不同喂养方式对6月龄内婴儿生长发育的影响

目的 分析6月龄内婴儿早期不同喂养方式对其生长发育的影响。方法 选取2017年9月1日至2021年6月30日于上海市高境镇社区卫生服务中心体检的1 298例婴儿为研究对象,按照喂养方式的不同分为母乳喂养组（n=495）、混合喂养组（n=724）和人工喂养组（n=79）,记录婴儿出生时、1月龄、6月龄的身长、体重、头围、胸围及6月龄血常规。结果 1月龄母乳喂养组体重、身长、头围均高于混合喂养组（P<0.05）;6月龄混合喂养组体重、身长、头围均低于母乳喂养组及人工喂养组（P<0.05）;人工喂养组头围及胸围高于母乳喂养组（P<0.05）;1月龄、6月龄的3组婴儿超重/肥胖患病率比较,差异无统计学意义（P> 0.05）。6月龄母乳喂养组贫血患病率高于混合喂养组（P<0.05）。结论 2017—2020年6月龄内婴儿母乳喂养率呈逐渐上升趋势。6月龄前,母乳喂养仍是新生儿的最优选择,但并未降低超重/肥胖风险,纯母乳喂养应及时补铁以避免婴儿贫血。     

贵州省农村婴儿体格发育水平及相关因素分析

目的：了解农村婴儿体格发育水平、营养不良患病率及与喂养方式的关系。方法：分层随机整群抽样调查农村婴儿2 511人,以中国7岁以下儿童生长标准为参数计算年龄别身高Z值（HAZ）、年龄别体重Z值（WAZ）和身高别体重Z值（WHZ）,Z〈-2判断为生长迟缓、低体重和消瘦,并分析其与喂养方式的关系。结果：贵州婴儿体格发育落后于参考标准,HAZ、WAZ 4月龄后明显左移,HAZ〈-2者在4月龄后逐渐增多达人群17%~21%,WAZ〈-2者在5月龄后达人群的13.5%~17.5%;生长迟缓率、低体重率、消瘦率分别为13.7%、10.0%和5.2%。营养不良的发生与喂养方式密切相关,4个月内纯母乳喂养、4个月后增加蛋白类食品、6个月后添加碳水化合物可降低生长迟缓、低体重的发病风险。结论：贵州农村婴儿体格发育落后,喂养不当所至的长期慢性营养不良是其主要因素。     

不同喂养策略对极低出生体重早产儿近期临床结局的影响

目的 探讨不同喂养策略对极低出生体重早产儿近期临床结局的影响,为早产儿喂养选取最优方案提供依据。方法 选择郴州市第一人民医院新生儿重症监护室收治的极低出生体重早产儿144例为研究对象,根据家属母乳喂养意愿及母亲疾病情况将早产儿分成母乳喂养组和配方奶喂养组,并根据家属喂养愿意进一步分为母乳缓慢喂养组（n=49）、母乳快速喂养组（n=29）、配方奶缓慢喂养组（n=42）、配方奶快速喂养组（n=24）。比较四组喂养指标、早产儿并发症和生长发育指标。结果 与缓慢喂养组比较,快速喂养组达到全肠道喂养时间、肠外营养时间更短,胃肠外营养相关胆汁淤积发生率、晚发败血症发生率更低（P<0.05）;配方奶喂养组比母乳喂养组喂养不耐受发生率更高（P<0.05）。四组新生儿恢复出生体重日龄、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎（≥2期）发生率、住院期间生长发育指标比较差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 极低出生体重早产儿采用母乳快速喂养可以缩短达到全肠道喂养及肠外营养使用的时间,降低胃肠外营养相关胆汁淤积、喂养不耐受及晚发败血症的发生率,同时并不增加新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的发病率,有利于改善极低出生...     

