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1.
De Moor MH Willemsen G Rebollo-Mesa I Stubbe JH De Geus EJ Boomsma DI 《Behavior genetics》2011,41(2):211-222
Individual differences in adolescent exercise behavior are to a large extent explained by shared environmental factors. The
aim of this study was to explore to what extent this shared environment represents effects of cultural transmission of parents
to their offspring, generation specific environmental effects or assortative mating. Survey data on leisure-time exercise
behavior were available from 3,525 adolescent twins and their siblings (13–18 years) and 3,138 parents from 1,736 families
registered at the Netherlands Twin Registry. Data were also available from 5,471 adult twins, their siblings and spouses similar
in age to the parents. Exercise participation (No/Yes, using a cut-off criterion of 4 metabolic equivalents and 60 min weekly)
was based on questions on type, frequency and duration of exercise. A model to analyze dichotomous data from twins, siblings
and parents including differences in variance decomposition across sex and generation was developed. Data from adult twins
and their spouses were used to investigate the causes of assortative mating (correlation between spouses = 0.41, due to phenotypic
assortment). The heritability of exercise in the adult generation was estimated at 42%. The shared environment for exercise
behavior in adolescents mainly represents generation specific shared environmental influences that seem somewhat more important
in explaining familial clustering in girls than in boys (52 versus 41%). A small effect of vertical cultural transmission
was found for boys only (3%). The remaining familial clustering for exercise behavior was explained by additive genetic factors
(42% in boys and 36% in girls). Future studies on adolescent exercise behavior should focus on identification of the generation
specific environmental factors. 相似文献
2.
Momentary positive affect (PA) and reward experience may underlie subjective wellbeing, and index mental health resilience. This study examines their underlying sources of variation and the covariation with stress-sensitivity. The experience sampling method was used to collect multiple appraisals of mood and daily life events in 520 female twins. Structural equation model fitting was employed to determine sources of variation of PA, reward experience, and the association between reward experience and stress-sensitivity. PA was best explained by shared and non-shared environmental factors, and reward experience by non-shared environmental factors only, although the evidence was also suggestive of a small genetic contribution. Reward experience and stress-sensitivity showed no association. PA was not heritable. Most—if not all—variance of reward experience was explained by environmental influences. Stress-sensitivity, indexing depression vulnerability, and reward experience were non-overlapping, suggesting that resilience traits are independent from stress-sensitivity levels in a general population sample. 相似文献
3.
Heritability estimates of general intelligence in adulthood generally range from 75 to 85%, with all heritability due to additive
genetic influences, while genetic dominance and shared environmental factors are absent, or too small to be detected. These
estimates are derived from studies based on the classical twin design and are based on the assumption of random mating. Yet,
considerable positive assortative mating has been reported for general intelligence. Unmodeled assortative mating may lead
to biased estimates of the relative magnitude of genetic and environmental factors. To investigate the effects of assortative
mating on the estimates of the variance components of intelligence, we employed an extended twin-family design. Psychometric
IQ data were available for adult monozygotic and dizygotic twins, their siblings, the partners of the twins and siblings,
and either the parents or the adult offspring of the twins and siblings (N = 1314). Two underlying processes of assortment were considered: phenotypic assortment and social homogamy. The phenotypic
assortment model was slightly preferred over the social homogamy model, suggesting that assortment for intelligence is mostly
due to a selection of mates on similarity in intelligence. Under the preferred phenotypic assortment model, the variance of
intelligence in adulthood was not only due to non-shared environmental (18%) and additive genetic factors (44%) but also to
non-additive genetic factors (27%) and phenotypic assortment (11%).This non-additive nature of genetic influences on intelligence
needs to be accommodated in future GWAS studies for intelligence. 相似文献
4.
