ENTERAL VERSUS PARENTERAL NUTRITION AFTER OESOPHAGOGASTRIC SURGERY: A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED COMPARISON

Background: There appears to be an emerging consensus that early postoperative nutritional support benefits the high-risk patient by decreasing septic morbidity, maintaining immunocompetence and improving wound healing. Enteral nutrition via a feeding jejunostomy has been associated with serious complications, with a reported mortality rate as high as 10%. while total parenteral nutrition has also been associated with a wide variety of complications. Methods: Ninety-seven patients undergoing oesophagectomy or gastrectomy underwent pre-operative nutritional assessment and were randomized to receive either total parenteral nutrition (47 patients) or enteral nutrition (50 patients). Results: There was no significant difference in the number of catheter-related complications between the two groups, but 9 (45%) patients in the total parenteral nutrition group had major morbidity (potentially fatal in two patients) requiring active intervention. Conclusions: This study demonstrates enteral nutrition to be safe and associated with mainly reversible minor complications. It is probable that immediate postoperative enteral feeding conserves the gut's integrity. Whether this leads to a reduction in postoperative septic complications has not been demonstrated by this study although there appears to be a trend in this direction, supporting the concept of enteral feeding as ‘primary therapy’. This can be safely, simply and economically achieved using a feeding jejunostomy placed at the time of surgery.     

营养不良的胃肠道肿瘤患者术后营养支持的随机对照研究

目的评价术后营养支持对营养不良的胃肠道肿瘤患者预后的影响。方法646例营养不良的胃肠道肿瘤患者随机分为肠外营养组(215例)和肠内营养组(215例)及对照组(216例),术后营养支持7d,采用等热卡[125.5kJ(30kcal)·kg-1·d-1]和等氮(0.25g·kg-1·d-1);对照组术后常规补液直至恢复正常饮食。观察比较术后死亡率、并发症发生率及住院时间。结果入选的3组患者资料具有可比性。术后总死亡率为1.5%,3组间差异无统计学意义。术后并发症发生率:肠外营养组33.5%(72例),肠内营养组28.4%(61例),对照组44.9%(97例);对照组与肠外营养组比较,P=0.001;与肠内营养组比较,P=0.000。肠内营养组感染性并发症发生率10.2%,明显低于肠外营养组的15.3%,P=0.002;而两组非感染性并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(21.9%vs.23.7%,P=0.06)。住院时间:肠外营养组(11.2±5.0)d,肠内营养组(9.8±3.4)d,对照组(14.5±7.1)d;肠内营养组住院时间短于肠外营养组,P=0.002;对照组与肠外营养组比较,P=0.003;与肠内营养组比较,P=0.001。结论术后营养支持可改善营养不良的胃肠道肿瘤患者的预后,术后早期肠内营养较肠外营养能降低术后感染性并发症发生率,并缩短住院时间。     

Prospective randomization of parenteral hyperalimentation for long fusions with spinal deformity: its effect on complications and recovery from postoperative malnutrition

