肠内、肠外营养对术后病人肠通透性等影响的随机、对照、多中心临床研究

目的对比肠内、肠外营养对术后病人肠通透性等的影响。方法食道和胃肠道疾病需手 术患者为研究对象。随机、对照、多中心临床研究,按随机表进入研究组及对照组,两组为等氮等热卡营养。研究计划经伦理委员会批准。所有病人均知情同意参加。结果安全性两组均无严重不良事件,但对照组有5例肝功损害,研究组有2例肝功损害(P=0.49)。替代(surrogateefficacy)有效性终点指标(1)血浆谷氨酰胺(GLN)的变化研究组术前(576.1±73.6)μmol/L,术后(538.4±78.6)μmol/L,对照组术前(537.0±99.5)μmo/L,术后(423.0±69.0)μmo/L,差值(Delta,△)对比有显著性意义(P＝0．0029)。(2)肠通透性(乳果糖/甘露醇比值)对比研究组乳果糖/甘露醇比值增加0.018±0.014,对照组乳果糖/甘露醇比值增加0.043±0.022,差值(Delta,△)对比有显著性意义(P=0．0001)。(3)前白蛋白的变化研究组术前(22.2±7.1)mg/dl,术后(25.0±6.4)mg/dl,对照组术前(22.5±4.0)mg/dl,术后(22.8±6.4)mg/dl,差值(Delta,△)对比无显著性意义(P=0.14)。两组营养药费对比(6天)研究组(675±108)天(人民币),对照组(1934±665)元(人民币),两组相比差异有显著性意义(P＝0．0001)。结论等氮等热卡的基础上,肠内营养比肠外营养具有较高的血浆谷氨酰胺水平,较少肠通透性升高,较少费用。     

营养支持途径对人体组成影响的随机对照研究

目的用随机对照方法比较肠内和肠外营养支持途径对术后患者人体组成的影响。方法60例符合入选标准的择期手术患者参加本研究,按入组序号和随机表分别进入研究组(肠内途径)或对照组(肠外途径)。在等氮(0.18g·kg-1·d-1)和等能量(25kcal·kg-1·d-1)穴1kcal=4.18kJ雪摄入条件下,于手术前1天及手术后第12天测定总体水穴TBW雪、总体脂肪穴TBF雪、非脂肪组织穴FFM雪、体重指数、三头肌皮褶厚度、上臂围、上臂肌围和握力。结果穴1雪TBF:研究组术后较术前降低(-0.91±1.50)kg,而对照组升高(1.54±1.84)kg,两组比较具有显著性差异(P=0.001);穴2雪TBW:术后研究组和对照组分别降低(-0.20±1.40)kg和(-2.40±2.34)kg,两组比较对照组降低更为显著(P=0.002);穴3雪FFM:术后研究组和对照组分别降低(-0.27±1.92)kg和(-3.28±3.19)kg,两组比较对照组降低更为显著(P=0.002)。结论与肠内营养组比较,肠外营养组术后总体脂肪显著增加,而非脂肪组织的减少更为明显。     

