Malposition of central venous catheter

Key words  central venous catheter - malposition     

Modified central venous catheter for pneumothorax

Pneumothorax frequently requires drainage, and many thoracic surgeons continue to use the traditional rigid chest tubes. Traditional tube thoracostomy using a large-bore tube is an essential technique for thoracic surgeons, but it is associated with significant pain at the time of insertion and during continued drainage. We have found a new small-bore, flexible thoracostomy method using a modified central venous catheter that is simple, less painful, and safe.     

抗生素涂层中心静脉置管对导管相关深静脉血栓的影响

目的评价和比较抗生素涂层与普通中心静脉置管对导管相关深静脉血栓(catheterassociated deep venous thrombosis,CADVT)的影响。方法回顾分析2017年1~6月行颈内静脉、腋-锁骨下静脉或股静脉穿刺置管的择期手术患者1 359例,年龄26~82岁,ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级。采用倾向性评分法按1∶1匹配分为两组,即抗生素涂层中心静脉置管组(A组)和普通中心静脉置管组(B组)。匹配因素包括性别、年龄、ASA分级、术前血栓风险(Caprini评分)、中心静脉置管部位、手术部位、是否采用超声引导穿刺置管、是否接受抗凝治疗等。分析术后CADVT的风险和血栓程度,以及置管相关并发症。结果共938例患者匹配成功,共323例患者(34.4%)经床旁超声诊断为CADVT,其中A组172例(36.7%),B组151例(32.2%),两组CADVT发生率和血栓程度差异无统计学意义;亚组分析结果表明,高危血栓风险(Caprini评分≥5分)(OR 1.34,95%CI 1.01~1.78)、体表标志定位穿刺置管(OR 1.69,95%CI 1.04~2.74)和未接受抗凝治疗(OR 1.39,95%CI 1.01~1.92)的患者使用抗生素涂层中心静脉导管CADVT的风险高于普通中心静脉导管;A组患者导管相关感染发生率明显低于B组(0.9%vs 4.1%,P0.05);其余置管相关并发症发生率差异均无统计学意义。结论抗生素涂层中心静脉置管不增加CADVT的发生率。     

重症急性胰腺炎病人中心静脉导管感染的特点

目的　分析重症急性胰腺炎 (SAP)病人中心静脉导管感染的特点。方法　回顾性分析1998年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 12月在肠外营养过程中发生中心静脉导管感染的SAP病人。结果　 189次中心静脉插管中有 5 1次导管尖端培养阳性 (2 6 9% ) ,共培养出致病菌 6 9株 ,其中革兰阴性菌 35株 ,占5 1% ;革兰阳性菌 2 8株 ,占 4 0 % ;真菌 6株 ,占 9%。多重导管感染 7例 ,占 13 7% ,多重导管感染病人的住院时间显著延长 [(2 8 9± 12 3)dvs (2 0 4± 10 6 )d ,P <0 0 5 ]。根据临床表现和药敏结果调整抗生素 ,5例加用抗真菌药物。治愈 4 8例 ,死亡 3例。结论　SAP病人中心静脉导管感染以革兰阴性菌最常见 ,需减少肠源性感染 ,合理使用预防性抗生素。     

Anaphylaxis to benzalkonium chloride-coated central venous catheter

Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is commonly used as a bactericidal preservative and it may cause allergic reactions in some patients. An unusual case of anaphylactic shock in a 55-year-old woman following insertion of a central venous catheter (CVC) that was coated with BAC is presented. Assuming anaphylactic shock from the CVC, the catheter was removed immediately. Standard resuscitation was started with 100% oxygen, epinephrine, and saline infusion. The patient recovered without any sequelae. One month later, an intradermal skin test was positive for BAC.     

