播所致。感染HBV的婴儿多数无症状,仅部分人SGPT轻度升高。但通过成人肝活检发现,大多数携带者肝内有各种病     

乙肝病毒携带者乳汁中乙肝病毒状况研究

乙型肝炎病毒 (hepatitisBvirus,HBV )感染所致的乙型病毒性肝炎是我国主要的传染性疾病之一 ,严重危害人们健康。母婴传播是造成我国HBV流行的重要途径 :因表面抗原 (HBsAg)阳性母亲所致的HBsAg携带儿童占总携带人群的 3 2 .3 % [1]。但母婴传播机制尚不清 ,推测可能与经胎盘、分娩时以及产后密切接触有关[1,2 ]。由于孕妇中乙肝病毒携带者可高达 10 %～ 2 0 % ,她们产后是否可进行母乳喂养 ,是否因此增加新生儿HBV感染率是目前产科医师较难回答的问题。本文选择孕期无肝炎症状、体征 ,HBsAg阳性的母亲 ,留取产后初乳 ,进行乙肝病…     

联合免疫阻断乙肝病毒宫内感染的临床探讨

乙肝病毒（HBV）感染是一个社会性的问题，母婴传播是HBV传播的主要途径之一，也是人群携带者形成的主要原因。慢性携带者有40％～50％是母婴传播造成的，乙肝大三阳母亲所生的新生儿几乎均有HBV宫内感染，大部分发展成为慢性携带者。因此，探讨母婴传播免疫，提高阻断HBV宫内传播的效果，对于保护高危易感孕妇，防止所生的新生儿成为慢性携带者具有十分重要的意义。我院通过孕晚期乙肝五项指标测定和荧光定量PCR检测HBVDNA，应用乙肝免疫球蛋白（HBIG）和乙肝疫苗联合免疫，明显降低了新生儿HBV的携带率。[第一段]     

乙型肝炎病毒母婴垂直传播及预防

我国是乙型肝炎高发区，人群感染率高达60.0％，乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)携带率亦高达10．0％～15.0％.而在每年新发现患者中，35．0％-40．0％是由围生期母婴垂直传播造成的，其中85．0％～90．0％转为慢性病毒携带者。它不仅造成人群中众多的HBsAg携带者，而且是引起成人慢性肝炎、肝硬化以及肝癌的重要因素。因此阻断乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的母婴垂直传播是控制乙型肝炎广泛流行的关键。     

不同喂养方式对乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播的影响

目的研究乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）表面抗原（HBsAg）阳性产妇所生婴儿母乳喂养和人工喂养对HBV母婴传播的影响。方法选择2001～2010年孕期或住院分娩时检测乙肝病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）阳性的母亲及其儿童206对,进行问卷调查和采集血清标本,用固相放射免疫法（SPRIA）检测HBV血清学标志物,比较母乳喂养和人工喂养对儿童HBV感染的影响。结果 206名儿童中母乳喂养100人,阳性3人,阳性率3.00%;人工喂养106人,阳性2人,阳性率1.89%。母亲在双阳性（HBsAg、乙肝病毒e抗原（HBeAg）均阳性）或单阳性（HBsAg阳性、HBeAg阴性）情况下,母乳喂养和人工喂养儿童HBsAg阳性率的差异均无统计学意义。结论母乳喂养未增加儿童感染乙肝的风险。     

The risk factors of transmission after the implementation of the routine immunization among children exposed to HBV infected mothers in a developing area in northwest China

