彩超引导胎儿心脏穿刺术取血用于产前诊断的意义评价

目的彩超引导下对脐静脉穿刺术困难经腹胎儿心脏穿刺术取胎血检测胎儿染色体核型等产前诊断。方法使用22G穿刺针对6例胎儿超声心动图检出心脏异常的胎儿脐血穿刺失败后在彩超引导下心脏穿刺术抽取胎血检测，平均孕周31．5w，孕妇平均年龄29．5岁，术前超声检查见心脏畸形或扩大外伴羊水过多或过少。结果6例均成功穿刺取血，术后1例出现心包积液，5例出现心动过缓，心率30—80／min，持续时间4—8min。胎血细胞培养成功5例，检出染色体异常核型13-三体1例。结论当脐静脉穿刺困难时可行胎儿心脏穿刺术，彩超引导可清晰显示胎儿心内血流变化并缩短穿刺时间。胎儿心脏穿刺术有一定的风险性应慎重选择病例。该技术可用于为未来的胎儿基因治疗。     

超声引导脐静脉穿刺术在孕中晚期产前诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨超声引导脐静脉穿刺术在孕中晚期产前诊断中的安全性及应用价值。方法对875例孕周为18~33+4的孕中晚期孕妇因各种原因行超声引导脐静脉穿刺术,并对所抽取的脐静脉血进行核型分析。结果超声引导脐静脉穿刺成功率为99.5%;胎盘或脐带一过性渗血发生率22.5%;胎儿短暂心动过缓发生率4.0%;胎儿丢失发生率0.5%。染色体核型分析发现核型异常65例,异常率为7.4%,其中数目异常41例;结构异常24例。另发现重型地中海贫血8例,巨细胞病毒感染2例。异常诊断结果总检出率为8.6%。结论超声引导下脐静脉穿刺术具有很高的成功率和安全性,弥补了孕中晚期产前诊断方法的空缺,并能从多方面进行病因学诊断。     

59例畸形儿染色体核型分析

探讨胎儿脐血染色体异常核型与胎儿多发畸型的关系。方法对59例畸形儿在孕18w至出生后1d采集脐静脉血或者心脏血,常规做染色体核型分析。结果在59例脐血、心脏血染色体核型中检出异常染色体核型16例,检出率为29.6%,培养成功54例,成功率为91.5%,失败5例,均为血液凝固或抽取血液少于2m l所致。讨论胎儿多发畸形与染色体异常有关。     

胎儿超声异常合并脐血染色体核型异常相关分析

目的对高危孕妇进行脐血染色体检查,探讨胎儿超声异常与脐血染色体核型异常之间的关系。方法在B超引导下对826例具有不同产前诊断指征的孕妇,在妊娠19~38w进行胎儿脐静脉穿刺,抽取脐血1-2ml进行培养、制片及G显带后进行染色体核型分析。结果共检出异常核型48例,为5.81%(48/826),其中数目异常34例,结构异常14例,胎儿超声异常中脐血染色体核型异常32例,为11.72%(32/273),其中前三位是心脏异常、鼻骨缺失、双侧脉络膜囊肿。结论对胎儿超声异常的孕妇进行脐带血穿刺,对于减少遗传缺陷儿的出生具有重要的意义。     

孕中期胎儿心血管畸形超声检测NT值与染色体核型检测的关系探讨

目的探讨孕中期胎儿心血管畸形超声检测NT值与染色体核型检测的关系。方法选取2015年1月至2017年12月因胚胎发育不良(心脏发育畸形或异常)于本院行产前检测的孕妇108例,所有产妇均于孕24~35w行超声NT检查和经腹脐静脉穿刺术取胚胎绒毛组织的染色体核型检测,观察染色体核型检测情况,分析染色体核型检测正常与异常胎儿的超声NT值差异,并采用spearman相关性分析法分析胎儿超声NT值与染色体核型检测是否正常的相关性。结果108例病例中,染色体核型检测正常者30例(27.78%),染色体核型检测异常者78例(占比72.22%)。染色体核型检测正常胎儿心血管超声NT层厚值(3.83±0.54mm)低于染色体核型检测异常胎儿(4.64±0.63mm)(P<0.05)。spearman相关性分析显示,胎儿超声NT值与染色体核型检测是否正常具有明显的负相关性(r=0.871,P=0.018<0.05)。15例继续妊娠至分娩的胎儿中,10例(包括7例染色体核型检查异常胎儿)出生后心脏功能发育异常(或畸形),其余5例出生后未出现心脏功能发育异常(或畸形),且随访至12个月仍未出现心脏功能发育异常(或畸形)。结论通过染色体核型检测对心血管畸形胎儿绒毛组织进行染色体核型检测,可发现染色体中小至100Kb片段的缺失或重复,也可发现潜在致病基因序列,孕中期胎儿心血管超声检测NT值与染色体核型检测是否正常具有明显相关性,可作为心血管发育畸形胎儿染色体核型检查的参考指标,超声检测NT检查和染色体核型检测在胎儿心血管畸形的临床诊断中均具有良好的前景。     