STUDY DESIGN: A prospective randomized study of total parenteral nutrition for long spinal deformity fusions as well as its effect on complications and recovery from postoperative malnutrition was performed. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the administration of total parenteral nutrition to patients undergoing same-day or staged long spinal fusions has an effect on postoperative nutritional parameter depletion, time for return to preoperative nutritional baseline, and complication rate. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Several studies have suggested, but only one has demonstrated, that perioperative administration of total parenteral nutrition to patients undergoing spinal reconstructive surgery may reduce postoperative nutritional depletion, thereby decreasing postoperative complications. METHODS: In this study, 46 patients undergoing same-day or staged spinal reconstruction surgery (> or = 10 levels) were randomized to receive or not receive total parenteral nutrition after surgery. The nutritional parameters of albumin, prealbumin, transferrin, total protein, and absolute lymphocyte count were obtained before surgery and at regular intervals after surgery until at least four out of five parameters were within 10% of their preoperative baseline value. Perioperative data and complications were tallied. RESULTS: There were no complications related to total parenteral nutrition administration. There was no statistical difference in total complications between those who did and those who did not receive total parenteral nutrition. However, there was a trend (P < 0.073) for the total parenteral nutrition group to return to nutritional baseline quicker. A significant increase in transferrin (P < 0.0082) and prealbumin (P < 0.015) depletion occurred in the patients who did not receive total parenteral nutrition. The anterior/posterior-same-day patients receiving total parenteral nutrition had more major complications (P < 0.033) and significantly more total protein depletion (P < 0.018) than the anterior/posterior-staged patients receiving total parenteral nutrition, possibly because the anterior/posterior-staged group received significantly more days(P < 0.0155) of total parenteral nutrition than the anterior/posterior-same-day group. In controlling for the number of days of total parenteral nutrition, no significant difference between type of surgery and complications was found. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of postoperative total parenteral nutrition to patients with spinal deformity is safe. No statistical reduction in complications occurred in the total parenteral nutrition group despite a trend toward more rapid normalization of nutritional parameters and a decrease in postoperative nutritional depletion. The anterior/posterior-staged group with the administration of total parenteral nutrition had a lower overall complication rate and a decreased incidence of postoperative nutritional depletion than the one-stage reconstruction group. The difference in the complication rates between the two groups may relate as much to the staging as to the administration of total parenteral nutrition per se. For certain cases it may be more advisable to stage patients and deliver total parenteral nutrition than to manage the cases in a continuous (i.e., same-day) fashion.     

The incidence of septic complications in newborns on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is not affected by feeding route

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of enteral and total parenteral feeding on septic complications in neonates on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). METHODS: Ninety-six neonates were on ECMO between January 1992 and February 1998. Matching for diagnosis and exclusion of neonates with sepsis before ECMO or undergoing surgery on ECMO left 16 enterally fed neonates (cases) and 35 parenterally fed neonates (controls) for analysis. Septic complications were scored using the criteria of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the American College of Chest Physicians adapted to children. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable with respect to gestational age, sex, and age at initiation of ECMO. The frequency of septic complications did not differ between cases and controls: no complications, 75% versus 69%; systemic inflammatory response syndrome, 13% versus 6%; bacteremia, 6% versus 14%; sepsis, 6% versus 11%. There were no complications associated with enteral feeding. The ECMO run was significantly longer in the case group (median, 161 v. 111 hours; P =.01) and mortality rate was lower in the case group (0 v. 14%; P =.17). CONCLUSIONS: Enteral nutrition does not affect the risk of sepsis in neonates on ECMO when compared with total parenteral nutrition. Enteral nutrition is well tolerated and not associated with adverse effects.     

Enteral nutrition and surgical patient

Enteral nutrition can be applicated alone or in combination with parenteral nutrition. Enteral feeding should be applicated as early as possible in preoperative preparation or in postoperative period in respect of contraindications and everyday evaluation of patients. Immunomodulatory substances like arginine, 3-omega-fat acids, ribonucleic acid and glutamine are incorporated in "ready to use" solution for enteral feeding. Enteral feedings oral or via tubes are safe if some precautions are taken: like sitting position and control of feeding tubes position. Use of jejunostomy and promotility agents improved enteral feeding after major abdominal surgery and acute pancreatitis. Enteral feeding and immunonutrition improved postoperative course in reduction of hospital stay, incidence of postoperative complications especially infections. The aim of this review article is to validate pro and con for enteral nutrition in preoperative and postoperative course.     

Complications of pancreatic surgery and the role of perioperative nutrition.

