第2～5掌指关节及其附属结构的解剖和临床意义

目的:观测第2～5掌指关节和附属结构的几何形态及其差异,为临床中解释压砸伤术后掌指关节屈曲障碍提供解剖学依据.方法:解剖10只成人手标奉的第2～5掌指关节,测量符掌骨头、近节指骨基底最大前后径,伸直位掌骨头掌侧冠状面最高点与关节囊皱襞最低点的距离,观察关节囊及其附着点的形态.结果:掌骨头、近节指骨基底最大前后径比较无显著性差异,但第3掌骨头最大前后径(14.9+1.3mm)及中指近节指骨基底最大前后径(12.3±1.0)mm,关节囊掌侧附着点呈"W"字形.结论:(1)第3掌指关节前后径最大决定了临床压砸伤中受伤的几率最大、伤情最重,术后掌侧掌板和关节囊与骨关节而粘连造成屈曲障碍.(2)掌指关节屈曲障碍不能完全解释为侧副韧带挛缩,解决类似临床问题应以松解掌板和父节囊与骨关节面的粘连为主.     

以拇指桡侧筋膜血管为蒂第1掌骨背侧皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：为以拇指桡掌侧动脉掌指关节周围分支为蒂的第１掌骨背侧皮瓣提供解剖学基础。方法：新鲜尸体手标本３２个,分别进行血管染料灌注、血管造影、透明标本、显微解剖观察。结果：①拇指桡掌侧动脉掌指关节周围分支在第１掌指关节桡背侧与拇指桡侧指背动脉吻合,并在第１掌骨背侧区域形成筋膜、皮下血管网;②第１掌骨背侧有２条同行浅静脉干,其位于拇短伸指肌腱两侧,并存在静脉瓣膜。结论：以拇指桡掌侧动脉第１掌指关节周围支为主要血供来源,经拇指背静脉交通至头静脉为主要回流途径的血管筋膜蒂皮瓣,血供可靠、切取方便、供区创伤较小,临床上可用于修复拇、示、中、环指皮肤软组织缺损。     

第1掌骨背桡侧岛状皮瓣的应用解剖

目的　提供第1掌骨背桡侧岛状皮瓣的应用解剖依据。 方法　解剖 20具防腐固定成人手标本,观测第1掌背桡侧皮支血管链的起源、外径、长度及吻合。1例新鲜成年手标本动脉造影。 结果　在拇长展肌腱止点深面可见一条粗大皮支起始,39侧来源自桡动脉浅支,1侧来源于桡动脉主干。该皮支主干沿拇短伸肌腱桡侧向远端走行,相距2 mm。在掌指关节平面,与指掌侧动脉穿支吻合。 结论　以第1掌骨背桡侧该皮支为轴心血管设计轴线,切取岛状皮瓣修复手部皮肤软组织缺损在解剖上具有可行性。     

手法复位治疗掌指关节交锁

背景　对掌指关节交锁的病因研究及手术治疗的方法 ,文献已有大量报道 ,而对手法复位治疗掌指关节交锁症 ,文献报道极少。我们在手术治疗该病的基础上 ,设计了一种简便安全的手法复位治疗掌指关节交锁症的方法 ,临床应用12例 ,效果满意。方法　从 1987.1月～ 1995 .12月 ,治疗患者 12例 ,均为女性。治疗分四步进行 :1确定交锁关节的侧副韧带的位置是在桡侧还是在尺侧 ,大部分是在桡侧 ,然后屈曲掌指关节 ,将侧副韧带向近端推拉。 2使掌指关节尽量弯曲 ,并将交锁之关节尽量推向桡侧。 3用力揉搓近节指骨以转动掌指关节。 4将掌指关节拉向桡侧…     