176例超声诊断结构异常胎儿的脐血染色体核型分析

目的探讨对超声诊断结构异常胎儿进行脐血染色体核型分析的意义。方法选择我院因产前超声诊断胎儿结构异常而自愿行介入性产前诊断的孕妇176例,行脐静脉穿刺,分析脐血细胞染色体核型。结果脐静脉穿刺成功率为98.86%,脐血细胞培养率为100%。确诊染色体异常胎儿18例（10.23%）,其中21-三体综合征6例,18-三体综合征7例,13-三体综合征2例,Turner综合征1例,三体征1例,染色体易位1例。结论对超声诊断结构异常胎儿进行介入性产前诊断,可以明确是否为染色体异常疾病,有重要的临床意义;脐静脉穿刺因其对母儿风险小,操作简便,且不受妊娠时间的限制而具有重要意义。     

经腹彩超对妊娠早中期胎儿超声心动图的应用研究

目的 应用经腹彩超对妊娠早中期胎儿心脏及外周血流动力学变化研究,探讨妊娠早中期筛查胎儿心脏异常及染色体异常的新方法.方法 使用高分辨率彩色多普勒超声技术对150例11～14w胎儿行心脏及外周血流动力学检测分析,及每例胎儿行颈项透明层(NT)检测.综合判断并对检出异常者进行染色体分析. 结果 检出11w后妊娠胎儿心脏房室瓣均呈双峰,A ＞E,峰值速度右心＞左心.胎心率(166±8min).150例中检出NT异常8例,房室瓣反流13例和外周血流动力学异常6例,其中3例心动过缓,诊断胎儿先天性心脏病(先心病)4例.13例于16w后行羊水或脐血染色体检查,检出异常核型4例.结论 高分辨率彩超可将经腹检测胎心孕周提前,心脏及外周血流动力学变化加之NT测量是早期检出胎儿心脏畸形的重要方法.     

741例胎儿脐血染色体核型分析

我们于1990年3月至2 0 0 2年12月共完成2 175例经腹脐静脉穿刺术,并对74 1例高危孕妇进行了胎儿脐血染色体核型分析,现报告如下。1　对象与方法1.1　对象　74 1例孕妇因各种高危因素取胎儿脐血行细胞培养及染色体核型分析,穿刺和培养成功率为10 0 %。产前诊断指征见表1。1.2　方法　在B超介导下行经腹脐静脉穿刺术,方法见文献[1]。胎血鉴定采用血红蛋白电泳分析(美国Helena全自动血红蛋白电泳仪)。染色体制备用常规G显带分析,每例计数30个中期核型,分析3个核型( L eica Dmra2染色体自动分析仪) ,拍片、并存档。统计学方法采用卡方检验,以…     

应用脐穿刺术进行快速染色体核型分析

自Daffos等首次描述经腹壁在宫内抽取脐血样本以来,应用脐穿刺术进行快速胎儿染色体核型分析这一技术已被多数作者采用。本文报告了Vanderbili大学医学中心对96例孕妇的105例胎儿进行脐穿刺术及快速染色体核型分析的经验。手术前进行遗传咨询及高分辨超声检查,以确定胎儿异常程度。根据Daffos等所述方法,在超声引导下,经脐带抽取胎血样     

中孕超声筛查及超声引导下羊水穿刺诊断胎儿染色体异常的临床价值

目的评价中孕超声筛查及羊水穿刺诊断胎儿染色体异常的临床应用价值。方法16例超声筛查可疑染色体异常中的12例及288例有产前诊断指征的孕妇在超声引导下抽取羊水检查染色体核型。结果16例超声筛查可疑染色体异常，检出异常染色体7例，检出率43．8％；羊水穿刺均一次成功，288例羊水细胞培养成功率97．9％，检出异常染色体17例，检出率6．0％。超声筛查异常、孕妇血清学筛查异常、不良孕产史等是有效的羊水穿刺指征，其中超声筛查异常染色体异常检出率明显高于其它组。结论中孕超声筛查是有效的产前诊断指征，有助于及时发现胎儿染色体异常，并在超声引导下羊水穿刺进一步明确诊断。     