围手术期应用肠内营养及抗生素对食管癌患者术后肠道菌群的影响

目的 通过测定食管癌术后患者部分肠道菌群的数量,反映不同抗生素及肠内、肠外营养应用方案对肠道菌群平衡的影响.方法 采用随机数字表法将60例食管癌患者随机分成6组,每组患者在围手术期分别接受6种不同的抗生素及肠内外营养干预方案:抗生素应用3d+术前、术后肠内营养(B组);抗生素应用3d+术前肠外营养、术后肠内营养(C组);抗生素应用3d+术前、术后肠外营养(D组);抗生素应用7d+术前、术后肠内营养(E组);抗生素应用7d+术前肠外营养、术后肠内营养(F组);抗生素应用7d+术前、术后肠外营养(G组).采用光冈菌群测定法检测患者术后第1次粪便中拟杆菌、双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、肠杆菌及肠球菌数量.以健康成年人作为对照组,比较各组菌群数量及双歧杆菌与肠杆菌比值(B/E值)的差异,并观察术后1个月内患者的并发症发生率.结果 B组双歧杆菌[(10.59±0.39)比(10.88±0.10) lg10n/ml,P=0.186]、乳酸杆菌[(8.59±0.31)比(8.72±0.22) lg10n/ml,P=0.534]、肠杆菌[(8.43±0.50)比(8.67 ±0.24) lg10n/ml,P=0.266]、肠球菌[(7.40±0.61)比(7.78±0.16) lg10n/ml,P=0.111]及B/E值[(1.2589±0.0644)比(1.2560±0.0330),P=0.825]与对照组的差异均无统计学意义.C、D、E、F、G组的拟杆菌[(11.08±0.48),P=0.139; (9.23±0.42),P=0.000; (10.80±0.26),P=0.004; (10.24±0.45),P=0.000;(8.05±0.53),P=0.000比(11.36±0.48) lg10n/ml]、双歧杆菌[(10.19±0.49),P=0.062; (9.00±0.52),P=0.000; (9.31±0.45),P=0.000; (8.47±0.56),P=0.000; (6.99±0.56),P=0.000比(10.59±0.39) lg10n/ml]、乳酸杆菌[(7.99±0.58),P=0.006; (6.84±0.47),P=0.000; (7.72±0.35),P=0.000; (6.93±0.43),P=0.000; (5.93±0.76),P=0.000比(8.59±0.31) lg10n/ml]、肠杆菌[(8.19 ±0.43),P=0.258;(7.93±0.60),P=0.020;(7.47±0.43),P=0.000; (6.90±0.42),P=0.000; (6.58±0.57),P=0.000比(8.43±0.50) lg10n/ml]、肠球菌[(6.90±0.54),P=0.037;(5.89±0.68),P=0.000;(6.20±0.52),P=0.000;(5.91±0.39),P=0.000;(5.14±0.58),P=0.000比(7.40±0.61) lg10n/ml]数量较B组均减少.D及G组B/E值较对照组显著降低(1.1433±0.1350,P=0.025; 1.0706±0.1413,P=0.000比1.2560±0.0330).各组肺部感染(x2=3.647,P=0.601)及吻合口瘘发生率(x2=5.000,P=0.416)的差异均无统计学意义.结论 术前3d及术后积极应用肠内营养有益于肠道微生态平衡;术后长时间应用抗生素易造成菌群失调.     

静脉谷氨酰胺双肽强化的肠内营养对肝脏移植术后患者临床结局的影响:前瞻性、随机对照临床研究

目的评价静脉谷氨酰胺双肽强化的肠内营养对肝脏移植患者临床结局的改善。方法2002年12月~2004年3月华西医院肝脏移植中心接受首次肝脏移植的患者按随机表进入研究组或对照组,两组患者分别接受静脉谷氨酰胺双肽增强的肠内营养治疗和等氮等热卡肠外营养治疗。所有患者均知情同意,研究方案经医院伦理委员会批准。记录术后死亡例数、感染例数、住院时间及费用。结果符合全部纳入标准的30例患者进入研究,研究组和对照组各15例,对照组和研究组各有2例患者未完成研究。对照组4例死亡,研究组无死亡,两组死亡率的差异无显著性,但死亡风险倾向于对照组(P=0.096)。对照组10例感染,研究组6例感染,差异有倾向性(P=0.103)。研究组术后住院时间为(22.7±12.0)天,对照组为(34.8±10.6)天,差值为(-21.6±8.8)天,差异有显著性(P=0.011)。研究组的术后住院费用(148534±38220)元,显著少于对照组(230281±85146)元,差值为(-81747±25885)元,差异有显著性(P=0.006)。结论静脉谷氨酰胺双肽增强的肠内营养与标准肠外营养比较,能减少住院时间,降低术后住院费用,有降低术后感染的倾向性。谷氨酰胺双肽增强的肠内营养可能是一种有效的肝移植术后营养治疗方案。     

