46例首诊伴远处转移鼻咽癌的预后分析

Objective To retrospectively analyze the therapeutic results of patients with initially di-agnosed metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods From January 1995 to December 1998, 46 NPC patients with distant metastases were treated in Fujian provincial cancer hospital. Among these pa-tients, 43 were single site metastasis and 3 were multiple sites metastases;The site of metastasis were 19 pa-tients in the liver, 11 in the bone, 7 in the lung, 1 in the brain, 6 in mediastinal nodes and 6 in axillary lymph nodes. All patients received standard radiotherapy to the primary site and cervical node region with a median dose of 72 Gy. Forty-one patients (89%) received 1-5 cycles chemotherapy (cisplatin and 5-flu-orouracil), and 23 (50%) received palliative irradiation to the metastatic site. Results The median surviv-al time was 20 months. The 1-, 2-, 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates were 66%, 47%, 30% and 19%, respectively. Irradiation to the metastatic sites and KPS were the significant prognostic factors. Pa-tients with palliative irradiation to the metastatic site had longer survival than those without (39 months vs. 13 months, X2=8.63, P=0.012). Patients with good performance status (KPS≥80) had better outcomes thanthose with poor performance status (26 months vs. 12 months, X2= 3.95, P=0.035) . Conclusions Active therapy may prolong the survival of patients with initially diagnosed metastatic NPC, especially for those who have good performance status. Under systematic chemotherapy, radiotherapy to the primary site and supportive care, the palliative irradiation to the metastatic site may also yield a good result.     

46例首诊伴远处转移鼻咽癌的预后分析

Objective To retrospectively analyze the therapeutic results of patients with initially di-agnosed metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods From January 1995 to December 1998, 46 NPC patients with distant metastases were treated in Fujian provincial cancer hospital. Among these pa-tients, 43 were single site metastasis and 3 were multiple sites metastases;The site of metastasis were 19 pa-tients in the liver, 11 in the bone, 7 in the lung, 1 in the brain, 6 in mediastinal nodes and 6 in axillary lymph nodes. All patients received standard radiotherapy to the primary site and cervical node region with a median dose of 72 Gy. Forty-one patients (89%) received 1-5 cycles chemotherapy (cisplatin and 5-flu-orouracil), and 23 (50%) received palliative irradiation to the metastatic site. Results The median surviv-al time was 20 months. The 1-, 2-, 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates were 66%, 47%, 30% and 19%, respectively. Irradiation to the metastatic sites and KPS were the significant prognostic factors. Pa-tients with palliative irradiation to the metastatic site had longer survival than those without (39 months vs. 13 months, X2=8.63, P=0.012). Patients with good performance status (KPS≥80) had better outcomes thanthose with poor performance status (26 months vs. 12 months, X2= 3.95, P=0.035) . Conclusions Active therapy may prolong the survival of patients with initially diagnosed metastatic NPC, especially for those who have good performance status. Under systematic chemotherapy, radiotherapy to the primary site and supportive care, the palliative irradiation to the metastatic site may also yield a good result.     

46例首诊伴远处转移鼻咽癌的预后分析

Objective To retrospectively analyze the therapeutic results of patients with initially di-agnosed metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods From January 1995 to December 1998, 46 NPC patients with distant metastases were treated in Fujian provincial cancer hospital. Among these pa-tients, 43 were single site metastasis and 3 were multiple sites metastases;The site of metastasis were 19 pa-tients in the liver, 11 in the bone, 7 in the lung, 1 in the brain, 6 in mediastinal nodes and 6 in axillary lymph nodes. All patients received standard radiotherapy to the primary site and cervical node region with a median dose of 72 Gy. Forty-one patients (89%) received 1-5 cycles chemotherapy (cisplatin and 5-flu-orouracil), and 23 (50%) received palliative irradiation to the metastatic site. Results The median surviv-al time was 20 months. The 1-, 2-, 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates were 66%, 47%, 30% and 19%, respectively. Irradiation to the metastatic sites and KPS were the significant prognostic factors. Pa-tients with palliative irradiation to the metastatic site had longer survival than those without (39 months vs. 13 months, X2=8.63, P=0.012). Patients with good performance status (KPS≥80) had better outcomes thanthose with poor performance status (26 months vs. 12 months, X2= 3.95, P=0.035) . Conclusions Active therapy may prolong the survival of patients with initially diagnosed metastatic NPC, especially for those who have good performance status. Under systematic chemotherapy, radiotherapy to the primary site and supportive care, the palliative irradiation to the metastatic site may also yield a good result.     