F. Ning K. Silventoinen Z. C. Pang J. Kaprio S. J. Wang D. Zhang H. P. Duan W. F. Wu Q. Qiao 《Behavior genetics》2013,43(4):340-347
We aimed to analyze how genetic and environmental factors account for variations in body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and their mutual correlation in Chinese children. We measured BMI and WC in 588 pairs of twins (53 % monozygotic twins) aged 8–17 years and applied structural equation modeling to the data. For the younger children (8–12 years of age), heritability estimates of BMI were 0.56 for boys and 0.69 for girls; for the older children (13–17 years of age), the corresponding figures were 0.64 and 0.71, respectively. We observed moderate heritability estimates in WC: the corresponding figures were 0.24 and 0.56 for the younger children, and 0.27 and 0.33 for the older children, respectively. The heterogeneity test for genetic variance of BMI and WC was statistically significant between the two age groups for both sexes (p < 0.001). The proportions of BMI and WC variations due to shared and non-shared environmental factors remained stable during childhood in both sexes. Bivariate genetic analyses showed that genetic correlations between BMI and WC were strong for the younger children (rg = 0.75 for boys, rg = 0.98 for girls) and the older children (rg = 1.0 for both boys and girls). Both sexes showed moderate non-shared environmental correlations in the two age groups, whereas shared environmental correlations––except among male younger children––were not statistically significant. Genetic factors play an important role in variations in BMI and WC during childhood. Common genetic and non-shared environmental factors explained most of the association between BMI and WC for both boys and girls. 相似文献
5.
Previous research suggests that both genetic and environmental influences are important for antisocial behavior across the
life span, even though the prevalence and incidence of antisocial behavior varies considerably across ages. However, little
is known of how genetic and environmental effects influence the development of antisocial behavior. A total of 2,600 male
and female twins from the population-based Swedish Twin Registry were included in the present study. Antisocial behavior was
measured on four occasions, when twins were 8–9, 13–14, 16–17, and 19–20 years old. Longitudinal analyses of the data were
conducted using structural equation modeling. The stability of antisocial behavior over time was explained by a common latent
persistent antisocial behavior factor. A common genetic influence accounted for 67% of the total variance in this latent factor,
the shared environment explained 26%, and the remaining 7% was due to the non-shared environment. Significant age-specific
shared environmental factors were found at ages 13–14 years, suggesting that common experiences (e.g., peers) are important
for antisocial behavior at this age. Results from this study show that genetic as well as shared environmental influences
are important in antisocial behavior that persists from childhood to emerging adulthood. 相似文献
6.
Hoekstra RA Bartels M Hudziak JJ Van Beijsterveldt TC Boomsma DI 《Behavior genetics》2008,38(5):447-461
We examined the contribution of genetic and environmental influences on the stability of withdrawn behavior (WB) in childhood
using a longitudinal multiple rater twin design. Maternal and paternal ratings on the withdrawn subscale of the Child Behavior
Checklist (CBCL) were obtained from 14,889 families when the twins were 3, 7, 10 and 12 years old. A longitudinal psychometric
model was fitted to the data and the fit of transmission and common factor models were evaluated for each variance component.
WB showed considerable stability throughout childhood, with correlation coefficients ranging from about .30 for the 9-year
time interval to .65 for shorter time intervals. Individual differences in WB as observed by the mother and the father were
found to be largely influenced by genetic effects at all four time points, in both boys (50–66%) and girls (38–64%). Shared
environmental influences explained a small to modest proportion (0–24%) of the variance at all ages and were slightly more
pronounced in girls. Non-shared environmental influences were of moderate importance to the variance and slightly increased
with age, from 22–28% at age 3 to 35–41% at age 12 years. The stability of WB was largely explained by genetic effects, accounting
for 74% of stability in boys and 65% in girls. Shared environmental effects explained 7% (boys) and 17% (girls) of the behavioral
stability. Most shared environmental effects were common to both raters, suggesting little influence of rater bias in the
assessment of WB. The shared environmental effects common to both raters were best described by a common factor model, indicating
that these effects are stable and persistent throughout childhood. Non-shared environmental effects accounted for the remaining
covariance over time.
