脂联素基因启动子区-11377 C/G多态性与2型糖尿病及糖尿病肾病的关系

目的探讨桂北地区汉族人群脂联素基因启动子区-11377 C/G单核苷酸多态性各基因型及等位基因频率分布,分析其与2型糖尿病（T2DM）及糖尿病肾病（DN）的关系。方法采用PCR-RFLP技术检测100例健康对照者及232例T2DM患者（其中DN 105例）的脂联素基因-11377 C/G位点基因型及等位基因频率分布。结果 T2DM患者脂联素基因启动子区-11377的GG基因型频率和G等位基因频率高于健康对照者（P〈0.05,Or=1.625,95%CI 1.05～2.51）;脂联素基因启动子区-11377基因型及等位基因频率分布在T2DM、DN患者间无统计学意义;T2DM患者CG＋GG基因型BMI高于CC基因型（P〈0.05）。结论脂联素基因启动子区-11377 C/G与桂北地区汉族人群T2DM发病有相关性,G等位基因可能是T2DM发病的遗传易感基因。     

抵抗素基因+299G/A多态性与T2DM并高血压病的相关性

目的研究抵抗素基因＋299G／A多态性与中国北方地区汉族人群2型糖尿病（T2DM）并高血压病的关系。方法采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术检测北方地区汉族人群261例T2DM患者的抵抗素基因内含子2区299G／A突变。结果T2DM组GG、GA、AA基因型及G／A等位基因频率与非T2DM组比较有显著统计学差异（P〈0．01）；T2DM组GG基因型携带者空腹血糖明显高于AA基因型携带者（P〈0．05）。多元线性逐步回归分析显示，抵抗素基因＋299G／A与收缩压、舒张压无明显相关性。结论抵抗素基因＋299G／A多态性与T2DM有关．与高血压病元明显相关性。     

脂联素基因多态性与2型糖尿病大血管病变的关系

目的研究脂联素基因多态性与2型糖尿病（T2DM）大血管病变的关系。方法采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性技术对198例T2DM患者和98例正常对照组进行脂联素基因多态性分析。结果对照组脂联素＋276TT基因型频率较患者组明显增多（P〈0．01）;T2DM组有无大血管病变患者无明显差异。结论脂联素＋276G〉T多态性与T2DM相关,携带TT基因型可能减少患T2DM的几率;其多态性与T2DM大血管病变无明显相关性。     

脂联素基因多态性与非酒精性脂肪肝及其代谢紊乱的关系

目的探讨脂联素单核苷酸多态性SNP45T→G和SNP276G→T与非酒精性脂肪肝及其合并代谢紊乱的相关性。方法以PCR-RFLP技术,对408例研究对象脂联素基因SNP45、SNP276多态性进行基因分型,其中264例（亚组）测定BMI、FBS、ALT、TC、TG和FINS、脂联素水平,计算HOMA-IR。结果（1）SNP45和SNP276两个多态性位点的基因型和等位基因频率在非酒精性脂肪肝组、非酒精性脂肪肝合并代谢紊乱组和对照组中的分布无显著差异;（2）在亚组受试人群中,SNP45位点为GG或GT者的TG、FBS高于T/T者;在对照组中,SNP45位点为GG或GT者的TG高于T/T者;在非肥胖组SNP45位点为GG或GT者的HOMA指数、BMI、TG及ALT高于T/T者（P〈0.05）;（3）在非肥胖组SNP276位为GG或GT者的HOMA高于T/T者（P〈0.005）,G/G者的BMI大于GT或TT者（P〈0.05）;（4）在亚组、非肥胖组和正常组SNP45位点为GG或GT者的脂联素水平较T/T者低,没有发现SNP276G/T基因型与脂联素水平之间的差异。结论脂联素基因SNP45和276多态性与武汉地区汉族人群中非酒精性脂肪肝无明显相关性。在非肥胖组脂联素基因SNP45、SNP276变异与IR、BMI相关,脂联素基因SNP45变异对脂联素水平、TG、FBS和ALT的代谢产生影响。     

脂联素基因SNP+276G/T单核苷酸多态性与冠心病的相关性研究

目的探讨上海汉族人群中脂联素基因多态性分布情况，研究基因多态性与冠心病的相关性。方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR—RFLP）方法，以100例健康者为对照组，100例冠脉造影证实为冠心病的非糖尿病患者为冠心病组，研究脂联素基因单核苷酸多态性（SNP276G／T）与冠心病的相关性。结果冠心病组G／G基因型频率明显高于对照组，分别为29％和16％（P〈0．05），冠心病组G等位基因频率为45％，对照组为16％，冠心病组明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）；T等位基因频率冠心病组明显低于正常对照组，分别为55％和84％（P〈0．05）。相对于T／T基因型，G／G基因型修正后的OR值为3．93（P〈0．05），G／G＋G／T基因型的修正后的OR值为2．41。结论脂联素SNP＋276G／T各种基因型和冠心病的发病密切相关，G／G基因型很可能是冠心病的易感基因型。     

