斜方肌瓣移位修复冈上肌腱的应用解剖

在３０侧成人尸体标本上，解剖观察了冈上肌及其浅面斜方肌的形态，血供和神经分布。冈上肌肌腹长１０．０±２．８ｃｍ，中部宽３．８±０．８ｃｍ，中部厚１．７±０．４ｃｍ，肌腱长３．５±０．４ｃｍ，宽３．１±０．３ｃｍ；覆盖在冈上肌浅面的斜方肌，肩峰处水平长１５．５±２．７ｃｍ，中部厚１．６±０．３ｃｍ，在距止点１．５±０．５ｃｍ处为腱性结构，并与肩峰骨膜相延续。根据解剖学观察，设计了以冈上肌浅面的斜方肌     

骶前区静脉丛的解剖学特点及临床意义

目的：研究骶前区静脉丛（Ｖｅｎｏｕｓ ｐｌｅｘｕｓ ｏｆ ｐｒｅｓａｃｒａｌ ｒｅｇｉｏｎ ，ＶＰＰＳＲ） 的解剖学特点，为骶前区静脉破裂大出血的防治提供解剖学基础。方法：在３４ 具成人尸体上，分虽观测ＶＰＰＳＲ 的组成、管壁、瓣膜、长度及直径。结果：ＶＰＰＳＲ 管壁薄、缺少静脉瓣，呈网状。ＶＰＰＳＲ Ｓ１～５ 横干的长度和直径（ Ｆ 检验） 均有显著差异，Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５ 。其长度平均（ 珋ｘ ±ｓ） ：Ｓ１ 为３ ．２ ±１ ．５ ｃｍ ，Ｓ２ 为４ ．４ ±１ ．０ ｃｍ ，Ｓ３ 为３ ．５ ±１ ．１ ｃｍ ，Ｓ４ 为２ ．３ ±０ ．９ ｃｍ ，Ｓ５ 为１ ．０ ±０ ．３ ｃｍ ；其直径平均（珋ｘ ±ｓ） ：Ｓ１ 为１ ．２ ±０ ．７ ｍ ｍ ，Ｓ２ 为２ ．５ ±１ ．５ ｍ ｍ ，Ｓ３ 为２ ．５ ±１ ．５ ｍ ｍ ，Ｓ４为１ ．７ ±１ ．５ ｍ ｍ ，Ｓ５ 为０ ．９ ±０ ．６ ｍ ｍ 。Ｓ４ 椎体前穿通支静脉口径２ ～４ ｍ ｍ 占８ ．８ ％ ，０ ．１ ～１ ．９ ｍ ｍ 占９１ ．２ ％ 。结论：ＶＰＰＳＲ 解剖变异多、血管壁薄、缺少静脉瓣是引起ＶＰＰＳＲ 损伤大出血甚至死亡的解剖学基础。     

颈部血管医学影像学的应用解剖

用福尔马林液固定的成尸６５具（男６０，女５），结合超声诊断选择相同的测点，用卡尺测量了颈总动脉，颈内动脉，颈外动脉及椎动脉和颈内静脉及椎静脉的外径，用千分尺测量了动脉壁厚度，其中各动脉内径：颈总动脉近点为６．３±１．４ｍｍ；远点为６．９±１．５ｍｍ，颈内动脉为５．５±１．２ｍｍ，颈外动脉为４．６±０．７ｍｍ，椎动脉椎前部为３．７±０．７ｍｍ。并就尸体与活体成人１００例用美国产ＡＣＵＳＯＮ１２８型彩     

假腺性神经鞘瘤一例

患者女,４８岁。因左颈、肩和上肢间歇性疼痛,表现为活动加重,休息缓解约１年余,于１９９８年９月７日入院。体检：一般检查正常。神经系统检查仅发现左上肢尺侧感觉稍减弱,余未发现阳性定位体征。颈部ＭＲＩ检查显示颈６、７椎管内髓外占位影像。临床诊断：颈６、７椎管内髓外占位病变。入院后第３天行手术探查肿瘤摘除术。术中见在颈６、７硬脊膜下靠脊髓左侧及腹侧有２个肿瘤,肿瘤表面粘附着神经根,完整切除肿瘤。病理检查：肉眼见灰红色肿瘤２个,大小各为１．５ｃｍ×１．５ｃｍ×１．０ｃｍ,１．５ｃｍ×１．０ｃｍ×１．０ｃ…     