Edited by Hermine Maes. 相似文献
7.
Studies using the classical twin design often conclude that most genetic variation underlying personality is additive in nature.
However, studies analyzing only twins are very limited in their ability to detect non-additive genetic variation and are unable
to detect sources of variation unique to twins, which can mask non-additive genetic variation. The current study assessed
9672 MZ and DZ twin individuals and 3241 of their siblings to investigate the environmental and genetic architecture underlying
eight dimensions of personality: four from Eysenck’s Personality Questionnaire and four from Cloninger’s Temperament and Character
Inventory. Broad-sense heritability estimates from best-fitting models were two to three times greater than the narrow-sense
heritability estimates for Harm Avoidance, Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, Persistence, Extraversion, and Neuroticism.
This genetic non-additivity could be due to dominance, additive-by-additive epistasis, or to additive genetic effects combined
with higher-order epistasis. Environmental effects unique to twins were detected for both Lie and Psychoticism but accounted
for little overall variation. Our results illustrate the increased sensitivity afforded by extending the classical twin design
to include siblings, and may provide clues to the evolutionary origins of genetic variation underlying personality. 相似文献
8.
Peeters MW Thomis MA Maes HH Loos RJ Claessens AL Vlietinck R Beunen GP 《Behavior genetics》2005,35(5):551-563
Purpose: To determine whether the observed phenotypic stability in explosive strength during adolescence, as measured by inter-age
correlations in vertical jump (VTJ), is mainly caused by genetic and/or environmental factors. Methods: Subjects are from the Leuven Longitudinal Twin Study (LLTS) (n = 105 pairs, equally divided over five zygosity groups). VTJ data were aligned on age at peak height velocity (APHV) to attenuate
the temporal fluctuations in inter-age correlations caused by differences in timing of the adolescent growth spurt. Simplex
models were fitted using structural equation modelling. Results: After aligning the data on APHV, the annual inter-age correlations show a clear simplex structure over a 4 year interval.
The best fitting models included additive genetic and unique environmental sources of variation. Heritability estimates ranged
between 60.8% (CI 37.7%–77.2%) and 87.3% (CI 74.2%–94.0%) for boys and between 76.5% (CI 56.7%–89.0%) and 88.6% (CI 77.8%–94.1%)
for girls. Up to 56.4% and 62.8% of the total variation at the last measurement occasion is explained by additive genetic
factors that already explained a significant amount of variation at previous measurement occasions in boys and girls respectively.
It thus can be concluded that the observed stability of explosive strength during adolescence is mainly caused by a stable
genetic influence in boys and girls. Conclusions: Additive genetic factors seem to be the main cause of the observed phenotypic stability in VTJ performance in boys and girls
during adolescence. 相似文献
9.
The influence of non-additive genetic influences on personality traits has been increasingly reported in adult populations. Less is known, however, with respect to younger samples. In this study, we examine additive and non-additive genetic contributions to the personality trait of extraversion in 1,689 Dutch twin pairs, 1,505 mothers and 1,637 fathers of the twins. The twins were on average 15.5 years (range 12-18 years). To increase statistical power to detect non-additive genetic influences, data on extraversion were also collected in parents and simultaneously analyzed. Genetic modeling procedures incorporating age as a potential modifier of heritability showed significant influences of additive (20-23%) and non-additive genetic factors (31-33%) in addition to unshared environment (46-48%) for adolescents and for their parents. The additive genetic component was slightly and positively related to age. No significant sex differences were found for either extraversion means or for the magnitude of the genetic and environmental influences. There was no evidence of non-random mating for extraversion in the parental generation. Results show that in addition to additive genetic influences, extraversion in adolescents is influenced by non-additive genetic factors. 相似文献
10.