低氮低热量肠外营养与肠内营养对胃癌患者炎性因子与免疫因子的影响

目的 探讨低氮低热量肠外营养与肠内营养对胃癌患者炎性因子与免疫因子的影响。方法 选择2018年1月—2019年2月于我院接受胃癌根治术治疗的87例患者进行研究,以随机数字表法进行组别划分,其中对照组44例,研究组43例。对照组接受全胃肠外营养支持治疗,研究组则采取低氮低热量肠外营养与肠内营养支持治疗。观察对比两组术前1 d与术后7 d时营养指标(前白蛋白、转铁蛋白)、免疫因子(免疫球蛋白IgM、IgA、IgG)与炎性因子指标的变化。结果 术后研究组胃癌患者前白蛋白(282.2±18.9)mg/L与转铁蛋白(1.7±0.2)g/L,高于对照组(197.5±20.6)mg/L、(1.1±0.2)g/L(t=5.856,5.086,P=0.018,0.020)。术后研究组胃癌患者IgM(1.9±0.5)g/L、IgA(2.6±0.4)g/L、IgG(14.4±3.0)g/L指标均高于对照组(1.5±0.4)g/L、(2.1±0.5)g/L、(12.5±5.6)g/L(t=4.866,4.540,5.856,P<0.05)。术后研究组胃癌患者TNF-α(36.5±10.0)ng/L、CRP(108.6±15.5)mg/L 指标低于对照组(50.6±8.9)ng/L、(135.6±10.5)(t=4.856,6.056,P<0.05),IL-2指标(65.4±7.0)ng/L高于对照组(57.6±5.9)ng/L(t=5.356,P<0.05)。结论 低氮低热量肠外营养与肠内营养能够有效调节胃癌手术患者的炎症因子与免疫因子,强化术后营养状态,值得临床推广。     

肠内或肠外营养对术后患者肝功能、肠通透性、血谷氨酰胺的影响及费用比较(120例随机、对照、多中心临床研究)

目的按照随机对照方法对比肠内营养对术后患者肝功能、肠通透性、血谷氨酰胺及费用等影响,以传统肠外营养作为对照。方法120例符合临床入选标准的食管和胃手术患者。按随机表进入研究组(接受肠内营养)或对照组(接受肠外营养)。研究计划经伦理委员会通过,所有患者均知情同意。在等氮、等热量摄入条件下对比氮平衡(包括大便氮排出量分析)、肝功能、肠通透性、血谷氨酰胺及费用等。数据用统计软件先做正态分布检查,按情况用ANOVA卡方或Wilcoxon分析。结果肝功能:对照组术后有4例患者肝转氨酶一过性升高,研究组无,组间无显著性差异(P=0.13)。氮平衡:研究组的6天累积氮平衡+93.2±149.2mg/kg,对照组的6天累积氮平衡+58.5±183.6mg/kg,无显著性差异(P=0.26)。两组血浆谷氨酰胺(GLN)水平,研究组术后与术前差值-4.0±67.6μmol/L,对照组术后与术前差值-50.3±69.2μmol/L,有显著性差异(P=0.0003)。肠粘膜通透性:研究组术后乳果糖/甘露醇比值上升0.01±0.016,对照组上升0.021±0.025,对照组上升明显为多(P=0.004)。研究组术后住院日(14.2±4.8)天,对照组术后住院日(16.3±7.7)天,对照组比研究组长2天,组间无显著性差异(P=0.07)。营养药费研究组(701±125)元(人民币),对照组(2721±560)元(人民币),组间有显著差异(     