拇指腕掌关节囊和韧带的形态特点及其临床意义

目的：为拇指腕掌关节损伤修复与功能重建提供形态学基础。方法：福尔马林固定的成人尸体上肢标本20例（40侧），解剖观察关节囊及其韧带的起止和附着部位，新鲜成人尸体手标本3例（6侧）制成生物塑化连续断面薄片，观察韧带纤维形态、方向。结果：关节囊背侧厚而紧张，掌侧薄而松驰，周围有后斜韧带、前斜韧带、背桡侧韧带、掌侧韧带和掌骨间韧带，背桡侧韧带粗壮。结论：修复和重建关节周围韧带对拇指腕掌关节的稳定有重要作用。     

尺动脉腕上皮支下行支皮支链岛状皮瓣的应用解剖

目的　为尺动脉腕上皮支下行支皮支链岛状皮瓣修复前臂和手指缺损提供解剖学基础。方法　12侧肘关节以上部位截肢的上肢新鲜标本,10侧采用乳胶灌注肱动脉,2侧用乙酸乙酯和塑料灌注肱动脉制作铸型标本,解剖观测尺动脉腕上皮支下行支皮支的起始、走行、分布和吻合情况,并对其外径进行测量。  结果　以尺骨茎突尖端到手背尺侧第5掌指关节部位作为一个单位长度。尺动脉腕上皮支下行支发出的远段皮支2.3支,远段皮支血管聚集点约在第5掌骨颈部,到第5掌指关节的距离占总单位长度的(18.2±7.0)%; 近段皮支4.4支,近段皮支血管聚集点约在第5掌骨基底部,到第5掌指关节的距离占总单位长度的 (66.4±16.7)%。尺动脉腕上皮支下行支皮支在桡尺侧的分布无显著性差异。尺动脉腕上皮支下行支皮支在手背尺侧浅筋膜内相互吻合,形成与尺动脉腕上皮支下行支相平行的皮支链,并营养相应的皮肤。  结论　尺动脉腕上皮支下行支皮支链岛状皮瓣可用于修复手指或前臂较小的皮肤缺损,而且不损伤其主干血管。     

肘关节稳定性的应用解剖和生物力学研究

目的 :为临床认识和治疗急、慢性肘关节不稳定提供基础。方法 :解剖观察肘关节副韧带的形态结构特点 ,测量依序切断桡侧软组织 (包括桡侧副韧带 )时肘关节后外侧旋转度的变化、依序切断肘关节尺侧副韧带时其外翻旋转角度的变化。结果 :①尺侧副韧带前束可分为前部纤维和后部纤维 ;桡侧副韧带部分止于环状韧带 ,部分止于尺骨冠突的外下方。②屈曲 60°以前 ,尺侧副韧带前束的外侧部紧张而内侧部较松弛 ,肘关节屈曲超过 60°后 ,前束内外侧处于同等程度的紧张状态 ;后束在肘关节屈曲超过 90°后才被拉紧。③肘关节桡侧副韧带复合体对维持关节外侧的稳定作用约占 5 0 % ,伸肌及伸肌腱膜起协同作用。结论 :肘关节副韧带是维持肘关节稳定的重要结构 ,在肘关节的运动过程中 ,副韧带的不同组成部分发挥着不同的作用 ,其中桡侧尺副韧带和尺侧副韧带前束是肘关节主要的稳定结构     

桡骨交锁钉固定防止桡神经深支损伤的应用解剖

目的:为桡骨交锁髓内钉固定术避免桡神经深支损伤提供解剖学依据。方法:前臂标本44侧解剖显露桡神经深支,将肱骨外上髁与Lister结节连线和桡骨头关节面,关节面下1.0、1.5、2.0cm,桡神经深支穿入旋后肌平面,桡神经深支跨越桡骨平面等6个面的交点,依次标记为A、B、C、D、E、F6个点。记录AE、AF的长度,测量B、C、D3个定点在屈肘前臂旋前、中立、旋后位与桡神经深支的水平距离。结果:B、C、D3个定点离桡神经深支的距离越来越近;而对于同一定点,其与桡神经深支的距离按旋前、中立、旋后位的顺序越来越远。结论:桡骨交锁髓内钉固定时,宜于屈肘前臂中立位,在肱骨外上髁与Lister结节连线上,距桡骨头关节面约1.5cm的位置,由前臂后外侧向前内侧插入远端交锁螺丝钉较为安全。     