This study aimed to evaluate whether twinning might influence handedness and the relative contribution of genetic and environmental
factors to handedness in a total of 321 pairs of twins, 36 same-sex sib-pairs, and 1020 singletons, aged 12–16 and systematically
recruited from the junior high schools in Taipei. Twins’ zygosity was determined by a combination of DNA typing and physical
similarity. The direction and consistency of handedness in twins did not differ from that seen in singletons. Compared with
the full model containing additive genes (A), shared (C), and non-shared (E) environment, both AE and CE models had equivalently
acceptable fit. The contribution from additive genes in the AE model was estimated to be 16% (directional) to 13% (consistent)
for the continuous handedness and 34–10% for the categorical one, whereas the corresponding contribution from shared environment
in the CE model was 14–14% and 32–11%, respectively. Handedness in adolescents appears to be not influenced by twinning and
not substantially heritable, whereas environmental factors, especially those not shared between siblings, are the most important
ones for explaining individual variations. 相似文献
11.
12.
Laura A. Baker Susan A. Treloar Chandra A. Reynolds Andrew C. Heath Nicholas G. Martin 《Behavior genetics》1996,26(2):89-102
The relative effects of genetic and environmental factors in producing individual differences in educational achievement are
compared across women and men and over birth cohorts. In a large sample of Australian twin pairs, the heritability of self-reported
educational attainment did not vary among women and men born before and after 1950. In a “psychometric” model of twin resemblance,
based on separate self-reports in 1981 and 1989, genetic factors explained 57% of the stable variance in educational achievement,
while environmental factors shared by twins accounted for 24% of the variance. Corrections for phenotypic assortative mating
for educational level, however, suggested that estimated common-environmental effects could be entirely explained by the correlation
between additive genetic values for mates. Taking this into account, heritability of “true” educational attainment in Australia
may be as high as 82% with the remaining variation being due to individual environments or experiences. Unlike previous studies
in Scandinavian countries, results in Australia suggest that factors influencing educational success are comparable between
women and men and for individuals born at different points during this century. 相似文献
13.
Thought Problems from Adolescence to Adulthood: Measurement Invariance and Longitudinal Heritability
Abdellaoui A de Moor MH Geels LM van Beek JH Willemsen G Boomsma DI 《Behavior genetics》2012,42(1):19-29
This study investigates the longitudinal heritability in Thought Problems (TP) as measured with ten items from the Adult Self
Report (ASR). There were ~9,000 twins, ~2,000 siblings and ~3,000 additional family members who participated in the study
and who are registered at the Netherlands Twin Register. First an exploratory factor analysis was conducted to examine the
underlying factor structure of the TP-scale. Then the TP-scale was tested for measurement invariance (MI) across age and sex.
Next, genetic and environmental influences were modeled on the longitudinal development of TP across three age groups (12–18,
19–27 and 28–59 year olds) based on the twin and sibling relationships in the data. An exploratory factor analysis yielded
a one-factor solution, and MI analyses indicated that the same TP-construct is assessed across age and sex. Two additive genetic
components influenced TP across age: the first influencing TP throughout all age groups, while the second arises during young
adulthood and stays significant throughout adulthood. The additive genetic components explained 37% of the variation across
all age groups. The remaining variance (63%) was explained by unique environmental influences. The longitudinal phenotypic
correlation between these age groups was entirely explained by the additive genetic components. We conclude that the TP-scale
measures a single underlying construct across sex and different ages. These symptoms are significantly influenced by additive
genetic factors from adolescence to late adulthood. 相似文献
14.
Knaapila A Tuorila H Silventoinen K Wright MJ Kyvik KO Keskitalo K Hansen J Kaprio J Perola M 《Behavior genetics》2008,38(5):484-492
Human genes encoding odorant receptors have been identified, but the contribution of genetic effects to total variation in
specific odor perceptions is largely unknown. We estimated the relative contributions of genetic and environmental effects
to variation in the perceived intensity and pleasantness of cinnamon, chocolate, turpentine, and isovaleric acid (sweaty)
odors by quantitative genetic modeling of odor rating data from 856 twin individuals (including 83 complete monozygotic and
275 dizygotic twin pairs) aged 10–60 years (44% males and 56% females) from Australia, Denmark, and Finland. Results from
fitting univariate models including components for additive genetic (A), shared environmental (C), and non-shared environmental
(E) effects to the data implied that non-shared environmental effects account for the most variation in ratings of individual
odors while genetic effects play only a minor role. Multivariate independent pathway model revealed a modest but significant
common additive genetic component for intensity ratings, explaining 18% of the total variation. The results promote the importance
of inter-individual variation in odor exposures and olfactory plasticity to odor perception.