喂养方式与0～6月龄婴儿肥胖关系的研究

目的研究不同的喂养方式与0～6月龄婴儿的超重和肥胖之间是否有关系,从而为制定预防儿童超重和肥胖干预措施提供依据。方法回顾调查512名婴儿,定期儿童保健系统管理,比较出生以后0～6月内不同喂养方式对婴儿的超重和肥胖的影响,探讨不同的喂养方式与超重和肥胖率之间的关系。结果 42 d、3月、4月、5月、6月龄婴儿的母乳喂养组与配方奶喂养组以及混合喂养组三者之间的超重率和肥胖率的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论不同喂养方式与婴儿期的超重和肥胖无相应关系,未显示母乳喂养对0～6月龄婴儿的肥胖发生有保护作用。婴儿的性别、出生体重、分娩方式、母亲年龄、文化水平、职业、家庭经济状况以及辅食添加时间对6月龄儿童肥胖发生率影响不明显。     

不同喂养方式的7个月婴儿健康体检结果分析

目的通过对不同喂养方式的7个月婴儿健康体检结果分析,探讨不同喂养方式对7月龄婴儿的健康体检结果即体格发育、智力发育、血红蛋白的影响。方法以2009年1月~2010年12月来我院健康体检的182名7月龄婴儿为研究对象,测量婴儿身长、体重情况及发育商、血红蛋白水平,并将其分为母乳喂养、配方奶喂养及混合喂养三组进行比较。结果三组婴儿身长、体重、发育商差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;母乳喂养组及混合喂养组婴儿血红蛋白水平低于配方奶喂养组,差异有统计学意义（F=3.236,P〈0.05）;母乳喂养组及混合喂养组贫血发生率分别为24%、18%高于配方奶喂养组（6%）,差异有统计学意义（χ2=4.56,P〈0.05）。结论不同喂养方式对7个月龄婴儿的体格发育、智力发育影响不明显,对血红蛋白影响显著,母乳喂养贫血发生率高,应注意加强母亲孕期及哺乳期的铁补充     

不同出生体质量儿0~6月龄体格生长前瞻性队列研究

目的：了解不同出生体质量儿在生后6个月内的体格生长情况,分析体质量对后续体格生长的影响。方法：于2010年4月至2012年1月,在重庆2所大型医院儿保科招募和随访前瞻性队列人数共341人,其中巨大儿（macrosomia,M）组145人,正常出生体质量儿（normal birth weight,NBW）组196人。每月随访1次至6月龄,进行出生问卷调查和体格检查。结果：M组生后6个月内的超重率分别为5.8%、7.0%、4.7%、8.1%、12.8%、7.0%;NBW组生后6个月内的超重率分别为1.4%、1.4%、5.0%、5.0%、4.2%、8.4%;两组生后6个月内均出现超重情况且5月龄时M组的超重率与NBW组相比差异有统计学意义（?字2=5.695,P=0.034）;M组中,生后1个月内男婴体质量的生长速度大于女婴（t=2.327,P=0.022）,在4~5月间体质量的生长速度女婴大于男婴（t=-2.216,P=0.029）。M组在生后3个月内体质量的生长速度低于NBW组（t=-6.883,P=0.000）。M组身长的生长速度与NBW组无明显差异。婴儿出生体质量与6月龄身长的体质量Z评分均成正相关（P<0.05）。结论：M组生后6个月内生长水平高于NBW组,但是体质量的生长速度在出生后3个月内M组低于NBW组,出现减速生长的趋势。性别差异仅在M组中存在,M组在5月龄超重检出率最高。出生体质量与婴儿6月龄身长的体质量Z评分成正相关。     

3组不同喂养方法对转乳期婴儿体重及身长的影响

目的观测不同喂养方法对生后6个月内婴儿身长、体重的影响。方法我院儿童保健门诊体检的婴儿385例（分为3组：纯母乳喂养组、混合喂养组和人工喂养组）,3组婴儿出生时体重、身长差异均无显著性,（P〉0.05）分别于生后42天、4个月、6个月进行身长、体重的观测。结果生后42天纯母乳喂养组的身长、体重增长值均明显高于混合喂养组及人工喂养组,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）。生后4个月、6个月纯母乳喂养组体重和身长均高于混合喂养组,但差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。生后4个月、6个月母乳喂养组身长与人工喂养组差异无显著性（P〉0.05）,但体重与人工喂养组比较,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）。结论婴儿母乳喂养比混合喂养及人工喂养具有明显的优越性,母乳喂养有利于促进婴儿的体格发育和健康成长。     