BACKGROUND: According to international guidelines, artificial nutrition may be indicated after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). This clinical study was designed to evaluate whether the route of administration and the composition of the postoperative nutritional support could affect outcome. METHODS: One hundred patients who underwent PD for cancer of the pancreatic head were prospectively studied. Patients were randomized to receive a standard enteral formula (SEN; n = 35) or immunonutrition with an enteral formula enriched with arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, and RNA (IEN group; n = 33), or total parenteral nutrition (TPN; n = 32). Postoperative feeding was started within 12 h after surgery. The three regimens were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Tolerance of enteral feeding, rate and severity of postoperative complications, and length of hospital stay (LOS) were evaluated. RESULTS: Full nutritional goal (25 kcal/kg) was achieved in 84% of enterally fed patients versus 96% in the parenteral group (p = NS). The rate of postoperative complications was lower in the IEN group (33%) than in the SEN (40%) and TPN groups (59%). The severity of infectious complications (sepsis score) was lower in the IEN (5.5) than the SEN (7.9) and TPN groups (10.4; p < 0.05). LOS was shorter in the IEN than in the SEN and TPN groups (16.3 vs. 17.8 vs. 19.3 days, respectively; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing PD the established nutritional goal can be obtained by enteral feeding. Immunonutrition seems to improve outcome.     

Benefits of immediate jejunostomy feeding after major abdominal trauma--a prospective, randomized study

Benefits of immediate postinjury nutritional support remain ill defined. Seventy-five consecutive patients undergoing emergent celiotomy with an abdominal trauma index (A.T.I.) greater than 15 were randomized prospectively to a control group (no supplemental nutrition during first 5 days) or enteral-fed group. The enteral patients had a needle catheter jejunostomy (N.C.J.) placed at laparotomy with the constant infusion of an elemental diet (Vivonex HN) begun at 18 hours and advanced to 3,000 ml/day (3,000 kcal, 20 gm N2) within 72 hours. Control and enteral-fed groups were comparable with respect to demographic features, trauma mechanism, shock, colon injury, splenectomy, A.T.I., and initial nutritional assessment. Twenty (63%) of the enteral patients were maintained on the elemental diet greater than 5 days; four (12%) needed total parenteral nutrition (T.P.N.). Nine (29%) of the control patients required T.P.N. Nitrogen balance was markedly improved (p less than 0.001) in the enteral-fed group. Although visceral protein markers and overall complication rate were not significantly different, septic morbidity was greater (p less than 0.025) in the control group (abdominal infection in seven and pneumonia in two) compared to the enteral-fed patients (abdominal abscess in three). Analysis of patients with A.T.I. 15-40 disclosed sepsis in seven (26%) of the control versus one (4%) of the enteral-fed group (p less than 0.01). Our clinical experience demonstrates the feasibility of immediate postoperative enteral feeding via N.C.J. after major abdominal trauma, and suggests this early nutrition reduces septic complications in critically injured patients.     

胰十二指肠切除术后肠内外营养治疗的临床研究

目的 研究胰十二指肠切除术后肠内外营养治疗与单独肠外营养治疗对患者营养状态改善、手术并发症发病率、卫生经济学指标等的影响.方法 回顾性分析哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院胰胆外科2010年1月-2015年8月收治的胰头癌及壶腹周围癌行胰十二指肠切除术的病例资料.依据术后营养治疗方式分为肠内外营养组(治疗组)与单独肠外营养组(对照组),对比观察两组患者术后营养相关性指标、肝肾功能指标、手术并发症发病率、住院时间及费用等.结果 (1)符合纳入标准治疗组207例,对照组92例;两组患者在术前NRS评分、手术方式、术后病理类型及术前各项临床指标间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)术后总胆红素治疗组较对照组下降快(△TB1.10),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与术后第1天比较,术后第7天和第10天前白蛋白水平治疗组较对照组恢复快(△PA7.1,△PA10.1),但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(3)手术并发症(胰瘘、出血、腹腔感染及胃排空障碍)发病率治疗组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(4)治疗组和对照组患者平均住院时间分别为(28±11)d和(32±18)d,中位住院时间分别为26 d、29 d,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).住院总费用治疗组与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 与单独肠外营养治疗方法比较,肠内外营养治疗有利于肝功能恢复,缩短住院时间,并且未增加术后并发症发病率,但在改善术后营养状态方面两者无显著差异.     