围手术期营养支持在胰十二指肠切除术病人的临床应用

目的:比较胰十二指肠切除术病人围手术期肠内营养(EN)与肠外营养(PN)支持的效果. 方法:60例胰十二指肠切除捆绑式胰肠吻合术后病人随机分为全肠内营养(TEN)组和完全胃肠外营养(TPN)两组,每组各30例.手术前3 d开始给予营养支持,TEN组口服百普素,术后24 h内开始经空肠造口管输注;TPN组术前3 d开始经腔静脉置管行PN支持,术后24 h恢复TPN支持,两组营养支持时间均为14 d. 结果:两组病人均完成营养支持计划,未发生吻合口瘘和腹腔感染.两组病人术后的体质量、体质指数、上臂周径均较术前略低,但组间比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05).两组病人血清蛋白水平在手术后均有明显下降,TPN组下降更明显,组间比较有显著性意义(P＜0.05).TPN组术后谷酰转肽酶和乳酸脱氢酶高于TEN组.术后监测氮平衡1周,两组均表现为负氮平衡.TEN、TPN组肠功能恢复时间分别为(2.5±0.5) d和(3.0±0.5) d(P＜0.05).术后排便时间分别为(4.0±1.0) d和(6.0±1.0) d(P＜0.01).两组病人住院天数无显著性差异(P＞0.05),但TEN组伤口愈合情况优于TPN组(P＜0.05),平均住院费用/药物费用TEN、TPN组分别为11 206/4 502元、15 430/7 500元(P＜0.05). 结论:对胰十二指肠切除术病人,术前3 d及术后早期行EN,可改善营养状况,降低蛋白质分解,促进肠功能恢复,符合生理需求.     

益生菌联合早期肠内营养支持对于胃癌病人术后康复的影响

目的:研究益生菌联合早期肠内营养支持治疗对于胃癌病人术后康复过程的影响.方法:回顾性分析2019年1月至2021年2月于无锡市第二人民医院接受胃癌根治术的病人共80例,分为对照组(n=40)和研究组(n=40).对照组予以单纯早期肠内营养支持,研究组予以益生菌联合早期肠内营养支持,观察比较两组病人术后营养与炎症指标、肠道菌群、肠道功能恢复情况之间的差异.结果:经过营养治疗后,研究组与对照组病人血清营养指标总蛋白、前白蛋白与白蛋白水平之间无明显差异(P＞0.05),但是研究组血清炎症反应指标C反应蛋白(t=3.924,P＜0.001)、白细胞介素6(t=5.269,P＜ 0.001)与肿瘤坏死因子α(t=3.251,P=0.002)水平均显著低于对照组;研究组营养治疗后肠道内双歧杆菌(t=4.048,P＜0.001)、乳酸杆菌(t=2.362,P=0.021)与肠球菌(t=2.412,P=0.018)水平均显著高于对照组.此外,研究组术后首次排气时间(t=5.589,P＜0.001),首次排便时间(=3.851,P＜ 0.001),恢复经口饮食时间(t=4.717,P＜0.001)均显著短于对照组.结论:益生菌联合早期肠内营养支持能够改善肠道菌群失衡,减轻术后炎症反应,同时促进肠道功能的恢复,有利于胃癌病人的术后康复.     

家庭肠内营养支持的护理与管理

0引言 家庭营养支持(home nutrition support,HNS)是指病人在家庭中接受营养支持治疗,包括家庭肠内营养(home enteral nutrition,HEN)和家庭肠外营养(home parenteral nutrition,HPN).随着医学技术的发展,尤其是肠内营养制剂和置管技术的发展,使越来越多的病人能够在家庭中接受营养支持治疗.     

结直肠癌病人腹腔镜术后早期肠内营养的临床研究

目的:探讨结直肠癌腹腔镜手术和剖腹手术术后早期肠内营养(EEN)支持的效果和肠功能的恢复情况,并观察其安全性.方法:将32例结直肠癌病人随机分为两组,即剖腹组行剖腹手术;腹腔镜组行腹腔镜手术,每组16例.所有病人于术后第1天起给予同样肠内营养,并逐量增加,共6 d,前4 d同时给予肠外营养.观察肝肾功能、血脂、前清蛋白(PA)、肠功能恢复时间、消化道症状和各种相关并发症的发生情况等.结果:腹腔镜组较剖腹组术后肠功能恢复时间显著提前(P＝0.002).两组高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、胆固醇和谷丙转氨酶经营养支持后与术前比均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).剖腹组肌酐、尿素氮术前和营养支持后比有显著性差异(P＝0.002,P＝0.012).剖腹组清蛋白营养支持后显著低于术前(P＝0.001),两组营养支持后清蛋白和总蛋白剖腹组显著低于腹腔镜组(P=0.004,P=0.031).结论:结直肠癌病人术后EEN支持,有利于营养状况恢复,是安全、合理的营养支持途径.在EEN治疗下腹腔镜组在营养状况和肠功能恢复上较剖腹组有明显优势.     