腓骨上段移植重建第1跖骨的解剖学基础

目的：为腓骨上段移植重建第１跖骨提供解剖学依据。方法：在３０具骨骼标本上,对腓骨上段及第１跖骨进行形态学测量。结果：腓骨上段、第１跖骨形态比较,横径：腓骨头为（２．１±０．３）ｃｍ,跖骨头为（２．１±０．２）ｃｍ;腓骨颈为（１．１±０．１）ｃｍ,跖骨体为（１．４±０．１）ｃｍ。长度：腓骨头为（２．２±０．３）ｃｍ,跖骨头为（ １．５ ± ０．２）ｃｍ。矢状径：腓骨头为（２．６ ± ０． ３）ｃｍ,跖骨头为（ １． ９ ± ０． ２）ｃｍ。跖骨长度为（５． ８ ± ０． ３）ｃｍ。结论：腓骨上段与第１跖骨形态相似,设计带血管的腓骨上段移植重建第１跖骨具有可行性,临床已应用４２例,效果满意。     

踝跖部神经显微断层解剖及其临床意义

目的：为不同部位断足再植提供理论基础和有关数据。方法：用体视学方法对６６例成人踝跖部胫神经及其重要分支进行观测。结果：胫神经的平均横径和面积分别为：第１断层５．８ｍｍ，１４．１ｍｍ２，足底内侧神经的平均横径和面积分别为：第１断层４．０ｍｍ，７．２ｍｍ２，第２断层４．１ｍｍ，６．８ｍｍ２；第３断层４．３ｍｍ，６．５ｍｍ２；第４断层３．７ｍｍ，５．４ｍｍ２；第５断层３．１ｍｍ，４．４ｍｍ２；第６断层３．２ｍｍ，４．４ｍｍ２；第７断层２．９ｍｍ，４．７ｍｍ２。足底外侧神经的平均横径和面积分别为：第１断层３．０ｍｍ，４．８ｍｍ２；第２断层３．１ｍｍ，４．５ｍｍ２；第３断层３．５ｍｍ，４．７ｍｍ２；第４断层４．０ｍｍ，４．４ｍｍ２；第５断层４．５ｍｍ，４．６ｍｍ２。结论：提出了“三段”断足分型法。不同断层平面断足再植吻接神经时要首选吻接主干，但断层１１和１２应根据足部感觉功能需要首选吻接胫侧神经。     

胰颈的矢状断面解剖及其临床意义

为给胰腺疾病的断层影像诊断提供解剖学资料，利用３０套成年男性腹部连续矢断层标本，研究了胰颈的断面解剖特征。在矢状断面上，胰颈呈椭圆形（８０％），三角形（１３．３％）和菱形（６．７％）。在肠系膜上静脉出现断面上，胰颈最长前后径２．３±０．６ｃｍ，最长上下径３．４±０．７ｃｍ。主胰管主要位于胰颈矢状面的中心（５６．７％）和中上部（１６．７％）和中上部（１６．７％），其内径为１．６±０．４ｍｍ。此外还详     

改良肘关节内侧入路尺侧副韧带手术的应用解剖

目的：为肘关节经肌肉入路尺侧副韧带（ＵＣＬ）修复术提供解剖学基础。方法：成人肘关节标本３５侧,解剖观察尺侧副韧带前束、肘部屈肌总腱及尺、正中神经分支的解剖关系,并行摹拟手术。结果：ＵＣＬ前束起于肱骨内侧髁的前下方,止于尺骨冠突内侧的小结节,ＵＣＬ前束位于尺侧腕屈肌肱头、尺头之间的深层;尺神经在肘管中部与尺侧副韧带前束的平均距离为（０．９ ± ０． １）ｃｍ,在肘管的远侧出口,距尺侧副韧带的尺骨止点（０．６±０．３）ｃｍ;尺神经至尺侧腕屈肌尺头肌支的入肌点距肱骨内侧髁的距离为（３．７±０．８）ｃｍ;正中神经最靠近切口的分支距切口的距离,在肱骨内侧髁和尺骨结节水平分别为（１．６±０．５）ｃｍ和（０．９±０．４）ｃｍ。结论：经尺侧腕屈肌的肱头和尺头之间、自肱骨内侧髁向前外侧至ＵＣＬ尺骨止点以远约２ ｃｍ为一损伤较小的安全手术入路。     