46例首诊伴远处转移鼻咽癌的预后分析

Objective To retrospectively analyze the therapeutic results of patients with initially di-agnosed metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods From January 1995 to December 1998, 46 NPC patients with distant metastases were treated in Fujian provincial cancer hospital. Among these pa-tients, 43 were single site metastasis and 3 were multiple sites metastases;The site of metastasis were 19 pa-tients in the liver, 11 in the bone, 7 in the lung, 1 in the brain, 6 in mediastinal nodes and 6 in axillary lymph nodes. All patients received standard radiotherapy to the primary site and cervical node region with a median dose of 72 Gy. Forty-one patients (89%) received 1-5 cycles chemotherapy (cisplatin and 5-flu-orouracil), and 23 (50%) received palliative irradiation to the metastatic site. Results The median surviv-al time was 20 months. The 1-, 2-, 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates were 66%, 47%, 30% and 19%, respectively. Irradiation to the metastatic sites and KPS were the significant prognostic factors. Pa-tients with palliative irradiation to the metastatic site had longer survival than those without (39 months vs. 13 months, X2=8.63, P=0.012). Patients with good performance status (KPS≥80) had better outcomes thanthose with poor performance status (26 months vs. 12 months, X2= 3.95, P=0.035) . Conclusions Active therapy may prolong the survival of patients with initially diagnosed metastatic NPC, especially for those who have good performance status. Under systematic chemotherapy, radiotherapy to the primary site and supportive care, the palliative irradiation to the metastatic site may also yield a good result.     

46例首诊伴远处转移鼻咽癌的预后分析

Objective To retrospectively analyze the therapeutic results of patients with initially di-agnosed metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods From January 1995 to December 1998, 46 NPC patients with distant metastases were treated in Fujian provincial cancer hospital. Among these pa-tients, 43 were single site metastasis and 3 were multiple sites metastases;The site of metastasis were 19 pa-tients in the liver, 11 in the bone, 7 in the lung, 1 in the brain, 6 in mediastinal nodes and 6 in axillary lymph nodes. All patients received standard radiotherapy to the primary site and cervical node region with a median dose of 72 Gy. Forty-one patients (89%) received 1-5 cycles chemotherapy (cisplatin and 5-flu-orouracil), and 23 (50%) received palliative irradiation to the metastatic site. Results The median surviv-al time was 20 months. The 1-, 2-, 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates were 66%, 47%, 30% and 19%, respectively. Irradiation to the metastatic sites and KPS were the significant prognostic factors. Pa-tients with palliative irradiation to the metastatic site had longer survival than those without (39 months vs. 13 months, X2=8.63, P=0.012). Patients with good performance status (KPS≥80) had better outcomes thanthose with poor performance status (26 months vs. 12 months, X2= 3.95, P=0.035) . Conclusions Active therapy may prolong the survival of patients with initially diagnosed metastatic NPC, especially for those who have good performance status. Under systematic chemotherapy, radiotherapy to the primary site and supportive care, the palliative irradiation to the metastatic site may also yield a good result.     