腹部大手术后早期肠内与肠外营养随机对照研究

20例腹部大手术病人随机分为两组。术后1~8天分别接受肠内营养和肠外营养。结果发现:肠内营养组体重丢失明显少于肠外营养组;日均氮平衡明显高于肠外营养组;血清总蛋白、白蛋白及转铁蛋白水平与肠外营养组相比无明显差别;术后并发症明显少于肠外营养组;治疗费用明显低于肠外营养组。以上结果表明术后早期肠内营养与肠外营养相比安全可靠、简便易行、疗效优良、费用低廉,值得在临床上应用。     

Nutritional support after open liver resection: a systematic review

BACKGROUND: Perioperative nutrition in patients with limited liver function after partial hepatic resection is still controversial. In particular, the significance of perioperative total enteral nutrition remains unresolved. The aim of this review is to investigate the impact of early postoperative total enteral nutrition on convalescence after partial liver resection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In an internet-based Medline-Search (time course: 1960-08/2005) a total of five prospective, randomized controlled trials were found comparing the impact of enteral and parenteral nutrition after liver resection. After study validity had been established, a systematic review was undertaken (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval, p < 0.05 level of significance; Review Manager 4.2, The Cochrane Collaboration). Primary endpoints were complication rate (infection, organ malfunction) and mortality. Standardized immune parameters were also surveyed. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed that enteral nutrition resulted in a significantly lower rate (p = 0.04) of wound infection and catheter-related complications than parenteral nutrition did. No statistically significant differences in mortality due to enteral or parenteral nutrition could be found. Patients receiving enteral nutrition showed better postoperative immune competence. CONCLUSION: Early enteral nutrition after liver resection is a safe procedure. Compared to parenteral nutrition it is associated with a decreased incidence of postoperative complications. Facing the inhomogeneity of these trials, especially in nutrition protocols and end points, this first systematic review stresses the need for an update of the importance of early enteral nutrition after liver resection within randomized controlled multicenter trials.     

A comparison of parenteral nutrition and early postoperative enteral feeding on the nitrogen balance after major surgery

The nitrogen balance in 28 patients undergoing aortic grafting for aneurysm or occlusive disease was studied. Patients were randomized to receive after surgery either standard intravenous fluids (group 1), parenteral nutrition (group 2), or early postoperative enteral feeding (group 3). The mean daily negative nitrogen balance was 11.22 gm in group 1, 4.20 gm in group 2, and 4.14 gm in group 3. The difference between group 1 and groups 2 and 3 was highly significant (p less than 0.001), but there was no significant difference between groups 2 and 3. It is concluded that early postoperative enteral feeding can be as effective as parenteral nutrition in reducing the negative nitrogen balance induced by major surgery.     

Early enteral feeding for burned patients--an effective method which should be encouraged in developing countries

A randomized control trial was conducted to investigate impact of early enteral feeding on immune, metabolic aspects and outcomes of 82 severe burned patients admitting to National Institute of Burns, Hanoi, Vietnam from November 2003 to November 2004. Fourty-one patients were in early enteral group and 41 patients were in total parenteral nutrition group. Blood samples were collected at admission and 7th day postburn to determine plasma level of IgG, IgM, insulin, corrtisol and blood absolute number of TCD4, TCD8. Intestinal chyme was drawn through a weighted feeding tube to determine intestinal secreted IgA. Results showed that, at the 7th day after burn, both humoral and cellular immunology recovered faster in enteral nutrition group as compared to total parenteral group (p<0.05). In the early enteral nutrition group, after 1 week, plasma concentration of cortisol decreased from 599.70 to 437nmol/l and that of insulin increased from 12.07 to 30.34micromol/ml. Vice versa, in the control group the change was in the reverse direction (p<0.01). Overall complication decreased in the enteral nutrition group in comparison with parenteral group. Finally, mortality was significantly lower in early enteral nutrition group as compared to the parenteral group (14.65% and 36.58%, respectively). In conclusion, early enteral nutrition after burn has positive effects on immune and metabolic function, and reduces complication as well as death rate.     