胎儿先天性心脏畸形产前遗传学研究

目的 评估胎儿先天性心脏病(congenital heart diseases,CHD)遗传学异常情况,为孕期管理和遗传咨询提供依据.方法 对产前超声检查发现为先天性心脏畸形的胎儿共81例,采用绒毛活检/羊膜腔穿刺/脐静脉穿刺获取胎儿细胞,进行细胞培养染色体分析;对显带分析无染色体异常胎儿,采用短串联重复标记结合多重荧光定量PCR技术,检测其22q11.2区域微缺失和微重复情况,异常胎儿再用荧光原位杂交技术证实.结果 81例先天性心脏畸形胎儿,发现染色体异常34例,22q11.2微重复1例,总异常发现率为43.2%;合并心外畸形胎儿染色体异常率高于单纯心脏畸形胎儿(64.5%vs.28.0%).染色体异常中,18三体有19例,占染色体异常病例的54.3%.结论 先天性心脏畸形的胎儿染色体异常率高,尤以18三体最为常见;如合并心外畸形,染色体异常概率明显增加;对显带分析染色体正常胎儿则需进行22q11.2区域微缺失和微重复检测.先天性心脏畸形胎儿的遗传学检测有助于孕期管理和遗传咨询.     

宫颈内口处彩色多普勒超声诊断价值

目的 探讨宫颈内口处彩色多普勒超声检查的临床价值。方法 收集我院2015年1月~2017年12月门诊28周至分娩前的孕产妇共8967例,在对每位孕产妇行常规彩色多普勒超声检查的同时加用取样框置于宫颈内口处彩超检查,在常规检查基础上发现血流异常信号者加用取样框置于宫颈内口处彩超检查,收集异常血流信号病例并追踪患者的临床资料进行统计学分析。结果 在8967例孕妇中,常规检查发现异常血流信号者31例,将取样框置于宫颈内口处彩超检查发现前置胎盘18例,前置胎盘合并胎盘植入10例,中央型前置胎盘合并胎膜下出血1例,胎膜血管前置1例,脐带先露1例。结论 宫颈内口处彩色多普勒超声检查能明确诊断常规检查发现的异常血流信号并及早发现异常情况,为临床诊断提供有力的参考依据、选择合适的分娩方式,降低产时及产后大出血、子宫切除等风险。     

超声在出生缺陷产前诊断中的临床应用

目的 探讨超声在产前诊断胎儿缺陷的临床价值。方法 对4927例孕16～40周的妇女采用实时彩色多普勒超声仪进行系统检查，对胎儿畸形进行筛查和诊断。结果 在4927例孕妇中，共发现先天性缺陷58例，产前共诊断出48例胎儿畸形，漏诊10例。漏诊病例主要表现为较小畸形和缺陷。结论 妊娠中晚期进行系统超声检查可以对胎儿形态结构方面的明显畸形进行产前诊断，对于降低出生缺陷发生率，提高人口素质具有重要意义。     

软骨发育不全的产前基因诊断

目的 通过产前成纤维细胞生长因子受体3(fibroblast growth factor receptor 3,FGFR3)基因检测确诊胎儿软骨发育不全.方法 经脐带穿刺获取78例短肢发育异常胎儿脐血,常规行核型分析,并提取基因组DNA,扩增FGFR3基因第10外显子,应用限制酶Bfm I进行限制性片段长度多态性分析,并对其行DNA双向测序.同法分析阳性胎儿双亲FGFR3基因第10外显子.结果 短肢发育异常78例胎儿中,8例为G1138A杂合突变,诊断为软骨发育不全,其核型分析正常.余70例短肢发育异常胎儿,FGFR3基因第10外显子第1138位核苷酸检测结果正常,排除软骨发育不全.8例患病胎儿双亲中,1例父亲同为G1138A杂合突变,余检测结果正常.结论 对超声诊断的胎儿短肢发育异常,通过脐血FGFR3基因第10外显子的PCR-限制性片段长度多态分析和DNA双向测序,产前能明确诊断软骨发育不全.     