2~5掌指关节屈伸活动中关节面应力分布的有限元分析

目的　建立掌指关节三维有限元模型,分析掌指关节屈伸活动中掌指关节面应力分布情况。 方法　健康男性志愿者1名,对其右手掌指关节分别于0°、30°、60°、90°屈曲位进行CT扫描,利用扫描数据建立掌指关节三维有限元模型;于4个角度沿指骨径向分别施以10、20、30、40、50 N荷载,观察掌指关节应力分布,并对结果进行分析。 结果　4组不同弯曲角度的掌指关节网格模型节点数量、单元数量基本相同,每组模型约40070个节点,178903个四面体单元。相同载荷作用下,弯曲的角度越大,各掌指关节面的应力越大。在实现0°、30°、60°、90°屈曲过程中,2~5掌指关节掌骨头应力峰值变化范围分别为0.20~2.46、0.22~1.58、0.22~1.69、0.22~2.25 Mpa。 结论　掌指关节屈伸过程中,弯曲的角度越大,掌指关节面的接触应力越大,其应力分布范围亦增大。     

左,右手动脉形态的比较研究

成人上肢标本30对,经动脉灌注,解剖观测,比较研究了同一个体左,右手动脉的形态特点。结果表明,形态差异主要在手掌部,且以掌浅层动脉最明显。浅,深两层动脉的管径右手较粗者占多数,而掌浅弓为完全弓型者多见于左手,掌浅层动脉的支数左手较多,桡、尺动脉及其第一级分支间的吻合支也是左手多于右手,说明左手的侧副循环能力比右手强。     

Osteoligamentous guidance of the movements of the human thumb

On examination of the thumbs of 20 dissected preparations of ligaments and joints, of ten dry skeletons and of a number of living hands, apoposition (from apo = away from) was distinguished as a position in which the first carpometacarpal joint is fully abducted and laterally rotated and in which one or both distal joints of the thumb are flexed. Apoposition is commonly used in writing and it has a specific osteoligamentous basis for its stability: (1) a Y-shaped intermetacarpal ligament is attached by two crura to the base of the second metacarpal bone and by a common stem to the first metacarpal. Together with the palmar and dorsal oblique ligaments it becomes taut at abduction and establishes thereby a fixed center for the circumduction. Stability is enhanced as the circumduction takes place in the radial flat part of the joint away from the center; (2) of the two palmar prominences of the head of the first metacarpal bone the radial is the larger. At 25–30° flexion in the metacarpophalangeal joint the prominence fits into an excavation on the base of the proximal phalanx in a manner which together with the ulnar collateral ligament locks the joint against mutual abduction and lateral rotation, and (3) the radial part of the trochlea of the interphalangeal joint is larger than the ulnar and secures, together with the ulnar collateral ligament, the joint against a radial luxation. Apoposition does not require activity of the thumb muscles; it is brought about by applying an external force to the ulnar side of the thumb and it is checked by ligaments and the shape of the joints.     

Intra-articular compressive stress of the elbow joint in extension: an experimental study using Fuji films

The use of Fuji films is simple but their manipulation and result interpretation seem to be difficult in the framework of medical research. The reliability and reproducibility of Fuji films have been proved by many previous studies. This study was undertaken to know precisely the articular zones of the elbow and to determine the compressive stress these areas undergo during different activities, in order to assess the importance of different articular contact areas. These data indicate the need for better-adapted elbow prosthesis and can be eventually used to design more durable prosthesis for the elbow. The compressive stress on the radial head was less than 25% in extension. The stress on the radial head varied from the neutral position (23% of the stress), to full pronation (11% of the stress) and to full supination (6% of the stress). The Humero-ulnar compartment had the maximum impact. Coronoid process seemed to be a fundamental element of the elbow joint in extension (60% of total compressive stress). The Medial humero-ulnar compartment was less stressed than the lateral compartment. The radial head does not seem to play a major role in the stability of the elbow in extension if the ulnar collateral ligament exists. The ulnar collateral ligament is essential to the elbow joint stability. The lifespan of a non-constrained prosthesis would depend on the existence of the couple: radial head/ulnar collateral ligament; the absence of radial head could compromise the humero-ulnar stability. This work paved the way for the designing of new non-constrained elbow prosthesis with the reconstruction of the radial head.     