食管癌术后早期肠内肠外营养的对比研究

目的 探讨食管癌术后早期肠内营养（EN）与肠外营养（PN）对息者营养状况的改善及并发症发生率的影响。方法将106例食管癌根治手术的患者随机分为早期EN组和PN组，手术后第1天开始分别给予营养支持1周，于术前1d、术后8d检测体重、血常规、肝功能，并观察并发症的发生率。结果EN组体重、红细胞数、血红蛋白、白蛋白及转氨酶下降幅度少于PN组，两组比较P〈0．01，差异有统计学意义。EN组息者无吻合口瘘发生，肺部感染发生率为5．7％，胸腔积液发生率为3．8％，无切口愈合不良者；PN组患者吻合口瘘发生率5．7％，肺部感染发生率28．3％，胸腔积液发生率15．1％，切口愈合不良发生率7．6％；丽组比较P〈0．05，差异有统计学意义。结论术后早期EN比PN对食管癌营养状况的改善更好，并发症发生率更低。     

老年患者腹部手术后肠内营养支持的效果观察

目的:探讨肠内营养(EN)支持对老年腹部手术患者恢复情况、实验室指标的影响.方法:对238例老年腹部手术患者随机分为EN组和肠外营养(PN)组,营养支持为7～9 d.观察两组患者术后恢复和并发症情况,检测所有患者术前和出院前白蛋白(PA),白蛋白( ALB),球蛋白(GLO)和血红蛋白(Hb)以及淋巴细胞数等实验室指标.结果:EN组患者排气时间、下床活动时间、引流管拔除时间、术后住院时间和并发症的发生率均低于PN组,且差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);出院前,EN组患者PA,ALB,GLO,Hb以及淋巴细胞数等实验室指标均较术前有所增加,并且均明显高于PN组(P＜0.05);EN组术后并发症发生率低于PN组,差异有统计学意义(x2=8.279,P=0.004).结论:老年腹部手术患者应用EN支持后,可以有效改善机体营养状态和免疫功能,促进术后康复,减少并发症.     

Prophylactic tube jejunostomy: A worthwhile undertaking

Purpose The status of tube jejunostomy for feeding after major gastrointestinal and pancreatobiliary surgery is being questioned because of concerns about procedure-related complications. This has led to a trend away from performing routine prophylactic tube jejunostomy. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 120 consecutive patients who underwent prophylactic tube jejunostomy as part of major gastrointestinal or pancreatobiliary surgery within a 2-year period at a tertiary referral center. The primary end-points were procedure-related morbidity and mortality. We also performed a subset analysis of the duration of enteral feeds and the need for parenteral nutrition (PN) in patients with complications related to the index surgery. Results There was no procedure-related mortality or major morbidity. Eight patients (6.7%) required supplementation with PN because enteral feeding failed to achieve the nutritional target. Patients who suffered complications required nutritional support for significantly longer (10.8 days vs 6.4 days; P < 0.001). The nutritional goal of 25 kcal/kg per day was attained with tube jejunostomy feeding in 82 (93%) of 84 patients without complications and in 30 (83%) of 36 patients with complications (P = 0.180). Conclusions Prophylactic tube jejunostomy is safe and can be performed with low procedure-related morbidity. When postoperative complications result in delayed or inadequate oral intake, nutritional requirements can be met through tube jejunostomy feeds.     