近10年新生儿出生体重变化趋势的分析

目的 探讨新生儿出生体重（NBW）的变化趋势及其与剖宫产率之间的关系。方法 回顾性分析上海市普陀区妇婴保健院1989年至1998年10年间NBW的变化,及不同出生体重儿（低体重儿、正常体重儿和巨大儿）孕妇的分娩方式;并对初次产前检查≤20周至足月分娩的产妇,按NBW的不同分为3组,分析孕妇孕期体质指数（BMI）的增加与NBW之间的关系。结果 10年间NBW呈上升趋势,其中巨大儿的发生率明显增加（P＜0.05）、男婴多于女婴（P＜0.005）。随着NBW的增加,剖宫产率明显上升（P＜0.005）。巨大儿的孕妇其孕期BMI的增加与其它各组相比差异有显著性（P＜0.001）。结论 NBW和孕妇孕期BMI的过度增加是导致巨大儿发生率和剖宫产率上升的重要因素。加强孕妇孕期的膳食指导将是控制NBW、降低剖宫产率的有效手段。     

不同喂养方式对0～1岁婴儿体格发育的影响

目的 探讨母乳喂养、人工喂养和混合喂养3种喂养方式对0~1岁婴儿体格发育的影响;对比不同喂养方式超重及肥胖发生率的差异.方法 选择在我院定期健康体检0~1岁的婴儿,采用前瞻性调查.以生后4个月内的喂养方式分为纯母乳喂养组、混合喂养组(母乳和配方奶喂养)和人工喂养组;定期测量其体格生长指标.比较3组婴儿体格生长情况、超重和肥胖的发生率.结果 男性婴儿身长和体质量1～3月均为母乳喂养组最大;从4月龄开始人工喂养有超过其余两组的趋势,体质量在10～12月龄时、身长在8~12月龄时大于母乳喂养组(P<0.05).女性婴儿体质量从2月龄开始人工喂养组最大,3～12月龄时与其余两组的差异有统计学意义,身长从3月龄开始人工喂养组最大,4～12月龄时与其余两组的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).超重的总体发生率在前3个月为母乳喂养组最高,从4月龄开始以人工喂养组最高,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);肥胖的总体发生率除第2月以外,均是人工喂养组最高,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 人工喂养儿肥胖及超重总体发生率高于母乳喂养儿和混合喂养儿.母乳喂养可能对预防肥胖的发生有潜在作用.     

喂养方式对婴儿感染性疾病及体重的影响

消化道和呼吸道感染是婴儿最易发生的两种疾病。为了探讨母乳喂养对婴儿的保护作用,本文对出生后６个月以内的婴儿进行了跟踪随访,比较了不同喂养方式对婴儿腹泻和呼吸道感染及婴儿体重的影响。１材料与方法１．１调查方式让婴儿母亲记录婴儿出院后的主要喂养食品,母乳喂养情况,辅食添加情况及原因,疾病发生及治疗情况等,每月来院随访一次,并用电子秤测量婴儿体重。１．２婴儿分组母乳喂养组：纯母乳喂养或以母乳喂养为主（每天添加辅食或饮料不超过一次）。人工喂养组：完全或主要喂养母乳以外的食物（每天母乳喂养不超过两次）。混…     

孕前体重、孕期增重与新生儿出生体重的关系

目的探讨孕前体重和孕期增重对新生儿出生体重及身长等的影响,为降低巨大儿发生率、减少妊娠并发症提供临床资料。方法用自编问卷调查929例足月单胎产妇的孕前体重和孕期增重,随访至分娩。记录新生儿出生体重、身长、头围、胸径等体检数据,运用SPSS软件分析孕前体重、孕期增重与新生儿出生体重等的关系。结果①孕前低体重组新生儿出生体重、身长、头围、胸径、巨大儿发生率均明显低于理想体重组和超重组(P<0.05)。②孕期增重过多组巨大儿发生率、头围、胸径均明显大于增重不足和增重正常组(P<0.01),而3组间新生儿出生体重,身长两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05),即孕期增重越多新生儿出生体重越大,身长越长。③孕前低体重和正常体重的孕妇随着孕期增重过多,其新生儿出生体重、身长、头围、胸径明显增大。结论孕前体重,孕期增重均与新生儿出生体重及身长等发育指标有关。孕妇应根据自身条件注意调整孕期的增重范围,以便获得良好的妊娠结局。     