Edited by Deborah Finkel. 相似文献
15.
We examined longitudinally collected behavioral reports by teachers on a unique twin sample at the ages of 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 years. As twin and adoption studies implicate the role of genetic influence on behavioral problems found to be stable in epidemiological samples, the current study employs a developmental behavior genetic model to examine the extent to which genetic and environmental contributions to problem behaviors are stable and/or change during development. In this sample of 410 monozygotic (MZ) and 354 dizygotic (DZ) twins, MZ twins were rated as more similar than DZ twins on average. In general, boys were more frequently rated as displaying externalizing behaviors than were girls across each of the six observations, while girls’ internalizing problems were found not to be significantly different from boys’. For both sexes, stability in externalizing problem behaviors was due to a single common genetic factor whose effects acted pleiotropically at each age in the presence of unique environmental influences that were transmitted from age-to-age. Change was largely due to uncorrelated age-specific non-shared environmental and additive genetic effects. Contributions to stability for internalizing problems were due to age-to-age transmission of earlier expressed genetic effects. Change for girls and boys internalizing problems were largely due to environmental experiences unique to siblings along with uncorrelated age-specific genetic effects. These results further inform the notion that individual environments are important factors in the etiology of problem behaviors, but suggest that heritable contributions to phenotypic stability are largely the same across middle childhood and early adolescence. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
16.
Miriam A. Mosing Brendan P. Zietsch Sri N. Shekar Margaret J. Wright Nicholas G. Martin 《Behavior genetics》2009,39(6):597-604
Optimism has been shown to be important in maintaining wellbeing into old age, but little is known about the sources of variation
in optimism and its links to mental and somatic health. Optimism, mental, and self-rated health were measured in 3,053 twin
individuals (501 MZF, 153 MZM, 274 DZF, 77 DZM, and 242 DZ opposite-sex twin pairs and 561 single twins) over 50 years using
the life orientation test, the General Health Questionnaire and a single-item question for self-rated health. Additive genetic
factors explained 36, 34, and 46% of the variation in optimism, mental, and self-rated health, respectively, with the remainder
being due to non-shared environmental influences. Genetic influences accounted for most of the covariance between the variables
(14–20% of the genetic variance) indicating that in older adults genes predisposing to high optimism also predispose to good
mental health and self-rated health. 相似文献
17.
Monzani B Rijsdijk F Cherkas L Harris J Keuthen N Mataix-Cols D 《American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics》2012,(5):605-610
Skin-picking disorder (SPD) is a disabling psychiatric condition that can lead to skin damage and other medical complications. Epidemiological data is scarce and its causes are unknown. The present study examined the prevalence and heritability of skin-picking symptoms in a large sample of twins. A total of 2,518 twins completed a valid and reliable self-report measure of skin-picking behavior. The prevalence of clinically significant skin picking was established using empirically derived cut-offs. Twin modeling methods were employed to decompose the variance in the liability to skin picking into additive genetic and shared and non-shared environmental factors. A total of 1.2% of twins scored above the cut-off, indicative of clinically significant skin picking. All these participants were women. Univariate model-fitting analyses (female twins only, N = 2,191) showed that genetic factors accounted for approximately 40% (95% CI 19-58%) of the variance in skin picking, with non-shared environmental factors and measurement error accounting for the remaining variance (60% [95% CI 42-81%]). Shared environmental factors were negligible. It is concluded that pathological skin picking is relatively prevalent problem, particularly among women, and that it tends to run in families primarily due to genetic factors. Non-shared environmental factors are also likely to play an important role in its etiology. 相似文献
18.