自体髂骨再造桡骨头维持肘关节稳定的生物力学研究

目的研究桡骨头粉碎骨折切除后用自体髂骨再造对肘关节稳定性的生物力学影响。方法新鲜成人尸体上肢标本8侧,制成肘关节"骨-韧带"标本。在外翻力矩2Nm和4 Nm时竖向载荷100N的压力作用下,分别在肘关节不同屈伸位时,用超低压型压力敏感片测量2组试验标本(不同工况)在肘关节外翻时桡骨头及尺骨冠突外侧缘的压力和应力变化,用SPSS 10.0软件作同体配对资料的检验。结果⑴在外翻力矩2 Nm肘关节完整时接触应力为0.75±0.08MPa,A组:先行桡骨头切除后接触应力为1.04±0.11MPa(=3.26,<0.05),行自体髂骨再造桡骨头后接触应力为0.82±0.07MPa(=2.523,>0.05),再行尺侧副韧带切断后接触应力为1.00±0.09MPa(=3.023,<0.05),然后行尺侧副韧带重建后其接触应力为0.84±0.07MPa(=2.612,>0.05),关节基本上能回复原状,肘关节稳定。B组:先行尺侧副韧带切断后接触应力为1.02±0.11MPa(=3.261,<0.05),行桡骨头切除后肘关节明显失稳,再将尺侧副韧带重建,关节接触特征虽有所改善,但影响仍很严重,再行自体髂骨再造桡骨头后标本回复到正常关节接触状态,其接触应力为0.83±0.07MPa(=2.862,>0.05),肘关节稳定。⑵肘关节不同屈伸位时,桡骨头及尺骨冠突外侧缘的压力变化呈力三角形cos30°、cos60°、cos90°、cos120°的变化,与实验组的关节接触特征参数变化规律相一致。⑶在外翻力矩为4 Nm时,关节接触应力值明显增加A组增加1.60倍,B组增加1.48倍,(=3.534,<0.05),关节接触应力曲线与外翻力矩2 Nm时的变化规律相一致。结论自体髂骨再造桡骨头术能恢复肘关节的接触特征,增加关节接触面积,降低外翻应力,增加肘关节的稳定性,可减轻传统桡骨头切除术后的多种并发症,尤其在合并肘关节周围韧带损伤的情况下,有利于改善肘关节的动力学基础,从生物力学角度证明该手术方法是行之有效的。     

The lateral collateral ligament complex and related muscles act as a dynamic stabilizer as well as a static supporting structure at the elbow joint: an anatomical and experimental study

Among 71 osteoligamentous elbow joint specimens from Japanese subjects, 66% of the lateral ulnar collateral ligaments (LUCLs) were in an incomplete form, such as a fibrous intermuscular septum lying between the anconeus, supinator and extensors, and terminated on the annular ligament. The 'typical' complete ligament, extending from the lateral epicondyle and over the radial collateral ligament (RCL) to the crista spinatoris, appeared in only 20% of the elbows examined. This observation suggests that, in Japanese subjects, the LUCL is not usually a simple ligamentous static stabilizer, but acts as a dynamic stabilizer, together with its related muscles. In addition, when the elbow was flexed by more than 90 degrees, the distance between the lateral epicondyle and the radial head became almost 1.5 mm larger than the distance from the epicondyle to the annular ligament. We therefore consider that, in the overflexed position, the radial head moves slightly distal while the length of the RCL remains almost constant. This morphometrical observation suggests that the annular ligament needs to be supported by the LUCL-muscle complex from the distal side, as well as by the RCL from the proximal side. This extended definition of the lateral collateral ligament complex and its associated muscular function is discussed.     