大理白族、汉族2型糖尿病与脂联素基因多态性的相关性研究

目的检测云南大理地区白族与汉族对照人群及2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者脂联素基因（APM1）T45G多态性。方法PCR-RFLP方法。结果白族APM1 45位各基因型频率及等位基因频率对照组与T2DM组间无统计学差异；汉族T2DM组GG基因型频率高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论APM1 T45G多态性与T2DM的相关性可能存在种族差异：白族人群可能不相关，汉族人群可能相关。     

我国2型糖尿病人群脂联素基因多态性与冠心病的相关性研究

目的研究我国2型糖尿病（T2DM）人群脂联素基因多态性是否与冠心病（CHD）风险的相关性。方法以190例T2DM患者为研究人群,其中159例伴有CHD;31人为对照组。应用PCR-RFLP技术对脂联素基因单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）-11365,-3964,＋45及＋276进行基因型和基因频率分析,并采用病例-对照方法,研究脂联素基因多态性与CHD的风险关系。结果（1）脂联素基因SNP＋45T等位基因携带者CHD的风险有增加趋势（OR=1.782,P〈0.05）。（2）脂联素基因SNP＋276G等位基因携带者CHD的风险显著增加（OR=1.866,95%CI1.069-3.258,P〈0.05）。（3）脂联素基因SNP＋45、＋276TG单体型携带者CHD的风险增加（OR=1.998,P〈0.05）;GT单体型对CHD具有保护性作用（R=0.386,95%CI0.173-0.863,P〈0.05）。（4）脂联素基因SNPs＋45、＋276TT/GG基因型组合携带者CHD的风险显著增加（校正OR=4.856,P〈0.05）。结论在我国2型糖尿病人群中,脂联素基因单核苷酸多态性＋45、＋276与冠心病的风险相关。     

代谢综合征患者脂联素基因多态性分析

目的探讨脂联素基因单核苷酸多态性（SNP）45T→G和276G→T两个位点与代谢综合征（MS）的关系。方法收集MS患者183例（MS组）和健康对照人群144例（对照组）,采用TaqMan探针技术进行脂联素基因SNP45分析,直接测序法进行脂联素基因SNP276分析。结果SNP45在MS组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,等位基因分布频率提示C等位基因在MS组高于对照组（P〈0.05）,MS组中携带TG＋GG型患者血清脂联素水平低于TT型患者（P〈0．05）;两组SNP276基因型分布及等位基因频率比较均无统计学差异。结论SNP45G／G基因型可能是中国汉族人群MS的易感基因。     

2型糖尿病患者外源性给予胰升血糖素对肥胖与血浆Ghrelin的影响

目的探讨肥胖及非肥胖2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者胰岛素抵抗（IR）与生长激素释放肽Gh—relin分泌的关系。方法肥胖T2DM患者26例（Ob＋T2DM组）及非肥胖T2DM患者32例（NOb＋T2DM组）,正常对照30名（NC组）行胰升血糖素－C-P释放试验,同步取血测定血浆Ghrelin和C-P。结果（1）Ob4-T2DM组空腹Ghrelin水平低于NC组和NOb＋T2DM组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;Ob＋T2DM组FC-P及胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA2-IR）高于NC组和NOb＋T2DM组（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。静脉推注胰升血糖素后,NC组Ghrdin水平显著下降（P〈0．01）,肥胖及非肥胖T2DM组Ghrelin水平无显著性改变。（2）Pearson相关分析显示空腹血浆Ghrelin水平分别与WC、BMI、体脂百分比、体脂重量呈负相关;多元回归分析显示腰围（WC）是Ghrelin水平的负性预测因子（回归方程Y=4．814—0．0265X）。（3）Ob＋T2DM组中,空腹血浆Ghrelin水平分别与WC、BMI、体脂百分比、体脂重量、HOMA2-IR呈负相关。结论外源性给予胰升血糖素对T2DM患者Ghrelin抑制效应减弱;肥胖T2DM患者血浆Ghrelin水平较非肥胖患者明显降低,且与WC、BMI、体脂百分比、体脂重量、HOMA2-IR负相关;中心性肥胖T2DM患者血浆Ghrelin水平下降与IR有关。     

脂联素基因单核苷酸多态性与急性心肌梗死的相关性研究

目的研究脂联素基因单核苷酸多态性（SNP）与急性心肌梗死（AMI）的相关关系。方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态法（PCR-RFLP）检测78例AMI患者和84例健康正常对照者脂联素基因外显子2 SNP＋45和内含子3 SNP＋276基因型,分别比较2组基因型分布和等位基因频率。结果 AMI组中脂联素基因SNP＋276为GT基因型者明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）,而等位基因频率未见显著性差异;脂联素基因SNP＋45基因型分布和等位基因频率2组间未见显著性差异。AMI组中脂联素基因SNP＋276为GG＋GT基因型者血糖浓度显著高于TT基因型者（P〈0.05）;AMI组脂联素基因SNP＋45为GG基因型者胆固醇浓度高于TT和TG基因型者（P〈0.05）。结论脂联素基因SNP＋276与AMI有相关关系,GT基因型者具有急性心肌梗死高易感性;脂联素基因外显子SNP＋45和内含子SNP＋276基因多态性可能分别与AMI高危因素胆固醇和血糖浓度有关。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.