胸骨下部Y形小切口心内直视手术的解剖学基础与临床应用

目的：探讨胸骨下部Ｙ 形小切口心内直视手术的解剖学基础及临床应用。方法：采用胸骨下半部正中劈开,至胸骨角下方２ ｃｍ 处向左上、右上方剪开胸骨,使切口成Ｙ 形,行体外循环心内直视手术２７ 例,观测皮肤切口、胸骨纵切口、显露主动脉、肺动脉、右心及左心范围。结果：患者全部恢复良好,无手术死亡及严重并发症。全组皮肤切口,胸骨纵切口,显露主动脉,显露肺动脉平均长度分别为８ ．８ ±１ ．８ ｃｍ ,８ ．１ ±２ ．２ ｃｍ 、２ ．５ ±０ ．８ ｃｍ 、１ ．５ ±０ ．６ ｃｍ 。全组平均体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、手术时间分别为８５ ±４５ ．４ ｍｉｎ 、３９ ．４ ±３０ ．６ ｍｉｎ 、１８０ ．５ ±５１ ．１ ｍｉｎ 。术后平均呼吸机辅助呼吸６ ．１ ±５ ．６ｈ 、术后第１ 天平均出血量１５０ ±７１ｍｌ,平均输血量１５０ ±１４３ｍｌ,术后住院时间９ ．７ ±１ ．５ 天,术后患者无胸骨畸形,切口疤痕小。结论：胸骨下部Ｙ 形小切口心内直视手术显露好,创伤小,出血少,术后恢复快,具有安全性及较好的美容效果。     

活体肾上腺血管的解剖观测及临床意义

目的：研究活体肾上腺血管的应用解剖。方法：对１８例２４侧肾上腺手术时分离出血管，测量血管外径及长度，对６个完整肾上腺灌注染色。结果：右膈下动脉从下腔静脉右缘至末支肾上腺上动脉长８．５（７．５～１１．０）ｃｍ，外径２．５～３．０ｍｍ；左膈下动脉从腹主动脉左缘至末支肾上腺上动脉长８．０（７．０～９．０）ｃｍ，外径２．５～３．１ｍｍ；肾上腺上动脉１～６支，均源于膈下动脉。肾上腺中动脉右侧长１．７～２．２ｃｍ，外径１．０～１．５ｍｍ；左侧长１．５～２．０ｃｍ，外径１．０～１．５ｍｍ。肾上腺下动脉两侧基本相同，长１．５～２．０ｃｍ，外径１．０～２．０ｍｍ。肾上腺中心静脉右侧长０．４～０．８ｃｍ，左侧长３．０～４．０ｃｍ，外径３．０～４．０ｍｍ。结论：肾上腺血管加部分膈下血管的长度可供带血管蒂肾上腺转位治疗柯兴氏病；活体切取供移植的肾上腺；选择性肾上腺血管造影等。     

Malignant nerve sheath tumor of acoustic nerve

A malignant nerve sheath tumor of the acoustic nerve was found in a 54-year-old man whose right acoustic nerve signs had shown gradual worsening during the previous five years. No stigmata of von Recklinghausen's disease were noted. The tumor at autopsy extensively involved the brain stem, cerebellar hemisphere, tentorium of cerebellum, and cerebral occipitotemporal lobe on the right side. Histologically, the tumor was characterized by extreme hypercellularity, pleomorphism, and high mitotic activity. Ultrastructurally, there was an external lamina around the interdigitated cytoplasm of the tumor cells. Long-spacing collagens and junctional devices were also noted. This case is, to our knowledge, the first reported of a malignant nerve sheath tumor in the acoustic nerve.     

组织工程化神经导管修复外周神经损伤

背景：神经导管技术理论上采用生物或非生物材料预制成合适的管状支架,桥接神经断端两侧,在提供神经再生微环境的同时通过神经诱导、营养作用促进神经再生。 目的：观察组织工程化神经导管修复外周神经损伤的临床效果。 方法：选择24例陈旧性上肢神经损伤患者,以患者自愿原则分2组治疗：试验组采用组织工程化神经导管修复,对照组采用自体周围体表感觉神经移植修复。治疗后随访6个月观察患者肢体神经损伤功能修复效果。 结果与结论：随访6个月后,两组肢体远端感觉运动功能与目测类比疼痛评分均较治疗前改善(P < 0.05),且试验组效果更好(P < 0.05);两组损伤侧感觉与运动神经传导速度均较治疗前改善(P < 0.05),且两组间差异无显著性意义。说明组织工程化神经导管材料符合神经修复导管支架的要求,临床应用疗效肯定。     