46例首诊伴远处转移鼻咽癌的预后分析

Objective To retrospectively analyze the therapeutic results of patients with initially di-agnosed metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods From January 1995 to December 1998, 46 NPC patients with distant metastases were treated in Fujian provincial cancer hospital. Among these pa-tients, 43 were single site metastasis and 3 were multiple sites metastases;The site of metastasis were 19 pa-tients in the liver, 11 in the bone, 7 in the lung, 1 in the brain, 6 in mediastinal nodes and 6 in axillary lymph nodes. All patients received standard radiotherapy to the primary site and cervical node region with a median dose of 72 Gy. Forty-one patients (89%) received 1-5 cycles chemotherapy (cisplatin and 5-flu-orouracil), and 23 (50%) received palliative irradiation to the metastatic site. Results The median surviv-al time was 20 months. The 1-, 2-, 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates were 66%, 47%, 30% and 19%, respectively. Irradiation to the metastatic sites and KPS were the significant prognostic factors. Pa-tients with palliative irradiation to the metastatic site had longer survival than those without (39 months vs. 13 months, X2=8.63, P=0.012). Patients with good performance status (KPS≥80) had better outcomes thanthose with poor performance status (26 months vs. 12 months, X2= 3.95, P=0.035) . Conclusions Active therapy may prolong the survival of patients with initially diagnosed metastatic NPC, especially for those who have good performance status. Under systematic chemotherapy, radiotherapy to the primary site and supportive care, the palliative irradiation to the metastatic site may also yield a good result.     

46例首诊伴远处转移鼻咽癌的预后分析

Objective To retrospectively analyze the therapeutic results of patients with initially di-agnosed metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods From January 1995 to December 1998, 46 NPC patients with distant metastases were treated in Fujian provincial cancer hospital. Among these pa-tients, 43 were single site metastasis and 3 were multiple sites metastases;The site of metastasis were 19 pa-tients in the liver, 11 in the bone, 7 in the lung, 1 in the brain, 6 in mediastinal nodes and 6 in axillary lymph nodes. All patients received standard radiotherapy to the primary site and cervical node region with a median dose of 72 Gy. Forty-one patients (89%) received 1-5 cycles chemotherapy (cisplatin and 5-flu-orouracil), and 23 (50%) received palliative irradiation to the metastatic site. Results The median surviv-al time was 20 months. The 1-, 2-, 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates were 66%, 47%, 30% and 19%, respectively. Irradiation to the metastatic sites and KPS were the significant prognostic factors. Pa-tients with palliative irradiation to the metastatic site had longer survival than those without (39 months vs. 13 months, X2=8.63, P=0.012). Patients with good performance status (KPS≥80) had better outcomes thanthose with poor performance status (26 months vs. 12 months, X2= 3.95, P=0.035) . Conclusions Active therapy may prolong the survival of patients with initially diagnosed metastatic NPC, especially for those who have good performance status. Under systematic chemotherapy, radiotherapy to the primary site and supportive care, the palliative irradiation to the metastatic site may also yield a good result.     

46例首诊伴远处转移鼻咽癌的预后分析

Objective To retrospectively analyze the therapeutic results of patients with initially di-agnosed metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods From January 1995 to December 1998, 46 NPC patients with distant metastases were treated in Fujian provincial cancer hospital. Among these pa-tients, 43 were single site metastasis and 3 were multiple sites metastases;The site of metastasis were 19 pa-tients in the liver, 11 in the bone, 7 in the lung, 1 in the brain, 6 in mediastinal nodes and 6 in axillary lymph nodes. All patients received standard radiotherapy to the primary site and cervical node region with a median dose of 72 Gy. Forty-one patients (89%) received 1-5 cycles chemotherapy (cisplatin and 5-flu-orouracil), and 23 (50%) received palliative irradiation to the metastatic site. Results The median surviv-al time was 20 months. The 1-, 2-, 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates were 66%, 47%, 30% and 19%, respectively. Irradiation to the metastatic sites and KPS were the significant prognostic factors. Pa-tients with palliative irradiation to the metastatic site had longer survival than those without (39 months vs. 13 months, X2=8.63, P=0.012). Patients with good performance status (KPS≥80) had better outcomes thanthose with poor performance status (26 months vs. 12 months, X2= 3.95, P=0.035) . Conclusions Active therapy may prolong the survival of patients with initially diagnosed metastatic NPC, especially for those who have good performance status. Under systematic chemotherapy, radiotherapy to the primary site and supportive care, the palliative irradiation to the metastatic site may also yield a good result.     