Relationships between pre-pregnant weight,weight gain during pregnancy and birth weight

目的 探讨孕前体重和孕期增重对新生儿出生体重及身长等的影响,为降低巨大儿发生率、减少妊娠并发症提供临床资料.方法 用自编问卷调查929例足月单胎产妇的孕前体重和孕期增重,随访至分娩.记录新生儿出生体重、身长、头围、胸径等体检数据,运用SPSS软件分析孕前体重、孕期增重与新生儿出生体重等的关系.结果 ①孕前低体重组新生儿出生体重、身长、头围、胸径、巨大儿发生率均明显低于理想体重组和超重组(P<0.05).② 孕期增重过多组巨大儿发生率、头围、胸径均明显大于增重不足和增重正常组(P<0.01),而3组间新生儿出生体重,身长两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05),即孕期增重越多新生儿出生体重越大,身长越长.③ 孕前低体重和正常体重的孕妇随着孕期增重过多,其新生儿出生体重、身长、头围、胸径明显增大.结论 孕前体重,孕期增重均与新生儿出生体重及身长等发育指标有关.孕妇应根据自身条件注意调整孕期的增重范围,以便获得良好的妊娠结局.     

Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and placental weight determine birth weight in normal Jamaican infants

Birth weight is related to neonatal health and long-term risk of chronic disease. Since animal studies have shown that birth outcome is related to placental function, the present project was designed to explore the relationship between birth weight and placental growth and composition with maternal factors during pregnancy among normal term pregnancies in 51 primiparous and 40 multiparous women delivering at the University Hospital of the West Indies. Both groups were followed from 15 weeks of gestation to term. The primiparous group was generally younger than the multiparous (mean age 22 +/- 4 versus 31 +/- 5 yr). They were significantly lighter (55 +/- 8 versus 61 +/- 9 kg) with a lower body mass index (21 +/- 3 versus 23 +/- 4 kg/m2) during early pregnancy, but gained more weight during pregnancy, 11 kg compared with 8 kg, respectively. The duration of pregnancy was similar for both groups. Although the size of the placenta was not significantly different between the two groups, the mean weight of the multiparous placentae was more than that of the primiparous placentae. Also, for all mothers both placental weight and initial maternal weight related directly to birth weight. Placental non collagen protein (NCP), sodium and potassium contents were significantly higher for multiparous women and were related to birth weight. The primiparous group had babies who were significantly lighter, 3.03 kg compared with 3.36 kg, for the multiparous and this could be attributed to differences in placental function and maternal weight. When account was taken of the difference in maternal weight at the start of pregnancy and the difference in placental weight, parity no longer explained any of the differences in birth weight. It is concluded that maternal body weight at the time of becoming pregnant and the early development of the placenta determine the efficiency with which nutrients might be delivered to the foetus and hence foetal growth. The difference in birth weight between primiparous and multiparous women can be explained by the differences in maternal weight at the time of becoming pregnant.     

The relationship of placental weight with birth weight

To assess the relationship between placental weight and birth weight, two hundred forty six pregnant mothers, who were otherwise healthy, were prospectively followed in a city hospital during antenatal period until delivery and immediate post-partum period. Height of mothers was measured initially and weight measured at each visit during the antenatal check-up. Placental weight and birth weight of babies were measured by one of the authors immediately after delivery by a weighing scale. Eighty one percent of the mothers were between the age group of 20-29 years. The BMI of 92% mothers was 18.5 and above. Most of the mothers came both with primigravida (42%) or second gravida (33%) and in 25% cases 3rd or onwards. In 49% cases the placental weight was between 401-500 gm, in 30% cases >500 gm and in 21% cases 400 gm or less. There was delivery of appropriate-birth-weight babies in 85% cases and low-birth-weight babies in 15% cases. It was observed that a very strong correlation existed between placental weight and birth weight (r = 0.391, p<0.001). Even this correlation was stronger in small for gestational age babies. However, there was no correlation between placental weight and APGAR score at one minute. It is concluded that increment of birth weight occurs with increase of placental weight. If placental weight can be measured by ultrasonography in second or early third trimester of pregnancy birth weight is possible to be assessed and appropriate measure can be taken to increase the birth weight.     

