CO2气腹腹腔镜胆囊切除术后肩部疼痛原因及治疗

４５１例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者分为延长吸氧组、常规吸氧组、非消炎痛治疗组（Ｃ）组和消炎痛治疗组（Ｄ组）。研究了ＣＯ２气腹ＬＣ前列腺素（ＰＧ）变化和术后肩部疼痛关系。结果显示：Ａ组术后肩部疼痛发生率明显低于Ｂ组，Ｃ组高于Ｄ组，疗效比较有显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）。研究表明在高浓度ＣＯ２状态下，ＰＧＥ２合成增加，消炎痛能有效阻止ＰＧＥ２的生物合成，延长吸氧和口服消炎痛能显著改善术后肩部疼痛。     

Diaphragmatic movement using ultrasound during spontaneous and mechanical ventilation: effect of tidal volume.

Using ultrasound (US) the effect of various tidal volumes on the movement of ventral, dome and dorsal parts of the right hemidiaphragm was studied, both during spontaneous and mechanical ventilation. Six healthy non-medicated volunteers who were in the supine position breathed spontaneously shallowly (tidal volume (VT) being 400 ml) (SB), and deeply (VT 1000 ml) (SB-deep). In addition, they were mechanically ventilated with intermittent positive pressure ventilation at three different VT's: 500 ml (IPPV-500), 1000 ml (IPPV-1000) and 1700 ml (IPPV-1700). The maximal movement was recorded in the ventral part in 2 volunteers during SB, in 3 during SB-deep, and in 3 and 5 subjects during IPPV-500 and IPPV-1700, respectively. The movement in dome was 100% during SB (all others standardized to this), 303 +/- 107% during SB-deep, 82 +/- 30% during IPPV-500, 165 +/- 70% during IPPV-1000 and 266 +/- 153% during IPPV-1700. An increased tidal volume is associated with an increase in the diaphragmatic movement studied by US. However, a larger VT is needed during mechanical ventilation to achieve the same amount of change as occurred with deep spontaneous breathing.     

体重指数对全麻患者机械通气期间潮气量设置的影响

目的探讨体重指数对全麻患者机械通气期间潮气量设置的影响。方法 90例ASA分级I-Ⅱ级、年龄在20-60岁、拟行气管插管全麻下行择期手术的患者,分为轻体重组（L组,体重指数BMI〈18.5 kg/m^2,28例）,正常体重组（N组,18.5 kg/m^2≤BMI〈23 kg/m^2,32例）,超重或肥胖组（H组,BMI≥23 kg/m^2,30例）。3组患者在全麻气管插管后,调整潮气量,维持呼气末二氧化碳分压在35-45 mmHg,记录麻醉前（T0）、潮气量调整稳定后5 min（T1）、10 min（T2）、15 min（T3）、20 min（T4）、30 min（T5）、60 min（T6）的心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）、吸入潮气量（VTi）、呼出潮气量（VTe）、呼气末二氧化碳分压（PETCO2）、气道峰压（Ppeak）。结果 3组患者在T1-6各时间点MAP、HR、SpO2差异均无统计学意义。与N组和L组相比,H组各时间点的VTi、VTe均较低,Ppeak均较高（P〈0.05）;与L组相比,N组各时间点的VTi、VTe均较低,Ppeak均较高（P〈0.05）。H组各时间点的PETCO2要低于N组和L组（P〈0.05）,N组和L组的PETCO2差异无统计学意义。结论轻体重患者全麻机械通气期间所需要的潮气量要大于正常体重患者,超重和肥胖患者全麻机械通气期间所需要的潮气量要小于正常体重患者。BMI是患者全麻机械通气期间潮气量设置的重要参考指标。     

小儿腹腔镜阑尾切除术后疼痛的危险因素分析

目的:探讨小儿腹腔镜术后发生明显术后疼痛的影响因素,为患儿的适时镇痛治疗提供线索。方法:收集2012年1月~12月收治、确诊并行腹腔镜阑尾切除术(laparoscopic appendectomy,LA)的阑尾炎患儿57例,对发生明显术后疼痛的病例分布情况进行描述并对各时间点疼痛评估分数进行对比,同时对8个可能与LA术后明显疼痛的有关因素进行多因素logistic回归分析。结果:术后12 h明显术后疼痛人数最多,且其疼痛评估分数最高;术后12 h除与术后6 h相比P值为0.179,与其他时间点相比P值均<0.05。多因素logistic回归分析显示,影响LA明显术后疼痛的独立危险因素为CO2气腹特殊情况[即腹内压(intra-abdominal pressure,IAP)>16 mmHg和/或时间持续>1 h](OR为1.34,P<0.001)。结论:儿童LA术后发生明显术后疼痛与气腹条件异常有关,建议术中将气腹条件控制在适宜范围,术中经历气腹特殊情况的患儿应注重适宜的镇痛治疗。     