Peripheral nerve regeneration using acellular nerve grafts

Long gap peripheral nerve injuries usually require a graft to facilitate axonal regeneration into the distal nerve stump. The use of autografts is often limited because of graft availability and donor-site morbidity. We investigated whether acellular nerve allografts would provide an appropriate channel for the promotion and induction of sciatic nerve regeneration in rats. Axons sprouted from the proximal portion and reached the distal portion in the 1 cm-long grafts by 1 month. The number of axons in the regenerated nerves was similar to that of normal nerves at 1 month. Loading the grafts with betaNGF and VEGF increased the number and mean diameter of axons and neovascularization in the regenerated nerves at 1 month. The motor conduction velocity increased over time and reached 63 +/- 10% of that of normal nerves at 6 months. The nerve injuries treated with the acellular grafts had a significant improvement in motor, nociception, and proprioception function compared to untreated nerves. The results from this study suggest that acellular nerve allografts may be a useful biomaterial for functional peripheral nerve regeneration.     

单环刺缢及同种异体神经制成人工神经修复神经缺损

目的:研究去细胞的单环刺缢体壁和同种异体神经所构成的人工组织神经的组织相容性及其修复神经缺损的效果。方法:取大鼠40只随机分成实验组、自体神经组、硅胶管组、正常组。实验组将去细胞的单环刺缢体壁缝合成神经导管,其内充填去细胞的异体神经,修复大鼠10 mm坐骨神经缺损。术后4月,通过大体观察,组织形态学观察,了解该人工组织神经修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损的疗效。结果:该人工组织神经组织相容性良好,神经功能恢复效果正常组>自体神经组>实验组>硅胶管组,实验组疗效与自体神经组接近,明显优于硅胶管组。结论:将去细胞的单环刺缢体壁和同种异体神经制成人工组织神经修复周围神经缺损是可行的。     

合成材料神经导管与自体神经移植修复周围神经缺损的比较

背景：生物可降解材料制成的神经导管可在体内降解,避免出现的神经卡压等问题,因而受到越来越多的关注。 目的：比较自体神经移植与3种合成可生物降解材料神经导管在修复周围神经损伤的效果差异。 方法：通过电生理学检测,形态学观察等神经恢复效果评价方法,对比分析近年来常用的胶原神经导管、DL-乳酸-ε-己内酯神经导管、聚乙醇酸神经导管与自体神经移植修复周围神经缺损的效果。 结果与结论：虽然神经导管与自体神经移植相比在理论上有其优势的一面,但不同合成材料的神经导管之间在神经功能恢复中存在明显差异性,DL-乳酸-ε-己内酯神经导管修复效果与自体神经移植无明显差异,是较为理想的神经导管材料,聚乙醇酸神经导管因自身的因素影响其降解性能,在3种神经导管中的修复周围神经损伤效果最差,胶原神经导管需要交联剂改善其机械性能,其修复周围神经损伤效果居于前两者之间,因此,这3种神经导管在神经功能再生方面还有潜在的缺陷,不能完全替代自体神经移植,而且3者之间的性价比,还缺少足够的大样本长期随机对照实验结果来验证,还需要进一步的实验观察。     

Sural nerve defects after nerve biopsy or nerve transfer as a sensory regeneration model for peripheral nerve conduit implantation

Nerve repair after injury can be effectively accomplished by direct suture approximation of the proximal and distal segments. This is more successful if coadaptation can be achieved without tension. Currently, the gold standard repair of larger deficits is the transplantation of an autologous sensory sural nerve graft. However, a significant disadvantage of this technique is the inevitable donor morbidity (sensory loss, neuroma and scar formation) after harvesting of the sural nerve. Moreover, limitation of autologous donor nerve length and fixed diameter of the available sural nerve are major drawbacks of current autograft treatment. Another approach that was introduced for nerve repair is the implantation of alloplastic nerve tubes made of, for example, poly-l-lactide. In these, nerve stumps of the transected nerves are surgically bridged using the biosynthetic conduit. A number of experimental studies, primarily in rodents, indicate axonal regeneration and remyelination after implantation of various conduits. However, only limited clinical studies with conduit implantation have been performed in acute peripheral nerve injuries particularly on digital nerves. Clinical transfer of animal studies, which can be carefully calibrated for site and extent of injury, to humans is difficult to interpret due to the intrinsic variability in human nerve injuries. This prevents effective quantification of improvement and induces bias in the study. Therefore, standardization of lesion/repair in human studies is warranted.     