We aimed to evaluate the present situation and possible risk factors of HBV transmission after the implementation of the routine immunization among children exposed to HBV infected mothers in a developing area in northwest China. Two hundred and twenty one HBsAg carrier mothers and 247 children born to them were finally recruited in Wuwei city, Gangsu province, China in 2010. Serum samples were taken from those HBsAg carrier mothers and their children. Children who had detectable HBsAg or HBV DNA were considered to be HBV infection. Conditional logistic regression model was used to identify potential risk factors of HBV mother-to-child transmission. Of the 247 children born to HBsAg carrier mothers, 8 (3.24%) were HBsAg positive, 15 (6.07%) were HBV DNA positive. The rate of HBV mother-to-child transmission was 7.29% (18/247). The univariate analysis and multivariate analysis showed that maternal HBV DNA positive (OR = 4.83, 95% CI: 1.38–16.98, p = 0.0140), the delayed injection of the first dose of HBV vaccine after premature birth (OR = 9.73, 95% CI: 1.78–53.21, p = 0.0087) and the missing use of HBV vaccine (OR = 8.29, 95% CI: 1.42–48.23, p = 0.0186) were significantly associated with an increased risk for HBV mother-to-child transmission. The rate of HBV infection of the children received HBV vaccine and HBIG together after birth (2.56%, 4/156) was lower than those children received HBV vaccine alone (11.39%, 9/79) (χ² = 7.83, p = 0.0052). In conclusion, the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HBV was still high in the northwest of China. Besides the positivity of maternal HBV DNA and the missing of HBV vaccination after birth, the delayed injection of the first dose of HBV vaccine after premature birth was also a possible independent risk factor for HBV mother-to-child transmission. The HBV prevention and treatment guidelines should make it clear that all of the new born infants need to receive HBV vaccine injection after birth in 24 h, including the premature infants.     

Hepatitis B infection in Eastern Indian families: need for screening of adult siblings and mothers of adult index cases

OBJECTIVES: India, with its 43 million hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers and absence of any national immunization programme, adds a substantial number of HBV infections to the HBV carrier pool yearly. The aim of this study was to assess the spread of HBV infection in families with an infected member and to identify the family members with the highest risk of infection in our community. METHODS: A total of 937 serum samples from 215 HBV-infected cases and 722 members of their households were screened prospectively for markers of HBV by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Among family members, 140 (19.4%) were HBsAg positive and 272 (37.6%) were negative for HBsAg but positive for either anti HBc or anti HBs. There were 145 HBsAg-positive adults among the index cases whose 133 adult siblings, 59 spouses and 59 mothers participated in the study. Interestingly, 28.81% mothers and 28.57% adult siblings of these adult index cases were positive for HBsAg compared with only 8.75% of their spouses (P < 0.001). Only 15.2% of the HBsAg-positive women in the childbearing age group were found to be HBeAg positive. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that intrafamilial childhood horizontal transmission is important for HBV transmission in our community, and highlight the need for screening of adult siblings and mothers of adult HBsAg carriers in addition to their spouses and children.     

Maternal-child hepatitis B virus transmission in Singapore

A study of maternal-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) was conducted in Singapore between June 1980 and June 1982. HBsAg carrier rate was highest among Chinese (6.2%) followed by Malay (2.3%) and Indian (0.6%) mothers. The presence of HBeAg in maternal sera correlated well with high titre HBsAg (p = 7.34 X 10(-5)). Overall HBV transmission occurred in 27/56 (48.2%) infants from carrier mothers. The majority of the transmission was perinatal. There was a very strong correlation between transmission and HBeAg status of the mother (p = 1.85 X 10(-9); odds ratio = 68.44) and to a lesser extent with high titre HBsAg (p = 0.002; odds ratio = 6.38). A strong negative correlation was seen between transmission and anti-HBeAg (p = 8.19 X 10(-7); odds ratio = 0.04). At one year 19 (70.4%) infants were still HBsAg positive while seven (25.9%) lost the antigenemia and acquired anti-HBsAg and one developed HBsAg after one year. It could be calculated that perinatal HBV transmission contributed about 18% to the total pool of HBsAg positive infants of one year of age.     