46例首诊伴远处转移鼻咽癌的预后分析

Objective To retrospectively analyze the therapeutic results of patients with initially di-agnosed metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods From January 1995 to December 1998, 46 NPC patients with distant metastases were treated in Fujian provincial cancer hospital. Among these pa-tients, 43 were single site metastasis and 3 were multiple sites metastases;The site of metastasis were 19 pa-tients in the liver, 11 in the bone, 7 in the lung, 1 in the brain, 6 in mediastinal nodes and 6 in axillary lymph nodes. All patients received standard radiotherapy to the primary site and cervical node region with a median dose of 72 Gy. Forty-one patients (89%) received 1-5 cycles chemotherapy (cisplatin and 5-flu-orouracil), and 23 (50%) received palliative irradiation to the metastatic site. Results The median surviv-al time was 20 months. The 1-, 2-, 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates were 66%, 47%, 30% and 19%, respectively. Irradiation to the metastatic sites and KPS were the significant prognostic factors. Pa-tients with palliative irradiation to the metastatic site had longer survival than those without (39 months vs. 13 months, X2=8.63, P=0.012). Patients with good performance status (KPS≥80) had better outcomes thanthose with poor performance status (26 months vs. 12 months, X2= 3.95, P=0.035) . Conclusions Active therapy may prolong the survival of patients with initially diagnosed metastatic NPC, especially for those who have good performance status. Under systematic chemotherapy, radiotherapy to the primary site and supportive care, the palliative irradiation to the metastatic site may also yield a good result.     

Locoregional radiotherapy in patients with distant metastases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma at diagnosis

Systemic chemotherapy is the basic palliative treatment for metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma （NPC）; however, it is not known whether Iocoregional radiotherapy targeting the primary tumor and regional lymph nodes affects the survival of patients with metastatic NPC. Therefore, we aimed to retrospectively evaluate the benefits of Iocoregional radiotherapy. A total of 408 patients with metastatic NPC were included in this study. The mortality risks of the patients undergoing supportive treatment and those undergoing chemotherapy were compared with that of patients undergoing Iocoregional radiotherapy delivered alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. The contributions of independent factors were assessed after adjustment for covariates with significant prognostic associations （P 〈 0.05）. Both Iocoregional radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy were identified as significant independent prognostic factors of overall survival （OS）. The mortality risk was similar in the group undergoing Iocoregional radiotherapy alone and the group undergoing systemic chemotherapy alone [multi-adjusted hazard ratio （HR） = 0.9, P = 0.529]; this risk was 60% lower than that of the group undergoing supportive treatment （HR = 0.4, P = 0.004） and 130% higher than that of the group undergoing both systemic chemotherapy and Iocoregional radiotherapy （HR = 2.3, P 〈 0.001）. In conclusion, Iocoregional radiotherapy, particularly when combined with systemic chemotherapy, is associated with improved survival of patients with metastatic NPC.     

青年人胃癌

目的 探讨青年人胃癌的临床、病理特点。方法 １９６８年１月￣１９９３年１月２５年间经手术治疗、病理诊断的青年人胃癌３１２例,占同期收治胃癌的５．１％。将所有病例以年龄组划分为４组：≤３５岁组,３６￣５０岁组,５１￣６５岁组,≥６６岁组。对≤３５岁青年人胃癌与各组进行对照观察。结果 青年人胃癌发病率女性高于男性,组织病理学类型以低分化腺癌（４９．２％）、粘液细胞癌（２６．６％）为多,８３．３％的病例     

放化疗同步治疗肺癌脑转移38例临床分析

目的:观察长春瑞滨(NVB)、顺铂(DDP)加用卫萌(Vm-26)联合脑部放射治疗肺癌脑转移患者的疗效、不良反应和生存率。方法:Vm-260·1,静脉滴入,d1~d3;NVB25mg/m2,静脉滴入,d1、d8;DDP20mg/m2,静脉滴入,d1~d3;21d为1个周期,脑部放疗于第1个周期化疗开始后第5天开始,每次DT1·8~2·0Gy,1次/d,每周5次,1~2个病灶者全脑放疗DT40Gy后缩野追加至DT60Gy,≥3个转移灶者给予全颅放疗DT45Gy。结果:治疗后90%患者神经系统症状改善,对脑转移灶的客观有效率为71·1%(27/38),对肺原发灶的有效率为42·1%(16/38),主要不良反应为骨髓抑制和脱发,中位生存期11·01个月,1年生存率39·5%(15/38)。结论:同步放、化疗治疗肺癌脑转移患者有效率和生存率均较高,且患者耐受性好。肿瘤防治杂志,2005,12(19):1502-1504     