Unmyelinated nerve fibers of the human mandibular nerve

The aim of this research is to find and to evaluate morphometorically the unmyelinated nerve fibers in the human mandibular nerve using a light microscope. Our report demonstrates for the first time the presence of the unmyelinated nerve fibers of the human mandibular nerve stained by a special method. Our results also indicate that there is a morphometric change with aging in the unmyelinated axons of the nerve.     

Mapping sensory nerve communications between peripheral nerve territories

The human cutaneous sensory map has been a work in progress over the past century, depicting sensory territories supplied by both the spinal and cranial nerves. Two critical discoveries, which shaped our understanding of cutaneous innervation, were sensory dermatome overlap between contiguous spinal levels and axial lines across areas where no sensory overlap exists. These concepts define current dermatome maps. We wondered whether the overlap between contiguous sensory territories was even tighter: if neural communications were present in the peripheral nerve territories consistently connecting contiguous spinal levels? A literature search using peer‐reviewed articles and established anatomy texts was performed aimed at identifying the presence of communications between sensory nerves in peripheral nerve territories and their relationship to areas of adjacent and non‐adjacent spinal or cranial nerves and axial lines (lines of discontinuity) in the upper and lower limbs, trunk and perineum, and head and neck regions. Our findings demonstrate the consistent presence of sensory nerve communications between peripheral nerve territories derived from spinal nerves within areas of axial lines in the upper and lower limbs, trunk and perineum, and head and neck. We did not find examples of communications crossing axial lines in the limbs or lines of discontinuity in the face, but did find examples crossing axial lines in the trunk and perineum. Sensory nerve communications are common. They unify concepts of cutaneous innervation territories and their boundaries, and refine our understanding of the sensory map of the human skin. Clin. Anat. 27:681–690, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

神经导管生物材料在神经修复中的应用

背景：神经导管是由天然或人工合成材料制成的、用于桥接神经断端的组织工程支架材料,具有引导和促进神经再生作用。 目的：总结近年来常用的神经导管生物材料在神经修复中的应用。 方法：由作者应用计算机检索维普数据库中与神经导管生物材料在神经修复中应用有关的文章,检索时限2002-01/ 2010-12。检索关键词：神经导管;生物材料;神经损伤;神经修复;神经再生。纳入标准：与神经导管生物材料在神经修复中应用有关的文章。排除标准：重复研究或较陈旧文献。根据纳入排除标准共保留相关文献30篇。 结果与结论：非生物降解材料由于其不可吸收性和对再生神经的远期不良影响使临床应用受到限制。生物降解材料在神经再生完成后可在体内降解吸收,无需二次手术取出,但目前未能利用生物降解材料完全仿制出具有天然神经结构的支架。生物衍生材料生物相容性好、排异反应小,可提供细胞外基质、胶原,起支架作用,但缺血后存在管形塌陷、再生不良、吸收瘢痕组织、增生及粘连等问题。神经导管生物材料在神经修复中的应用前景广阔,但单用一类材料难以制作出理想的神经导管生物材料,通过结合各类材料的优点,与神经营养因子、细胞外基质成分和许旺细胞等联合应用,制备新型具有生物活性的导管材料,将有利于神经修复进一步发展。     

Electrical fields, nerve growth and nerve regeneration

The presence of voltage gradients within developing and damaged tissues led to the notion that the resultant electrical fields provide instructional cues to cells. Field effects on avian and amphibian neurones in vitro include increased differentiation, turning of neurites towards the cathode, increased rate of growth towards the cathode, resorption of anodefacing neurites, increased branching and increased filopodial activity. Electric fields enhance regeneration of damaged PNS and CNS neurones in animals as diverse as lampreys, frogs, rats and guinea-pigs, but the mechanisms by which fields produce their effects are not understood. Further examination of the interaction of fields with intracellular elements, such as the cytoskeleton and second messenger systems, may offer some insight.