孕前体重、孕期增重与妊高征及新生儿出生体重的关系

目的 探讨孕妇孕前体重(体质量)指数及孕期体重增加情况对妊高征及新生儿出生体重的影响。方法 测量769例足月单胎初产妇孕前的身高、体重和孕期体重增加情况,计算孕前体重指数,并随访妊高征、巨大儿和低体重儿的发生情况。结果(1)孕前肥胖孕妇妊高征和巨大儿的发生率明显高于孕前消瘦和理想体重的孕妇(P<0.01和P<0.05),而后两组间无差别(P>0.05);孕前消瘦孕妇低体重儿的发生率明显高于孕前理想体重和肥胖的孕妇(P<0.01),而后两组间无差别(P>0.05)。(2)无论孕前体重指数如何,当孕期体重增加≥18kg时妊高征和巨大儿的发生率明显增高(P<0.01),而当孕期体重增加<9kg时低体重儿的发生率明显增高(P<0.01)。(3)对孕前消瘦和理想体重的孕妇,孕期体重增加≥18kg时,妊高征的发病率明显增高,而对孕前肥胖的孕妇,孕期体重增加≥9kg时,妊高征的发病率明显增高(P<0.05);孕前理想体重孕妇孕期体重增加≥18kg时巨大儿的发病率明显增高(P<0.01),孕前消瘦和肥胖的孕妇随孕期体重的增加巨大儿的发病率也增加,但无统计学意义;对孕前消瘦和理想体重的孕妇孕期体重增加<9kg时,低体重儿的发病率明显增高(P<0.01)。结论 孕前体重指数和孕期增重是妊高征及新生儿出生体重的重要影响因素。     

孕前体重、孕期增重与妊高征及新生儿出生体重的关系

OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of pre-pregnant body mass index (BMI) and weight gain during pregnancy on the occurrence of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and birth weight. METHODS: Pre-pregnant BMI and pregnancy weight gain of 769 mothers giving full-term birth to a single baby for the first time were measured and the pregnancy outcomes were followed up. RESULTS: (1) The incidence of PIH and fetal macrosomia was significantly higher in the overweight group than in the normal weight and underweight groups (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively), but differed little between the latter two groups (P>0.05). Underweight mothers were more likely to give birth to babies with low birth weight than the normal and overweight mothers (P<0.01), but the likelihood was similar between the latter two groups (P>0.05). (2) Irrespective of the pre-pregnant BMI, PIH and fetal macrosomia occurred at higher rates with the mothers with pregnancy weight gain no less than 18 kg (P<0.01), whereas low birth weight was significantly more likely with mothers with pregnancy weight gain less than 9 kg (P<0.01). (3) A weight gain during pregnancy over 18 kg gave rise to higher risk of PIH in normal and underweight mothers, but in overweight group, PIH occurred at a significantly higher rates when a weight gain more than 9 kg was recorded (P<0.05). The incidence of fetal macrosomia was significantly higher when the maternal weight gain exceeded 18 kg in the normal weight group (P<0.01), and low birth weight occurred more frequently in relation to a maternal weight gain less than 9 kg in the normal and underweight groups (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Pre-pregnant BMI and weight gain during pregnancy can be important factors influencing the occurrence of PIH and the neonates' birth weight.     

孕妇孕期增加体重与新生儿出生体重的相关性研究

目的 探讨孕妇孕期增加体重与新生儿出生体重的关系.方法 回顾分析669例产妇资料,均为初产、单胎妊娠,年龄25~34岁,孕前体重指数(BMI)为(18.5~23.9)kg/m2.将孕期增加体重分为三组:A组(体重增加≤9 kg,n=60)、B组[体重增加(9~18)kg,n=305]和C组(体重增加≥18 kg,n=45).记录每例新生儿的出生体重,并进行相关性分析.结果 A组、B组和C组新生儿出生体重分别是(2993.43 ± 348.70)g、(3161.68 ± 464.56)g和(3330.82 ± 415.81)g,差异有统计学意义.结论孕妇孕期增加体重与新生儿出生体重呈正相关.     