尿多胺、尿红及尿紫检验对肿瘤诊断价值的研究

目的 :研究肿瘤临床诊断指标尿多胺、尿红、尿紫的可行性。方法 :尿多胺采用HPLC法测定 ,尿红、尿紫采用化学法测定。结果 :肿瘤患者尿标本中腐胺的浓度为 2 5～ 4 2 4 μg mg肌酐 ,精眯为0 8～ 4 0 2 μg mg肌酐 ,精胺为 0 5～ 11 4 μg mg肌酐 ,肿瘤患者尿样尿红实验阳性率为 82 0 % ,尿紫实验阳性率为 4 6 0 %。结论 :腐胺、精脒、精胺可作为肿瘤临床诊断指标 ;尿红实验仅适用于肿瘤患者的临床筛选和大面积人群普查 ,不能用于临床确诊 ;而尿紫实验则不适用于肿瘤的诊断或普查     

男性乳腺癌的诊断与治疗

目的探讨男性乳腺癌的诊断与治疗方法。方法回顾性总结男性乳腺癌３２例,中位年龄５４岁。分析了男性乳腺癌的诊断、治疗及预后。结果临床Ⅰ期７例,Ⅱ期１７例,Ⅲ期７例,Ⅳ期１例。３２例患者中,３１例有乳腺肿块。腋窝淋巴结转移率５７．１％。总５年生存率６５．６％,根治术与改良根治术后患者５年生存率分别为６８．４％及６６．７％,非根治术患者５年生存率为５７．１％。结论对于确诊为乳腺癌患者首选改良根治术根据患者不同情况辅以放射治疗、化疗或内分泌治疗     

子宫内膜癌卵巢转移(附22例临床报告)

目的了解子宫内膜癌卵巢转移的临床特点及有关因素对预后的影响。方法回顾性分析自１９５８年至１９９５年经我院手术证实的２２例子宫内膜癌卵巢转移的临床资料。结果平均年龄５０．６岁，临床Ⅰ期１０例，Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期各６例，卵巢转移率为４．４％（２２／４９５）。治疗方式以手术加放疗为主，５年和１０年存活率分别为６１．５％和５５．９％。结论子宫内膜癌卵巢转移预后不良，术后应主动给予辅助治疗。对年轻的早期患者，是否保留卵巢应持审慎态度。     

475例壶腹周围癌的外科治疗

目的比较不同年代壶腹周围癌患者外科治疗的特点和疗效．方法回顾性分析1958年至2003年外科治疗的壶腹周围癌患者475例。结果1958年至1976年的128例壶腹周围癌中,胰头癌、壶腹癌、胆管下端癌和十二指肠癌的手术切除率分别为26．6％(21／79)、86．2％(25／29)、38．5％(5／13)和57．1％(4／7);1977年至1987年的70例壶腹周围癌中,胰头癌、壶腹癌、胆管下端癌及十二指肠癌切除率分别为26．7％(16／60)、66．7％(4／6)、100％(1／1)和66．7％(2／3);1988年至1998年的147例壶腹周围癌中,胰头癌、壶腹癌、胆管下端癌及十二指肠癌切除率分别为20．2％(22／109)、75．0％(12／16)、50．0％(2／4)和66．7％(12／18);1999年至2003年的130例壶腹周围癌中．胰头癌、壶腹癌、胆管下端癌及十二指肠癌切除率分别为20．4％(20／98)、100(4／4)、75．0％(12／16)和83．3％(10／12)。1958年至2003年期间,胆管下端癌的发生率在壶腹周围癌中显著增高,术前总胆红素平均值呈下降趋势,术中输血量较前明显减少;手术切除的肿瘤直径平均值较前缩小。1999年至2003年间所有的胰十二指肠切除患者术前均未行减黄处理,并发症仍然显著降低,结论由于新的围手术期治疗和监护技术的进步,壶腹周围癌的手术死亡率和并发症发生率均有显著下降,但胰头癌的手术切除率和生存率仍然没有显著变化。     