Intra-familial spread of hepatitis B virus infection in eastern Turkey

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide health problem. The aim of the present study was not only to determine the prevalence of HBsAg in children of HBV-infected parents but also to identify all HBSAg-positive family members to protect as many children, in the present and future, as possible. The study was carried out with the participation of 2113 family members (1205 children, 453 mothers, and 455 fathers) at Sivas SSK Hospital, Turkey. They were screened for HBV markers using standard enzyme immunoassay between September 2001 and March 2005. The prevalence of any HBV markers and HBsAg among family members of index cases was 50.5% and 30.5% respectively. HBsAg carrier rate was higher among fathers (61%) than mothers (47%), (P<0.05). The children of mother index cases had higher rates of HBsAg compared with the children of father index cases (P<0.01). Our results suggest that intra-familial childhood horizontal transmission (especially mother-to-child) is important for HBV transmission in the Turkish community, and highlights the need for screening of adult siblings and mothers of adult HBsAg carriers in addition to their spouses and children.     

乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染与围产期传播

本文报道95名慢性HBsAg携带母亲的婴儿发生HBV宫内感染与围产期传播的情况。分娩时收集所有新生儿24小时内的静脉血及部分婴儿3月与7月龄静脉血,分别检测HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc IgM和HBV-DNA。HBsAg和抗-HBs用SPRIA检测,抗-HBc IgM用ELISA法检测,HBV-DNA用斑点杂交法检测。
结果95名新生儿中仅2名系HBV宫内感染(2.1%),其中一名新生儿血HBsAg阳性,3月龄仍持续阳性;另一名为新生儿HBV-DNA阳性、7月龄HBsAg和HBeAg均阳转。95份新生儿血无一份抗-HBc IgM阳性。15名HBsAg携带母亲所生的婴儿中,其母亲HBeAg阳性的5名婴儿均在3月龄时HBsAg阳转;2名HBeAg和抗-HBe均阴性母亲的婴儿有一名获得了HBV感染;8名抗-HBe阳性母亲的婴儿仅2名HBV-DNA阳性母亲的婴儿感染了HBV。此结果表明抗-HBe和HBV-DNA同时阳性母亲的婴儿同样可以感染HBV,而抗-HBe阳性HBV-DNA阴性母亲的婴儿不会发生围产期感染。     

Nationwide vaccination: a success story in Taiwan

In the early 1980s, 15-20% of the population of Taiwan were estimated to be hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers. A programme of mass vaccination against hepatitis B was therefore launched in 1984. In the first 2 years, newborns of all HBVsurface antigen (HBsAg)-positive mothers were vaccinated. Since 1986, all newborns, and then year by year pre-school children, primary school children, adolescents, young adults and others have also been vaccinated. Vaccination coverage is over 90% for newborns, with 79% of pregnant women screened for HBsAg. The proportion of babies born to highly infectious carrier mothers who also became carriers decreased from 86-96% to 12-14%; the decrease was from 10-12% to 3-4% for babies of less infectious mothers. Between 1989 and 1993, the prevalence of HBsAg in children aged 6 years also fell from 10.5 to 1.7%. The average annual incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children aged 6-14 years decreased significantly from 0.7 per 100,000 in 1981-1986 to 0.36 per 100,000 in 1990-1994 (P<0.01). Similarly, the annual incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children aged 6-9 years declined from 0.52 per 100,000 for those born in 1974-1984 to 0.13 per 100,000 for those born in 1986-1988 (P<0.001). The mass vaccination programme is highly effective in controlling chronic HBV infection and in preventing liver cancer in Taiwan. If a coverage rate of 90% of all newborns vaccinated against hepatitis B can be maintained, by the year 2010 the carrier rate in Taiwan is expected to decline to <0.1%.     