Evaluation of post operative shoulder tip pain in low pressure versus standard pressure pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

IntroductionInsufflation of carbon dioxide during laparoscopic cholecystectomy leads to postoperative shoulder tip pain. The origin of shoulder pain is commonly assumed to be due to overstretching of the diaphragmatic muscle fibres owing to a high carbon dioxide pressure.AimsTo study the frequency and intensity of post operative shoulder tip pain in laparoscopic cholecystectomy and compare low and standard pressure pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic cholecystectomy with respect to post operative shoulder tip pain.MethodsPatients admitted in the department of surgery for elective cholecystectomy were enrolled in the study. The patients were randomly allocated to two groups (group A and group B). In group A (n = 50), low pressure pneumoperitoneum (8 mm Hg) and in group B (n = 50), standard pressure pneumoperitoneum (14 mm Hg) was generated during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Postoperative shoulder tip pain was assessed at 4, 8 and 24 h after operation by the Visual Analogue Scale of Pain.Results14 patients (28%) in group B complained of post operative shoulder tip pain as compared to only 5 patients (10%) in group A. The mean intensity of post operative shoulder tip pain assessed by visual analogue scoring scale at 4, 8 and 24 h was less in group A as compared to group B, although statistical significance was seen only at 4 h. Analgesic requirements and the mean length of post operative stay in the hospital were also less in group A as compared to group B.ConclusionLow pressure laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LPLC) significantly decreases the frequency and intensity of postoperative shoulder tip pain. LPLC decreases the demand for postoperative analgesics, decreases postoperative hospital stay and hence improves the quality of life in the early stage of postoperative rehabilitation.     

Large tidal volume mechanical ventilation induces vascular dysfunction in rats

BACKGROUND: Experimental studies have shown that mechanical ventilation using high tidal volumes (V(T)) damages the lungs, causing pulmonary edema. We tested the hypothesis that high V(T) ventilation in rats induces major vascular dysfunction. METHODS: Healthy Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing (mean +/- SD) 340 +/- 15 g, were ventilated with either V(T) = 9 mL/kg and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) = 8 (n = 8) or V(T) = 35 mL/kg and PEEP = 0 (n = 8). The high V(T) used in the injurious ventilation group is in the V(T) range used in other studies to induce lung damage in a short period of time in rats. Lungs were removed for examination under light microscopy and vascular rings from the thoracic aorta were studied for isometric tension recording. RESULTS: Relaxations to acetylcholine (p < 0.001) and sodium nitroprusside (p < 0.05) and contractions to norepinephrine were markedly decreased (p < 0.001) in the high V(T) group, as compared with the low V(T) group. CONCLUSION: Injurious mechanical ventilation in normal rats is associated with vascular dysfunction characterized by decreased relaxation to an endothelium-dependent vasodilator and to a nitrous oxide donor and by decreased response to norepinephrine.     

不同压力CO2气腹对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后肩部疼痛发病影响的临床观察

目的研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (laparoscopiccholecystectomy ,LC)后肩部疼痛发生的原因、机理及防治方法。方法将 12 0例行LC的患者随机分为A、B、C组 ,每组 4 0例。气腹压力设定A组 10mmHg ,B组 12mmHg ,C组 14mmHg。观察 3组术前、术后的PaO2 、PaCO2 、动脉血 pH值以及术后 1、3、6、12、2 4、4 8、72、96h肩痛的发生率和疼痛程度 (视觉模拟评分 VAS)。结果术中CO2 用量C组较A组多 ,差异有显著意义 (F =11 38,P <0 0 5 )。C组术前、术后的PaO2 差值与A、B组术前、术后PaO2 差值相比较大 ,且差异有显著意义 (F =6 92 ,P <0 0 1)。随 3组气腹压力的增高 ,术后 3、12、2 4、4 8h肩痛发生率有增高趋势 (χ2 值分别为 2 36 6 ,2 32 4 ,2 72 9,2 340 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;其VAS评分也明显上升 (F =19 5 3,P <0 0 1)。结论LC术后肩痛的主要原因可能与人工气腹张力对膈肌的牵拉有关。在 10mmHg低压气腹下行LC ,可显著降低LC术后肩痛的发生率及疼痛程度。     