分化型甲状腺癌侵犯喉气管的外科治疗

目的：探讨分化型甲状腺癌（WDTC）侵犯喉气管的手术治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析21例WDTC侵犯喉气管患者的临床资料。根据手术方式的不同,将患者分为肿瘤根治组（A组,5例）、肿瘤易除组（B组,11例）和姑息性切除组（C组,5例）。结果：21例患者的3,5,7年生存率分别为81．0％（17／21）、61．9％（13／21）和42．9％（9／21）。A、B两组的生存率均明显高于C组（P＜0．001,P＜0．03）,A组的5,7年生存率虽高于B组,但差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。结论：多数WDTC侵犯喉气管患者宜采取保守性手术,如肿瘤侵及管腔内,患者出现呼吸困难和呼吸道出血等并发症,则需要采取根治性手术。     

局部晚期胃癌术前同步放化疗作用的初步探讨

目的 观察局部晚期胃癌患者术前同步放化疗后的手术切除率、病理缓解率及不良反应发生率,探索最佳的新辅助放化疗方案。方法 2013—2014年间本院初治的潜在可切除或不可切除的局部晚期胃癌患者11例入组,临床分期为cT₄N₀M₀或T_{xN1-3M0(AJCC第7版),病理为腺癌。放疗采用IMRT技术,总剂量40~50 Gy分22~25次4~5周完成。同步化疗采用替吉奥或卡培他滨或紫杉醇联合卡铂的方案。同步放化疗结束后4~8周手术。结果 接受R0手术者9例,R2手术1例,1例因术中发现腹膜种植转移仅行剖腹探查术。术后病理提示重度反应4例,其中包括pCR 1例。共完成放疗10例、化疗8例。3级不良反应主要见于恶心(3例)、呕吐(2例)和食欲下降(2例),无4级不良反应。结论 术前同步放化疗对局部晚期胃癌患者的肿瘤降期率和R0切除率疗效较好,不良反应可耐受。}     

脾脏肿瘤31例临床分析

目的 通过临床病例分析,了解脾脏肿瘤的临床特点。方法 对1990年1月－2000年12月期间收治的31例脾脏肿瘤患者的临床表现、影像学特点和诊断依据、治疗情况进行了分析。结果 31例脾脏肿瘤中良性肿瘤居多（20／31）。临床表现无特异性。影像学特点为脾实质内单发或多发结节。全部患者均是先行B超检查发现脾脏占位,其中19例又行CT检查,7例行MRI检查。7例脾囊肿通过B超等影像学检查明确诊断,其中6例在手术后病理证实;9例脾脏转移性肿瘤通过影像学检查并结合病史在术前明确诊断,有5例经手术切除后病理证实;另外15例脾脏病变,除1例因术前CT检查明确为脾脏淋巴管瘤而放弃手术外,其余14例则以脾脏肿瘤而行脾脏切除手术,术后病理明确诊断。全组31例患者中,25例行脾切除术,术后恢复均较顺利,无手术死亡。结论 病史和影像学检查是诊断脾脏肿瘤的重要依据,术前不易鉴别良恶性肿瘤,手术效果佳。     

颅骨肿瘤119例临床分析

目的 探讨颅骨肿瘤的常见病理类型、临床特点和治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析119例手术治疗的颅骨肿瘤病例,对其临床症状、影像学资料、治疗方法以及生存情况先进进行分析研究。结果 共行神经外科手术122次,3人行手术2次。全切除手术75次,近全切除手术24次,部分切除手术22次,1例患者行活检手术。外生型肿瘤43例（36．1％）,内生型肿瘤27例（22．7％）,混合生长型肿瘤49例（41．2％）。随诊85例患者中,78．6％的患者术后恢复了正常的工作和学习,16．6％的患者术后生活可以自理,生活需要照顾以及随访期间死亡的患者各2例。结论 积极的手术治疗可以达到明确诊断,延缓神经功能缺损的发展,延长患者的生存期以及美容等目的。