孕妇乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染相关危险因素研究

目的 探讨厦门市孕妇乙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis B virus,HBV）感染情况和HBV宫内感染的影响因素。方法 在1 064名孕妇第一次到医院建立孕产妇保健卡时进行问卷调查并检测其血清乙肝标志物,根据检测结果选择外周血乙型肝炎表面抗原（hepatitis B surface antigen,HBsAg）阳性的产妇179例随访至其分娩,并采集其分娩时的脐血和胎盘组织。对脐血进行HBsAg和HBV DNA的检测,对胎盘组织进行HBsAg的检测。采用χ2检验和非条件Logistic回归分析相关因素与HBV宫内感染的关系。结果 被调查的1 064名孕妇中,HBsAg阳性的孕妇共179名,感染率为16.8%。对179名HBsAg阳性的孕妇的脐血进行检测发现,发生HBV宫内感染的孕妇共34名,感染率为19.0%。孕妇HBV宫内感染的危险因素为胎盘HBsAg阳性、孕妇血清乙型肝炎E抗原（hepatitis Be antigen,HBeAg）阳性、孕前超重,OR分别为5.123（95%CI:1.422~18.413）、4.619（95%CI:1.225~17.534）、3.343（95%CI:1.233~9.092）。结论 对于HBsAg和HBeAg双阳性的超重/肥胖孕妇,其新生儿可能发生HBV宫内感染,应加强自身防护措施,合理规避HBV宫内感染风险。     

乙型肝炎母婴传播的初步研究

对59例HBsAg携带者母亲及其新生儿和44例HBsAg阴性母亲及其薪生儿作前瞻性研究以了解乙型肝炎对婴儿的感染。采血时间为分娩后0-1、3、6、12,18与30个月。用RPHA检测HBsAg。59例阳性母亲之婴儿中29例(49.15%)查出HBsAg。而44例阴性母亲之婴儿仅3例(6.82%)出现抗原(P<0.001),婴儿阳转的机率与其母亲之HBsAg滴度呈明显正相关(r=0.85, P<0.01). 13例HBeAg阳性母亲中12例之婴儿出现HBsAg,而46例e抗原阴性母亲之婴儿抗原阳转者仅17例(P< 0.01)。分娩后,HBsAg持续阳性的母亲的婴儿的抗原阳转率(64.7%)明显高于分娩后抗原转阴之母亲的婴儿(28%) (P<0.01)。     

乙型肝炎母婴传播阻断成功儿童乙型肝炎病毒突破性感染的特征

目的了解乙型肝炎(乙肝)母婴传播阻断成功儿童乙肝病毒(HBV)突破性感染及其影响因素。方法选取江苏省淮安市淮安区2009年9月-2011年1月乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性母亲所生儿童,且乙肝母婴传播阻断成功。阻断成功定义为儿童按国家免疫程序在完成出生时乙肝疫苗(HepB)和乙肝免疫球蛋白以及1、6月龄HepB接种后7-12月龄HBsAg阴性,HBV突破性感染定义为阻断成功儿童在12月龄后HBsAg阳性或24月龄后乙肝核心抗体(HBcAb)阳性。至2019年9月进行5次随访并检测HBV血清标志物,分析HBV突破性感染及其影响因素。结果本研究共纳入儿童390名,其中12名29-117月龄儿童发生HBV突破性感染,发生率为3.08%(12/390),均为乙肝核心抗体(HBcAb)阳性和HBsAg阴性。乙肝疫苗(HepB)初次免疫无、低、正常、高应答儿童HBV突破性感染率分别为25.00%、6.67%、2.61%、0.95%;母亲HBeAg阳性、阴性的儿童分别为9.76%、0.00%;母亲高、低HBV病毒载量的儿童分别为11.96%、0.34%。儿童HBV突破性感染发生密度为0.36/100人年;多因素Cox回归分析显示,HepB初次免疫低或无应答、母亲高病毒载量是儿童HBV突破性感染的危险因素(HR=5.91,95%CI:1.87-18.71;HR=45.81,95%CI:5.88-356.96)。结论乙肝母婴传播阻断成功儿童的HBV突破性感染发生率较低;母亲HBeAg阳性、母亲高HBV病毒载量、HepB初次免疫低或无应答的儿童更易发生突破性感染。