营养环境与人群营养素摄入水平的相关性

完善了营养环境的概念及指标，提出可以用线性规划建立的数学模型计算营养环境的指标，即由该模型得出的营养素的理论达标率和营养素的边际成本。用天津１９８９年的营养素的理论达标率和１９８８年天津人群的营养素实际达标率进行线性回归分析，得出回归方程：实际达标率（％）Ｙ＝１５．１５（％）＋０．７８８Ｘ（Ｘ为理论达标率，％），其相关性显著（Ｒ＝０．９８６，Ｐ＜０．００１）；还发现天津营养环境中脂肪、动物性蛋白质的边际成本大于零。讨论了上述方程的意义，营养环境与营养干预的关系。认为，改善食物的营养素含量、降低价格、增加营养素含量丰富的食物品种的营养干预措施，效果较好。     

The enteral vs parenteral nutrition debate revisited

Many trials and several meta-analyses have been devoted to comparing enteral with parenteral nutrition support. In this review, these studies are subjected to critical analysis with particular emphasis on their methodology and clinical relevance. Evidence is produced to suggest that the heterogeneous patient populations of the studies and the rigid approach taken to comparing different nutrition therapies inter alia render their conclusions highly questionable and of very doubtful clinical significance. An alternative approach to nutrition research is suggested in which strategies of nutrition support rather than fixed menus are compared. It is suggested that objective measures of intestinal function be evaluated more fully in patients requiring nonvolitional nutrition support, and these are briefly reviewed. In addition, a more scientific approach to evaluating the physiological effects of nutrition support, including chemical tagging and evaluation of muscle function, is recommended.     

Ceramide in Lipid Emulsions Used in Parenteral Nutrition

Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease is a prevalent and severe complication of long term parenteral nutrition. We present here for the first time data on the presence of ceramide, a bioactive compound involved in a variety of metabolic processes, in different lipid emulsions used in parenteral nutrition. Further research is needed to determine whether this potential harmful bioactive compound is involved in parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease.     

Nutrition knowledge and attitudes of New Zealand registered midwives

Aim: The importance of nutrition for a healthy pregnancy is well established. In New Zealand, the majority of women choose midwives as their maternity provider. Therefore, it is important that midwives have an understanding of nutrition issues related to pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to determine the nutrition knowledge of New Zealand midwives, and to assess the importance they place on nutrition during pregnancy. Methods: An 18‐question postal survey was sent to all members of the New Zealand College of Midwives (n = 1340). Results: A total of 370 questionnaires were returned (response rate of 27.6%). Less than 40% of midwives reported that they had formal nutrition education; however, nearly 75% of respondents indicated that they had received nutrition information through their midwifery education. Most midwives indicated that nutrition was important or very important during pregnancy (98.4%), and that they had a significant or very significant role in educating pregnant women (94.9%) about nutrition. Midwives generally reported a high level of confidence in dealing with nutrition‐related issues. Midwives answered most of the nutrition knowledge questions correctly. However, 64.6% of midwives (n = 369) incorrectly identified spirulina as a good source of iron for vegetarians, 28.1% (n = 104) incorrectly answered that maternal intake of cabbage and beans are often responsible for colic in breastfed infants, and 40.0% (n = 128) incorrectly answered that to reduce food allergies all lactating women should avoid peanuts and shellfish. Conclusion: Overall, midwives were knowledgeable on nutrition issues related to pregnancy and reported a high level of confidence on educating women about nutrition.     