肱肌止点的解剖学研究及其在钢板固定尺骨冠突骨折中的应用

目的测量肱肌止点的相关数据,为临床准确、安全地放置冠突钢板提供解剖学依据。方法 8例正常新鲜成人肘关节标本,解剖观察肱肌止点的位置,并测量肱肌止点的长度、宽度、与内侧副韧带前束附着的间隙宽度及近端距离冠突尖的长度。结果肱肌止点大部分位于尺骨鹰嘴尖与冠突尖连线的内侧,长度为(21.79±2.70)mm,分深浅两头:浅头止点为腱膜组织,宽度(4.11±1.12)mm;而深头止点由两侧的腱膜和中间的肌肉构成,宽度(11.25±3.07)mm。其中,桡侧腱膜宽度(1.77±0.46)mm,尺侧腱膜宽度(2.75±0.57)mm,两者夹持的肌肉宽度(6.82±2.08)mm。肱肌止点与内侧副韧带前束附着的间隙宽度(4.14±0.49)mm,近端距离冠突尖的长度(9.30±1.51)mm。结论 (1)肱肌止点与内侧副韧带前束附着的间隙可用于放置尺骨冠突钢板。(2)松解肱肌深头止点的尺侧腱膜可使该间隙的宽度达到6.89mm,继续松解中间的肌肉可达到13.71mm,足以安放冠突钢板。     

腓骨头复合组织瓣切取后膝关节生物力学的稳定性

背景：股二头肌腱和外侧副韧带是膝关节后外侧复合体的重要组成成分,对维持膝关节后外侧稳定性有重要意义。 目的：观察腓骨头复合组织瓣切取后供区股二头肌腱和外侧副韧带下止点重建对膝关节稳定性的影响。 方法：选择10例男性新鲜冷冻膝关节尸体标本,利用生物力学扭转试验机测量腓骨头复合组织瓣切取前及股二头肌腱和外侧副韧带下止点重建后不同转矩下的胫骨外旋角。 结果与结论：同一转矩条件下,胫骨外旋角随膝关节屈曲角度的增大而变大,腓骨头复合组织瓣切取前及股二头肌腱和外侧副韧带下止点重建后比较差异无显著性意义;不同外旋转距条件下,外旋角变化的趋势一致。提示腓骨头复合组织瓣切取后,妥善重建股二头肌腱和外侧副韧带下止点,不会对膝关节稳定性造成显著影响。     

Biometry of the radial head: biomechanical implications in pronation and supination

The aim of this study was to perform biometry of the proximal extremity of the radius and to characterize the shape of the radial head. Knowledge of the size and shape of the radial head is necessary for the creation of a radial head prosthesis that is anatomically and biomechanically correct. Twenty-seven measurements, focused on the proximal extremity, were done on 96 radii. The shape of the radial head was determined by the difference between the maximum diameter and the minimum diameter. We considered the shape to be circular when the difference was less than 1 mm, and elliptical when the difference was greater than 1 mm. The shape of the radial head was compared with the neck/diaphysis angle. Fifty-seven percent of radial heads were elliptical and 43% were circular. When the head was elliptical the maximum diameter was 22 mm +/-2.9 and the minimum diameter was 20 mm +/-2.8 ( P<0.001). When the head was circular the maximum diameter was 21.2 mm +/-2.4 and the minimum diameter was 20.4 mm +/-2.4 ( P<0.14). The angle between the neck and the diaphysis varied with regard to the shape of the radial head. It was 166.75 degrees +/-3 for the circular heads and 168.62 degrees +/-3.2 for the elliptical heads ( P<0.01). The biomechanics of the circular shape and the elliptical shape are different, involving an adaptation of the angle between the neck and the radial diaphysis. This difference must be taken in consideration in the design of a radial head prosthesis.     