中心静脉导管在行经皮肾造瘘术中的应用

目的:评价中心静脉导管行经皮肾造瘘术临床应用效果.方法:120例需行肾造瘘术的患者随机分为二组:导管组65例,应用中心静脉导管行经皮肾造瘘术;传统组55例,采用传统经皮肾逐步扩张造瘘术.对两组的穿刺次数、手术时间、出血量、手术费用及术后的并发症进行比较.结果:导管组在平均手术时间、术中平均出血量、一次穿刺成功例数、发生并发症例数及平均费用均明显低于传统组,两组比较有统计学意义;两组在平均穿刺次数上无显著性差异,但导管组一次穿刺置人造瘘管的成功率明显高于传统组.结论:应用中心静脉导管行经皮肾造瘘术较传统方法有出血少、一次穿刺成功率高、术后并发症少、操作简便等优点,且经济、安全、有效,值得临床推广应用.     

Removal of embedded central venous catheters

Background/Purpose

Long-term central venous access devices (CVAD) play an integral role in the management of children who require nutritional support, chemotherapy, blood drawing, and transfusion of blood products. Infrequently, the CVAD may be difficult or impossible to remove with traction.

Patient Population

Four patients, with ages ranging from 6 to 13 years, had 4 CVAD in place for 431, 730, 2232, and 3285 days which could not be removed by manual traction and local exploration.

Results

With the use of technology developed for removal of embedded transvenous pacemaker catheters, each CVAD was successfully dislodged using a lead locking device (n = 3) or a lead locking device and an excimer laser (n = 1). There were no complications of the procedure in our series.

Conclusions

There is no consensus on optimal management of embedded CVADs. In this small series, devices used routinely to remove embedded transvenous pacemaker wires were used to extract 4 embedded CVADs without complication; however, use of this technology in pediatric surgical patients is controversial because a small percentage of adult cases have resulted in tamponade or hemothorax, potentially resulting in death. Selection of patients and use of the technology in the appropriate setting are important considerations in weighing the risks vs the benefits of extracting such catheters or leaving them in place.     

Induction of life-threatening supraventricular tachycardia during central venous catheter placement: an unusual complication

Cardiac arrhythmias during central venous catheter (CVC) insertion are typically transient events with no hemodynamic repercussions. Pediatric reports on this condition are scarce and fail to describe potentially life-threatening complications.

Case

A 14-day-old boy was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit presenting with septic shock. During CVC insertion, the patient developed supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), which was unresponsive to vagal maneuvers or adenosine. Chest roentgenogram control revealed the tip of the catheter positioned in the midportion of the superior vena cava. After 30 minutes, the patient had a heart rate of 215 beats/min (bpm) and signs of hemodynamic compromise. The SVT eventually reverted to a sinus rhythm with synchronized cardioversion. The patient was discharged in good health.

Conclusion

Awareness of this potential complication of CVC insertion warrants a high level of concern by pediatric surgeons performing these procedures. Patients with sepsis and/or cardiac dysfunction who present SVT during catheter insertion can represent a therapeutic challenge for surgeons.     

中心静脉插管与直接动脉穿刺血透治疗比较

目的：观察中心静脉插管（CVC）和直接动脉穿刺（AP）的透析效率,可维持透析时间及并发症并进行比较。方法：50例血透病人,22例行CVC（双腔静脉导管）单针单泵透析;28例行AP透析,于透析前,透析后不同时间采血查肾功,电解质,HCO3^-浓度。结果：CVC及AP对BUN,血Ca^2 ,P^3-浓度的影响相似（P＞0．05）,而首次透析2h后血K^ ,HCK3^-浓度的变化似与其相应透析前浓度测定值的水平有关,Scr浓度变化（降低）,AP组大于CVC组（P＜0．05）,可能由于存在通路再循环的影响,CVC常见并发症为感染,细菌为表皮葡萄球菌,AP常见并发症仍为血肿或动脉瘤,结论：CVC与AP作为临时性血管通路的短期透析效率相似,但CVC有减少穿刺,保护血管的优点。     