Practice Analysis of Nutrition Support Professionals

Background: The National Board of Nutrition Support Certification (NBNSC) is an independent credentialing board responsible for administering the multidisciplinary certification examination in nutrition support. For an exam to be legally and practically defensible, it must represent practice. Validation is by practice audit, the highest level of supporting evidence. Objectives: To define the role of the nutrition support professional (NSP) and the current elements (knowledge and functions) required for competent NSP practice. Methods: A survey instrument was constructed using a content validation strategy to establish the link between job tasks and the content of the examination. Internet‐based surveys were made available to 5100 NSPs. NSP duties performed and knowledge required for patient safety and welfare were analyzed for the group as a whole and for each profession separately. Results: A total of 765 surveys were completed (return rate of 15%). The results of the practice audit demonstrate a common core of practice across the nutrition support disciplines as well as a universal core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Conclusion: The results of this survey continue to support a common core of practice across nutrition support disciplines as well as a common core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Accordingly, the NBNSC will continue to offer one examination to all disciplines both nationally and internationally and confer the Certified Nutrition Support Clinician (CNSC) credential to all individuals who successfully pass this validated examination.     

Future Doctors' Perceptions about Incorporating Nutrition into Standard Care Practice

Objective: The increasing prevalence of chronic disease has been largely attributed to long-term poor nutrition and lifestyle choices. This study investigates the attitudes of our future physicians toward nutrition and the likelihood of incorporating nutrition principles into current treatment protocols.Methods: Setting: The setting of this study was an Australian university medical school. Subjects: Subjects including year 1–4 students (n = 928) in a 4-year medical bachelor, bachelor of surgery (MBBS) degree program. Students were invited to participate in a questionnaire based on an existing instrument, the Nutrition in Patient Care Attitude (NIPC) Questionnaire, to investigate their attitudes toward nutrition in health care practices.Results: Respondents indicated that “high risk patients should be routinely counseled on nutrition” (87%), “nutrition counseling should be routine practice” (70%), and “routine nutritional assessment and counseling should occur in general practice” (57%). However, despite overall student support of nutritional counseling (70%) and assessment (86%), students were reluctant to perform actual dietary assessments, with only 38% indicating that asking for a food diary or other measure of dietary intake was important.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that future physicians are aware of the importance of considering nutrition counseling and assessment. However, students are unlikely to adequately integrate relevant nutritional information into their treatment protocols, evidenced by their limited use of a basic nutritional assessment. This is potentially the result of a lack of formal nutrition education within their basic training.     

Transition Phase Nutrition Recommendations: A Missing Link in the Nutrition Management of Preterm Infants

Background: Despite the availability of international nutrition recommendations, preterm infants remain vulnerable to suboptimal nutrition. The standard approach of assessing nutrient intakes chronologically may make it difficult to identify the origin of nutrient deficits and/or excesses. Objective: To develop a “nutrition phase” approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabling analysis of nutrient intakes during the period of weaning from parenteral nutrition (PN) to enteral nutrition (EN), called the transition (TN) phase, and compare the data with those analyzed using the standard “chronological age” approach to assess whether the identification of nutrient deficits and/or excesses can be improved. Methods: Analysis of a comprehensive nutrition database developed using actual nutrient intake data collected on an hourly basis in 59 preterm infants (birth weight ≤1500 g, gestation <34 weeks) over the period of PN delivery (range, 2–21 days). Results: The nutrition phase analysis approach revealed substantial macronutrient and energy deficits during the TN phase. In particular, deficits were identified as maximal during the EN‐dominant TN phase (enteral feeds ≥80 mL/kg/d) of the infant’s nutrition course. In contrast, the chronological age analysis approach did not reveal a corresponding pattern of deficit occurrence but rather intakes that approximated or exceeded recommendations. Conclusion: Actual intakes of nutrients, analyzed using a nutrition phase approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabled a more infant‐driven rather than age‐driven application of nutrition recommendations. This approach unmasked nutrient deficits occurring during the transition phase. Overcoming nutrient deficits in this nutrition phase should be prioritized to improve the nutrition management of preterm infants.