妊娠中晚期增重速度与孕期总增重和新生儿出生体重的关系

目的 探讨妊娠中晚期体重增长速度与孕期总增重和新生儿出生体重的关系.方法 回顾性分析2011年8月至2012年2月在北京妇产医院进行常规产前检查和分娩的孕妇临床资料,记录年龄、分娩孕周、身高、孕前体重、分娩前体重、孕期体重监测数据、新生儿出生体重、性别等资料.对资料进行t检验、单因素方差分析、Spearman相关性分析和多元线性回归分析.结果 孕妇妊娠中期增重速度[(0.68±0.26) kg/周]大于妊娠晚期增重速度[(0.52±0.25)kg/周],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).妊娠中期增重速度与孕期总增重(r=0.446,P＜0.01)、新生儿出生体重(r=0.123,P＜ 0.01)皆呈正相关;而妊娠晚期增重速度只与孕期总增重呈正相关(r=0.560,P＜ 0.01),与新生儿出生体重则无显著相关性(r=-0.025,P＞0.05);巨大儿组和正常体重儿组孕妇的孕前BMI[(22.3±2.9) kg/m2 vs.(20.8±2.8) kg/m2]、孕期总增重[(18.5±4.3)kg vs.(16.6±4.6)kg]和妊娠中期增重速度[(0.74±0.26)kg/周vs.(0.67±0.26)kg/周]相比,巨大儿组皆高于正常体重儿组,P值均＜0.01;而2组的妊娠晚期增重则无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论 不同孕期体重增长速度对新生儿出生体重的影响可能不同,妊娠中期增重速度对新生儿出生体重的影响大于妊娠晚期增重速度.     

Prevalence of attempting weight loss and strategies for controlling weight.

CONTEXT: Overweight and obesity are increasing in the United States. Changes in diet and physical activity are important for weight control. OBJECTIVES: To examine the prevalence of attempting to lose or to maintain weight and to describe weight control strategies among US adults. DESIGN: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a random-digit telephone survey conducted in 1996 by state health departments. Setting The 49 states (and the District of Columbia) that participated in the survey. PARTICIPANTS: Adults aged 18 years and older (N = 107 804). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reported current weights and goal weights, prevalence of weight loss or maintenance attempts, and strategies used to control weight (eating fewer calories, eating less fat, or using physical activity) by population subgroup. RESULTS: The prevalence of attempting to lose and maintain weight was 28.8% and 35.1 % among men and 43.6% and 34.4% among women, respectively. Among those attempting to lose weight, a common strategy was to consume less fat but not fewer calories (34.9% of men and 40.0% of women); only 21.5% of men and 19.4% of women reported using the recommended combination of eating fewer calories and engaging in at least 150 minutes of leisure-time physical activity per week. Among men trying to lose weight, the median weight was 90.4 kg with a goal weight of 81.4 kg. Among women, the median weight was 70.3 kg with a goal weight of 59.0 kg. CONCLUSIONS: Weight loss and weight maintenance are common concerns for US men and women. Most persons trying to lose weight are not using the recommended combination of reducing calorie intake and engaging in leisure-time physical activity 150 minutes or more per week.     

孕期体重增长与新生儿出生体重的关系

目的探讨正常孕期体重增长与出生体重的关系,指导合理控制体重增长,改善妊娠结局。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至12月间分娩的1002例正常足月单胎孕产妇孕前体重指数,孕期增重等与新生儿体重的关系。结果体重及体重指数增加与新生儿体重有相关性,随体重指数增加新生儿体重、产后出血量及手术产几率均增加,体重指数正常者孕期平均增重16.87±4.85kg,体重指数增加6.42±1.78,新生儿出生体重理想。结论根据不同体重指数控制孕期体重增长范围,减少手术产几率和产后出血量和母儿并发症。