舒血宁注射液在预防中心静脉导管堵塞中的应用

【摘要】 目的 观察舒血宁注射液对预防中心静脉留置导管堵管的应用效果。方法〓病例选自我科2013年7月~2015年6月留置中心静脉导管患者134例,随机分成2组,对照组给予常规护理,观察组在给予常规护理的基础上加用舒血宁注射液每天20 mL静脉滴注,疗程为2周,比较2组中心静脉堵管发生率。结果〓观察组中心静脉留置导管堵管发生率低于对照组,2组具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论〓静脉滴注舒血宁注射液可降低中心静脉导管堵管发生率。     

中心静脉导管在血液净化中的临床应用

目的 通过观察中心静脉长期、临时留置导管在血液透析中使用状况,探讨中心静脉导管相关并发症及处理方法,改善血液透析患者预后.方法 回顾性分析2 000例使用中心静脉长期、临时置管维持性血液透析患者的临床资料.其中500例为长期双腔导管,1 500例为临时双腔导管,分析中心静脉导管的相关并发症与处理效果.结果 置管过程中的常见并发症有:误穿动脉11例(0.55％)、皮下血肿6例(0.3％).导管留置并发症有:血流量不足24例(1.2％),导管相关感染23例(1.15％),穿刺部位渗血15例(0.75％),导管意外脱落3例(0.15％).以上并发症均在给予相应的处理后痊愈,未留下相关后遗症.结论 中心静脉导管相关并发症值得临床重视,提高置管技术,加强导管使用维护,及时处理是防范导管失功能的关键.     

Efficacy of ethanol locks in reducing central venous catheter infections in pediatric patients with intestinal failure

Purpose

We sought to determine whether a regimen of 70% ethanol locks could reduce the rate of central venous catheter (CVC) infections in parenteral nutrition-dependent children with intestinal failure.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of 23 parenteral nutrition-dependent children in our multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation clinic who started ethanol lock therapy between September 2007 and June 2009. The treatment regimen consisted of a 70% ethanol lock instilled 3 times per week in each catheter lumen. The rate of CVC infections before and after initiation of ethanol lock therapy was compared using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test with significance set at P < .05.

Results

The most common diagnoses leading to intestinal failure were necrotizing enterocolitis (26.1%), gastroschisis (21.7%), and intestinal atresia (14.3%). Ethanol locks were well tolerated with no reported adverse side effects. The infection rate decreased from 9.9 per 1000 catheter days prior to initiation of ethanol locks to 2.1 per 1000 catheter days during therapy (P = .03).

Conclusions

A regimen of ethanol lock therapy administered three days per week appears to be a safe and effective means of reducing the rate of CVC infections in parenteral nutrition-dependent children with intestinal failure.     

Transhepatic central venous catheter for long-term access in paediatric patients

Vascular access in paediatric patients with chronic and/or life-threatening illness is crucial to survival. Access is frequently lost in this group because of thrombosis, infection, or displacement, and vascular options can quickly be exhausted. The last resort access procedure is generally a direct atrial catheter inserted via a thoracotomy. A viable alternative is the percutaneous transhepatic Broviac catheter (Bard Access Systems, Salt Lake City, UT). We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 5 patients who underwent percutaneous transhepatic Broviac insertion for long-term access over a 4-year period in a single institution. Four of the patients (80%) had a significant cardiac abnormality, with 1 patient requiring long-term parenteral nutrition after complicated necrotizing enterocolitis. All patients had significant caval thrombosis, which precluded them having placement of a standard percutaneous or openly placed central catheter. Of the 5 patients, 2 (40%) died of cardiac-related illnesses. Of the 3 surviving patients, 2 had functioning catheters electively removed because they were no longer required. One catheter was removed at thoracotomy for right atrial perforation because of catheter erosion. Vascular access in paediatric patients with chronic and/or life-threatening illness is crucial to survival. Transhepatic central venous catheters are a feasible, reliable, and relatively easily placed form of central access in patients with multiple venous thromboses requiring long-term access. This route should be considered in paediatric patients requiring central access in preference to a thoracotomy.     