基于健侧三维数字解剖的桡骨头假体逆向工程研究

目的 探讨基于健侧三维数字解剖结构逆向工程个体化计算机辅助设计桡骨头假体的方法以提供临床精确置换。 方法 采用GE Speed Light 16排螺旋CT薄层扫描健康成人1例双侧肘关节,排除桡骨头疾患,获取CT扫描dicom数据导入Mimics10.0软件三维重建肘关节。提取左健侧桡骨近端三维模型经镜像模拟右患侧桡骨近端,再经编辑处理分割为头颈两部分。利用Mimics10.0软件测量颈段髓内径、长度参数构建假体柄。桡骨头模型导入Geomagic studio 12软件模拟软骨加厚处理,导入假体柄模型生成头柄部实体。按解剖特点虚拟组装头柄部件,实现患侧桡骨头假体的逆向工程。 结果 依据健侧肘关节CT影像数据,利用Mimics和Geomagic studio软件,进行三维重建,编辑,测量和反求,可实现个体化桡骨头假体设计和头柄部件的虚拟组装成型。 结论 基于健侧桡骨数字解剖的逆向工程为个体化桡骨头假体的研制提供了一个有效的方法。     

Brachialis insertion measurement: an anatomic cadaver study for plate fixation of the coronoid process fracture

Detailed assessment of the proximity of the brachialis insertion to the anterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament and its potential influence on plate application for the treatment of the coronoid process fracture has not been reported previously. The purpose of this study was to describe the anatomic interval used for coronoid plate and the measurement of the brachialis insertion to confirm partial release of the insertion site may be required during plate fixation of the coronoid process fracture. After eight fresh-frozen cadaveric elbows were dissected, the interval between the brachialis insertion and the attachment of the anterior bundle of medial collateral ligament was identified, and the gross morphological characteristics of the brachialis insertion were also recorded. The average width of the interval was 4.14 mm, and the brachialis was found to be consisted of a superficial head and a deep head, and insertion of the deep head was composed of three units: a medial aponeurosis, a lateral aponeurosis, and muscle fibers inserted directly into the ulna. The interval between the brachialis insertion and the attachment of the anterior bundle of medial collateral ligament can be used for placement of the coronoid plate regardless of the plate type. Partial release of the brachialis insertion is necessary during the operation, while the width of the plate is larger than that of the interval. This study may provide some useful information on plate application for the treatment of the coronoid process fracture.     

The anterolateral ligament: A cadaveric study in fetuses

The aim of this study was to determine the presence and morphology of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) of the knee in a sample of fetuses. We hypothesized that the ALL is present in sample fetuses and its origin is not related to repetitive stresses throughout life. Forty fresh‐frozen knees from cadaveric fetuses were dissected using a standard technique. The ALL and other structures in the anterolateral compartment of the knee were identified. The details of the femoral and tibial attachments, course and relationships with anatomical structures of the ALL were identified, recorded, and quantitatively characterized. The ALL was identified in 100% of the dissected knees. We found three anatomical patterns regarding the femoral attachment: (1) Proximal and posterior to the fibular collateral ligament (55%); (2) Together with the fibular collateral ligament (25%); and (3). Anterior and distal to it (20%). The ALL was extracapsular with an oblique course attaching into the anterolateral aspect of the tibia, midway between the midpoint of Gerdy's tubercle and the fibular head. The ALL has a strong attachment to the lateral meniscus, creating two fascicles: proximal or meniscofemoral and distal or meniscotibial. The ALL is a constant, extracapsular anatomical structure in the anterolateral compartment of the knee, present from the later prenatal period of life. Its morphology shows three different patterns of femoral attachment in relation to the fibular collateral ligament position, a strong attachment in the lateral meniscus, and a constant tibial attachment. Clin. Anat. 30:625–634, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.