三种不同肠内营养支持方案对胃癌胃切除病人预后影响的比较

目的比较三种不同肠内营养支持方案对胃癌胃切除病人临床结局的影响。方法纳入90例术前营养风险筛查无风险的胃癌胃切除病人,围术期分别接受三种不同肠内营养支持方案,回顾性分析三种方案的营养支持效果、不良反应,以及术后住院时长、术后并发症发生率等指标。将90例病人分为A、B、C三组,A组(肠道预适应组):术前常规进食+术前口服、术后管饲整肠内营养混悬液[整蛋白-中链三酰甘油(TP-MCT)];B组(整蛋白组):术前常规进食、术后管饲肠内营养混悬液(TP-MCT);C组(短肽组):术前常规进食、术后管饲肠内营养混悬液[短肽(SP)]。比较三组病人术前及术后第1、7天营养指标(白蛋白、总白蛋白、前白蛋白);术前及术后第7天人体测量指标:体重、体质量指数、上臂围、三头肌皮褶厚度、上臂肌围,人体成分指标以及术前及术后第1、3、7天胰岛素抵抗指标(血糖、血清胰岛素、胰岛素敏感指数)。同时观察比较三组并发症的发生情况、术后肠功能恢复时间、恢复流质饮食时间、耐受经口进食时间、术后住院时长。结果三组病人术后营养相关指标、胰岛素抵抗指标,以及术后住院时长差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。A组术后腹胀例数显著低于B组(P<0.05),与C组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),C组腹胀例数与B组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组术后感染例数显著低于B组(P<0.05),C组感染例数与B组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组与C组术后胃瘫例数显著低于B组(P<0.05),A组与C组间差异无统计学意义;A组与C组术后恢复经口进食时间显著早于C组(P<0.05),A组与C组间差异无统计学意义。结论三种营养支持方案在改善术后营养状况以及住院时长方面差异无统计学意义。对于术前无营养风险的病人,术前3 d常规口服肠内营养混悬液(TP-MCT)行肠道预适应,能够减少术后腹胀等不良反应的发生,降低感染、胃瘫的发生率,尽早恢复病人经口进食,提高了病人术后使用肠内营养的依从性,有利于病人术后恢复。术前无肠道预适应病人,术后使用短肽型营养剂在不良反应、并发症的发生方面优于使用肠内营养混悬液(TP-MCT)。     

Nutrition support for patients after cardiopulmonary bypass: required modifications of the TPN solution.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to identify the unique metabolic characteristics of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery who require postoperative parenteral nutrition. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Patients undergoing CPB surgery occasionally develop postoperative complications that result in the need for nutrition support. Although enteral nutrition is generally the preferred feeding route, symptomatic hyperlipasemia has been described in critically ill CPB patients receiving enteral nutrition proximal to the ligament of Treitz. In such instances, enteral feeding must be temporarily discontinued or severely curtailed, thereby necessitating the initiation of parenteral nutrition for full or partial support. METHODS: The period from 1988 through 1993 during which time 4091 CPB procedures were performed was reviewed. Data were retrospectively collected on 208 (5%) of the patients who underwent CPB who developed postoperative complications that necessitated the initiation of parenteral nutrition (PN) support. A random sample of 79 patients who underwent CPB who did not require PN were selected as controls. RESULTS: Patients requiring PN after CPB were significantly older and had a higher prevalence of diabetes and metabolic complications, specifically volume overload, hyponatremia, metabolic alkalosis, uremia, and hyperglycemia, than those patients who did not require PN after CPB. In addition, patients requiring PN after CPB were significantly more hypotensive and required more vasopressive drugs during the first 24 to 48 hours after surgery than control patients. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with postoperative complications after CPB, PN is often necessary to correct the metabolic characteristics of overhydration, hyponatremia, uremia, hyperglycemia, and alkalosis.     