Simple formulas to determine optimal subclavian central venous catheter tip placement in infants and children

Background/Purpose

Optimal central venous catheter (CVC) tip location is necessary to decrease the incidence of complications related to their use. We sought to create a practical method to reliably predict the length of catheter to insert into the subclavian vein during CVC placement in children.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of 727 chest radiographs of children who underwent either left or right subclavian CVC placement. We measured the distance from the subclavian entry site to the to the right atrium/superior vena cava (RA/SVC) junction, following the catheter's course. We analyzed the relationship between that length and patient characteristics, including: age, gender, height, weight and body surface area (BSA).

Results

Two derived formulas using the BSA best correlated with the optimal subclavian CVC length. For the left subclavian vein approach, the optimal catheter length was 6.5*BSA + 7 cm, and for the right subclavian vein approach it was 5*BSA + 6. The use of these formulas correlated in CVC tip placement in a clinically proper location in 92.9% of smaller children and in 95.7% of larger children.

Conclusion

The optimal length of central venous catheter to insert into the subclavian vein may be determined through the use of a simple formula using the BSA.     

Formation of a calcified "cast" in a long-term indwelling central venous catheter: a case report

Catheter-related central venous thrombosis is a complication seen with long-term indwelling central venous catheters. The uses of total parenteral nutrition, catheter location, and duration of catheter use have been shown to increase the risk of thrombus formation. However, organized calcification of such a thrombus is a rare occurrence and, to our knowledge, has never been reported in a patient unexposed to total parenteral nutrition. We report a patient with an extensive, organized, calcified “cast” surrounding a central venous catheter used solely for chemotherapy administration.     

Glomerulonephritis associated with chronic infection from long-term central venous catheterization

There have been few reports on immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis associated with chronic infection from long-term central venous catheterization in adulthood. We report here on a 13-year-old boy with nephritis who exhibited glomerulonephritis that had been induced by the long-term use of central venous catheters, and its resolution after extraction of the central venous catheter. A diagnosis of glomerulonephritis associated with chronic infection caused by long-term central venous catheterization was made, based on the absence of clinical findings after removal of the catheter, hypocomplementemia, pathology findings resembling membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and detection of Staphylococcus epidermidis from culture of the removed catheter culture. For clinicians using long-term central venous access for parenteral feeding, rapid catheter exchange is necessary for patients with fever of unknown origin.     

Central venous lines in critically ill children: Thrombosis but not infection is site dependent

BackgroundCentral venous catheters (CVC) are vital to the management of critically ill children. Despite efforts to minimize complications, central line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) and venous thromboembolisms (VTE) still occur.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of a prospectively collected database for children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) between November 2013 and December 2016.ResultsIn total, 2714 CVC were in place, 979 of which were percutaneous CVC. During the study period, 21 CLABSI (1.6/1000 line days) were identified, of which, nearly half (n = 9, 42.9%) were associated with percutaneous CVC (2.6/1000 line days). Poisson regression analysis did not identify a single risk factor for CLABSI when adjusting for line type, anatomic location and laterality of placement, geographic location of placement, length of PICU admission, presence of gastrostomy tube, concurrent mechanical ventilation, age, weight, and height. Forty clinically significant VTE (2.9/1000 line days) were identified, with percutaneous CVC having the highest incidence (7.5/1000 line days, p < 0.001). Of percutaneous CVC, clinically significant VTE were more often associated with femoral vein cannulation (14.8/1000 line days) compared to internal jugular and subclavian vein (2.5 and 2.4/1000 line days, respectively, p < 0.001).ConclusionThis data suggests that the femoral site may be an important risk factor that should be considered in prevention strategies for catheter-associated VTE in children.Level of EvidenceIII.