不同CO2气腹压力对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后肩痛的影响

目的研究不同CO2气腹压力对腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC术)后肩部疼痛的影响。方法将100例行LC术的患者随机分为两组,每组50例,分别设定气腹压力为1.2kPa(10mmHg)和2kPa(15mmHg)下行LC术。对比两组术后肩部疼痛发生率及程度。结果在1.2kPa下手术组,患者的术后肩部疼痛程度明显低于2kPa手术组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=22.698,P<0.05)。结论LC术后肩部疼痛的主要原因可能与人工气腹张力对膈肌牵拉刺激有关。在10mmHg低压气腹下行LC术,可显著降低LC术后肩部疼痛的发生率及程度。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术不同压力CO2气腹对气腹存留时限及肩部疼痛的影响

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)不同压力CO2气腹对气腹存留时限及肩部疼痛的影响,探讨LC术后气腹存留时限的影响因素及肩部疼痛的原因.方法 2002年4～10月连续观察69例LC,随机分为A、B、C 3组,每组23例.气腹压力设定A组10mm Hg,B组12mm Hg,C组14mm Hg.对69例LC术后进行连续胸部X线平片观察膈下游离气体,测量术后24h两侧膈下游离气体的长、高并计算残气量.采用视觉模拟评分(vision analogue score,VAS)观察3组术后1、3、6、12、24、48、72、96、120h肩部疼痛程度.结果 LC后气腹存留时限为(1.8±1.1)d,男女组气腹存留时限分别为(1.8±1.1)d和(1.7±1.0)d,2组比较无显著意义(H=0.013,P=0.911).3组术后24h膈下残气量及术后气腹存留时限差异无显著性(P＞0.05).逐步回归分析示lg(气腹存留时限)与术后24h膈下残气量呈正相关(r=0.616,P=0.006),与气腹时间呈负相关(r=-0.228,P=0.014),与年龄、体重、身高、手术时间及所用气体量无相关性.术后26例出现肩部疼痛,随着A、B、C 3组气腹压力的增高,发生肩部疼痛患者的VAS评分明显增高(F=9.635, P=0.000),术后24h肩部疼痛VAS评分与术后24 h右侧膈下残气量呈正相关(r=0.333,P=0.005),与气腹存留时限呈正相关(r=0.296,P=0.014).结论 LC术毕尽量将腹腔内CO2气体排净可缩短术后残气吸收时间.不同压力CO2气腹对LC术后残余的CO2气体量及气腹存留时限无明显影响.LC后肩部疼痛程度随气腹压增高有明显加重趋势,人工气腹引起膈肌的张力可能是造成肩部疼痛的重要原因.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术不同气腹持续时间对术后肩痛的影响

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊手术不同气腹持续时间对术后肩痛的影响。方法:于全身麻醉下为91例患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,气腹压力为12mm Hg,根据气腹时间分为3组,A组<1h;B组1~2h;C组>2h。记录术后清醒、拔管时间及术后3d内的肩痛情况,并让患者于术后12h、24h、48h、72h肩痛用视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale system,VAS)评分。结果:术后出现肩痛A组12例,B组10例,C组8例,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3组患者肩痛VAS评分差异无统计学意义。结论:不同气腹时间对术后肩痛的发生率和疼痛程度无影响。     

Left shoulder pain during meals: a rare complication after laparoscopic Toupet procedure in children

An uncommon complication of laparoscopic Toupet procedure is reported. A 13-year-old girl, with symptoms of gastro-esophageal reflux disease for many years, including esophagitis detected by gastro-esophageal endoscopy, underwent laparoscopic fundoplication. Ten days after the procedure, isolated episodes of pain localized to the left shoulder appeared during meals. No dysphagia, chest pain, or heartburn was associated with this pain. All explorations (including abdomino-thoracic computed tomography, endoscopy, barium meal, Ph-metry) were negative. Six months after the operation, symptoms remained identical. We hypothesized that the left wrap fixation on diaphragm could be causing the pain by traction during gastric filling. By laparoscopy, we cut just 1 stitch which fixed the wrap to the diaphragm. Three days after this procedure symptoms definitively disappeared with a current follow-up of 10 months.     