Ortega-Alonso A Pietiläinen KH Silventoinen K Saarni SE Kaprio J 《Behavior genetics》2012,42(1):73-85
BMI increases progressively from adolescence to young adulthood. The aims of the present study were firstly, to investigate
the extent to which genetic and environmental influences account for differences in BMI trajectories during this period, and
secondly to examine whether boys and girls show divergences in these influences, as their BMI normally start differing across
adolescence. The study sample consisted of 4,915 monozygotic and like- and unlike-sex dizygotic twins, born between 1975 and
1979. Data on BMI was gathered when twins were on average 16.1, 17.1, 18.6 and 24.4 years old. Genetic and environmental influences
on the BMI trajectories were modeled using a latent growth curve approach. The results showed that the heritability of BMI
decreased slightly after the adolescence period, from ≈80 to 70%. BMI transition from adolescence to young adulthood was best
described by a quadratic trajectory that was highly accounted (61.7–86.5%) for by additive genetic influences. Genetic influences
on BMI level showed a low correlation with those on the trend in BMI with age indicating that different sets of genes underlie
the change of BMI during this period. Importantly, the analyses also evidenced that different genetic and environmental influences
may underlie boys and girls evolution. In conclusion, our results suggested specific genetic influences accounting for the
BMI rate-of-change from adolescence to young adulthood. This indicates that the specific genes behind BMI level may not be
the same as the genes affecting BMI change which should be taken into account in further efforts to identify these genes. 相似文献
19.
Despite many studies on the prevalence of breakfast eating, we know little about factors that determine breakfast eating patterns. Our aim was to find out to which extent breakfast eating frequency is influenced by genetic and environmental factors using twin and twin-family models in a population sample of 16-year-old twins (n = 5250) and their parents (n = 4663). In common effects sex-limitation models, additive genetic effects explained 41% (95% CI: 21-63%) of the variance in breakfast eating in girls and 66% (95% CI: 47-79%) in boys, and common environmental effects 45% (95% CI: 23-62%) in girls and 14% (95% CI: 5-29%) in boys. Of twin-family models, phenotypic assortment models fitted the data best. Heritability estimates increased somewhat (72%, 95% CI: 46-98% in girls and 63%, 95% CI: 38-89%) in boys. Common family environment remained substantial in both sexes. Cultural transmission was nonsignificant. The relative influence of genetic and family factors on adolescent breakfast eating frequency differs by sex and is generation-specific. 相似文献
20.
Dorret I. Boomsma Quinta Helmer Harold A. Nieuwboer Jouke Jan Hottenga Marleen H. de Moor Stéphanie M. van den Berg Gareth E. Davies Jacqueline M. Vink Maarten J. Schouten Conor V. Dolan Gonneke Willemsen Meike Bartels Toos C. E. M. van Beijsterveldt Lannie Ligthart Eco J. de Geus 《Behavior genetics》2018,48(1):1-11
For the participants in the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) we constructed the extended pedigrees which specify all relations among nuclear and larger twin families in the register. A total of 253,015 subjects from 58,645 families were linked to each other, to the degree that we had information on the relations among participants. We describe the algorithm that was applied to construct the pedigrees. For >?30,000 adolescent and adult NTR participants data were available on harmonized neuroticism scores. We analyzed these data in the Mendel software package (Lange et al., Bioinformatics 29(12):1568–1570, 2013) to estimate the contributions of additive and non-additive genetic factors. In contrast to much of the earlier work based on twin data rather than on extended pedigrees, we could also estimate the contribution of shared household effects in the presence of non-additive genetic factors. The estimated broad-sense heritability of neuroticism was 47%, with almost equal contributions of additive and non-additive (dominance) genetic factors. A shared household effect explained 13% and unique environmental factors explained the remaining 40% of the variance in neuroticism. 相似文献