早期肠内营养和肠外营养对食管癌术后患者临床疗效的Meta分析

目的应用Meta分析法比较食管癌术后患者早期给予肠内营养(EN)和肠外营养(PN)的临床疗效。 方法通过计算机数据库检索PubMed、Embase、The Cochrane Library数据库,人工查找有关食管癌术后患者EN和PN支持治疗的随机对照试验,检索时限截至2018年1月。由两位作者按纳入、排除标准独立地筛选文献、提取资料和评价偏倚风险,再采用R软件的Meta包进行分析。 结果最终纳入15个随机对照试验,包括1 400例患者,其中EN组707例,PN组693例。Meta分析显示：与PN相比,EN能提高食管癌患者术后白蛋白(RBP)水平(平均值为2.11 g/L,95% CI：1.30～2.93,P<0.001)和视黄醇结合蛋白质水平(平均值为1.57 mg/L,95% CI：0.32～2.82, P<0.01),降低术后肺部感染发生率(RR＝0.40,95% CI：0.27～0.61,P<0.001)和切口感染发生率(RR＝0.38,95% CI：0.16～0.88,P＝0.024);但两组间术后前清白蛋白水平(平均值1.12 g/L,95% CI：－0.04～2.27,P＝0.058)、吻合口漏发生率(RR＝0.70,95% CI：0.43～1.13,P＝0.141)、总并发症发生率(RR＝0.84,95% CI：0.70～1.01,P＝0.061)比较差异无统计学意义。 结论食管癌术后早期给予EN,可以提高患者的营养状况,降低肺部感染和切口感染的发生率,但在吻合口漏的发生率上与PN相比无明显差别。     

胃癌术后早期的肠内营养支持

目的：观察胃癌术后患者早期给予肠内营养（EN）支持治疗的临床疗效.方法：肠外营养支持（PN）组术后每日行完全肠外营养支持直到经口进食.EN组术后第1 d以静脉支持为主,第2 d开始经空肠造瘘管滴入肠内营养制剂能全力,逐步加大支持强度并减少静脉支持.观察术后排气排便时间、并发症发生率、体重、血红蛋白（HGB）、血浆前白蛋白（PALB）和外周血淋巴细胞计数（LY）.结果：EN组术后排气、排便时间和术后平均住院时间均短于PN组.术后第7 d EN组各项指标的恢复速度均优于PN组.EN组术后并发症发生率为27.3%（3/11）,明显低于PN组54.6%（6/11）.结论：胃癌术后早期EN支持可促进小肠运动功能恢复,加快免疫和营养状态改善,降低了并发症的发生率.     

l-Alanin-l-glutamine supplementation improves the outcome after colorectal surgery for cancer

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of l-alanine-l-glutamine (Gln) on postoperative complication rate and duration of hospitalization in patients operated for colorectal cancer. METHOD: A total of 109 patients operated with the diagnosis of colorectal cancer and given enteral nutrition between January 2001 and January 2005 were prospectively analysed. The patients were randomized and analysed in two groups; Gln group (n = 57): patients were given parenteral Gln (1 g/kg/day, Dipeptiven, Fresenuis Kabi, Germany) together with enteral nutrition (Ensure; Abbott, Zwolle, The Netherlands) and the control group (n = 52) only received enteral nutrition (Ensure; Abbott), which was a standard isonitrogenous and isocaloric formula. The supplemental enteral nutrition was provided for at least 5 days pre- and postoperatively according to the nutritional status of the patients. Age, gender, subjective global assessment (SGA), body mass index (BMI), serum albumin, protein, associated disorders, localization of pathology, techniques of anastomosis, postoperative complications and length of hospital stay were analysed for each patient. RESULTS: The duration of nutritional support in the Gln group was 6 +/- 2 and 5 +/- 1 days pre- and postoperatively; while it was 7 +/- 1 and 6 +/- 1 days for the control group, and there were no significant difference among the groups (P > 0.05). Age, gender, SGA, BMI, levels of serum albumin and protein, localization of pathology and techniques of anastomosis were also similar (P > 0.05). Wound infection (P = 0.038), intraabdominal abcess formation (P = 0.044) and wound dehiscence (P = 0.044) were significantly higher in the control group than in the Gln group. There was no significant difference in terms of anastomotic leakage and other complications between both groups (P > 0.05). Hospital stay was significantly shorter in the Gln group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Supplementation of parenteral Gln decreased the postoperative complications and hospital stay and in the patients undergoing the colorectal surgery for cancer.