单肺通气时不同潮气量对呼吸功能的影响

目的 研究单肺通气(OLV)时不同潮气量时的综合评价.方法 60例右侧开胸左侧卧位非右肺全肺切除患者,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为A、B、C三组,每组20例.全麻后双肺通气(TLV)潮气量(VT)均为10 ml/kg,RR为12次/分,吸呼比(I∶E)为1∶2.OLV期间A组VT6ml/kg,B组VT 8 ml/kg,C组VT10 ml/kg,分别于OLV前(T1)及OLV后10 min(T2)、20 min(T3)、30 min(T4)采集动脉血及中心静脉血行实验室检查,并计算肺内分流量(Qs/Qt),同时监测气道压力并计算动态肺顺应性(Cdyn),监测PETCO2,并在T4时对三组患者进行综合评价.结果 与T1时比较,T2～T4时三组PaO2、Cdyn降低,PaCO2、Qs/Qt、Pmax、Pmean明显升高(P＜0.05).与B组比较,T2～T4时C组PaO2降低,Pmax、Pmean明显升高(P＜0.05).T4时B组综合评价最好.结论 OLV期间采用B组VT8 ml/kg相对较好.     

The effect of intraoperative bupivacaine administration on parenteral narcotic use after laparoscopic appendectomy

Background: Little is known about the effect that prophylactic administration of local anesthesia into surgical incisions has on pain and analgesic use after laparoscopic appendectomy. We examined how preemptive infiltration of a local anesthetic affected the use of parenteral narcotics after laparoscopic appendectomy. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 60 patients who underwent a laparoscopic appendectomy from January 2000 to April 2001 at our institution. We studied the association between prophylactic bupivacaine analgesia and patterns of postoperative parenteral narcotic use. Results: Of 46 patients who received intraoperative bupivacaine, 24 (52%) required postoperative parenteral narcotics as compared with 12 (86%) of 14 patients who did not receive bupivacaine (risk difference, 34%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10–51%; p = 0.02). After adjustment for other factors, the patients who received prophylactic bupivacaine were much less likely to receive parenteral narcotics during their postoperative hospital stay than the patients who did not receive prophylactic bupivacaine (odds ratio, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1–0.9; p = 0.03). Furthermore, the patients who received prophylactic bupivacaine required fewer doses (median number of doses, 0.5; interquartile range [IQR], 0–2) of parenteral narcotics postoperatively than those who did not receive bupivacaine (median, 2; IQR, 1–4; p value for comparison, 0.03). Conclusion: Intraoperative bupivacaine infiltrated locally into surgical wounds is associated with both a decreased need for postoperative parenteral narcotics and a reduced number of doses in patients who have undergone a laparoscopic appendectomy.     

腹腔镜手术后肩痛的原因及防治

腔镜术后患者发生肩痛的机制尚不完全明确,推测其发生的可能机制包括：碳酸对膈神经的直接刺激;气腹所导致的膈肌损伤和后续的炎症反应。发生肩痛的危险因素主要与手术时患者的体位、充气速度、手术时间、手术的类型、有无盆腔粘连、有无腹腔积血积液及个体因素相关。主要防治措施有充分排出腹腔内残余的CO2,膈神经区域阻滞,减少膈肌的损伤及非甾体抗炎药物（NSAID）的全面应用等。以上各种防治方法都存在不足,并有导致并发症发生的可能。腔镜术后发生肩痛尚有待进一步研究以明确其机制并获得简单可靠的治疗。     

人工气腹前腹腔灌洗对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后肩痛的疗效分析

目的比较腹腔充入CO₂气体建立人工气腹前、后不同时间段进行腹腔灌洗,对腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）术后肩痛的疗效。 方法选择2016年3月至2018年6月南方医科大学附属小榄医院诊治的LC患者120例,按照数字表法随机分为A、B、C组,每组40例。A组为对照组,术后尽量吸尽膈下气体关腹,不进行腹腔灌洗;B组术后用温生理盐水（37.5℃的0.9%氯化钠溶液）进行腹腔灌洗;C组为充入CO₂气腹前先进行膈下温生理盐水灌洗,术后再次行腹腔灌洗。比较3组患者术后6、12、24、48 h的术后肩痛评分（VAS）和中、重度肩痛发生率。 结果3组患者在术后48 h不同时间点的肩痛VAS评分比较及两两比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）,其中C组的肩痛程度最轻。A、B、C组患者中、重度肩痛发生率分别为27.5%（11/40）、7.5%（3/40）、2.5%（1/40）,整体比较差异有统计学意义（χ²=12.708,P=0.002）,其中A组发生率显著高于B组和C组（χ²=4.242、7.941,P=0.039、0.005）,而B、C两组发生率差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.263,P=0.608）。 结论温生理盐水灌洗腹腔可明显降低LC术后疼痛的发生率和减轻术后肩痛的强度,其中人工气腹前灌洗温生理盐水的患者术后发生肩痛程度最轻。