The usefulness of fetal MRI for prenatal diagnosis

PURPOSE: Fast MRI has provided detailed and reproducible fetal anatomy. This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of fetal MRI for prenatal diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-six fetuses with congenital abnormalities on ultrasonography were evaluated by fetal MRI from 2001 to 2004 in Severance Hospital. Final diagnosis was made by postnatal pathology, postnatal MRI, and other modalities (such as ultrasound, retrograde pyelogram). A 1.5-Tesla superconductive MR imaging unit was used to obtain half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin images. RESULTS: Of the 56 fetuses, intracranial abnormalities were found in 26 fetuses, intraabdominal abnormalities in 17 fetuses, intrathoracic in 6 fetuses, head and neck in 5 fetuses, and other sites in 2 fetuses. There were six cases in which the diagnoses of fetal MRI and ultrasonography differed. In such cases, fetal MRI provided more exact diagnosis than ultrasonography (5 vs. 0). Three fetuses with intracranial abnormalities on ultrasonography were diagnosed as normal by fetal MRI and in postnatal diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Although ultrasonography is known as a screening modality of choice in the evaluation of fetus because of the cost-effectiveness and safety, the sonographic findings are occasionally inconclusive or insufficient for choosing the proper management. Thus, in this study, we suggest that fetal MRI is more useful than ultrasonography for the evaluation of intracranial abnormalities in some instances. For prenatal counseling and postnatal treatment planning, fetal MRI can be informative when prenatal ultrasonography is inadequate and doubtful.     

Chromosome microarray analysis should be offered to all invasive prenatal diagnostic testing following a normal rapid aneuploidy test result

Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) has now replaced karyotyping in the analysis of prenatal cases with a fetal structural anomaly, whereas in those pregnancies undergoing invasive prenatal diagnosis with a normal fetal ultrasound, conventional karyotyping is still performed. The aims of this study were to establish the diagnostic yield of CMA in prenatal diagnosis, and to provide new data that might contribute to reconsider current practices. We reviewed 2905 prenatal samples with a normal rapid aneuploidy detection test referred for evaluation by CMA testing. Our study revealed pathogenic and reported susceptibility copy number variants associated with syndromic disorders in 4.8% (n = 138/2905) of cases, being 2.8% (n = 81/2905) the estimated added diagnostic value of CMA over karyotyping. Clinically significant CMA abnormality was detected in 5.4% (107/1975) of the fetuses with ultrasound anomalies and in 1.4% (5/345) of those considered as low-risk pregnancies. Our series shows that in prenatal samples, CMA increases 2-fold the diagnostic yield achieved by conventional karyotyping.     

True trisomy 2 mosaicism in amniocytes and newborn liver associated with multiple system abnormalities

Among 58,000 amniocenteses completed, our laboratories found one case of true cytogenetic trisomy 2 mosaicism in a fetus with multiple abnormalities. In contrast, 11 fetuses phenotypically normal at birth were found to have true trisomy 2 mosaicism in their chorionic villus cells among the 10,500 fetuses tested by chorionic villus sampling (CVS). In our single abnormal case, amniocentesis performed at 19 weeks after finding an elevated maternal serum AFP found two independent cultures with trisomy 2 karyotypes in 8 of 25 and 7 of 31 amniocytes, respectively. Although oligohydramnios was noted by ultrasound, the mother elected to continue the pregnancy. At 26 weeks the fetus had intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), hydronephrosis, and cardiac abnormalities. When delivered by Cesarean section at 30 weeks, the infant had multiple anomalies and developed necrotizing enterocolitis and severe cholestasis. At 5 months coronal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) displayed delayed myelination and abnormal brain morphology. The patient also exhibited significant growth failure and developmental delay. Although chromosomes were normal in blood, skin fibroblasts, and ascites fluid cells, 4 of 100 hepatic biopsy fibroblasts were 47,XY,+2. Molecular analysis excluded uniparental disomy (UPD) of chromosome 2 in the 46,XY cell line. This and other reports of rare phenotypically abnormal trisomy 2 mosaic fetuses identified by karyotyping amniocytes emphasizes the substantially higher fetal risk of abnormal development than when trisomy 2 is found only in chorionic villus cells. Am. J. Med. Genet. 72:343–346, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The influence of SNP‐based chromosomal microarray and NIPT on the diagnostic yield in 10,000 fetuses with and without fetal ultrasound anomalies

Prenatal diagnostics has been impacted by technological changes in the past decade, which have affected the diagnostic yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of SNP array and noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) on the diagnostic yield and the number of invasive tests in our center. The frequency of pathogenic fetal unbalanced chromosome aberrations was studied in 10,005 cases referred for prenatal testing in 2009–2015. Chromosomal SNP microarray analysis replaced karyotyping in all invasively tested pregnancies and since 2014 a choice between NIPT and diagnostic testing with microarray was offered to women with an increased risk for common aneuploidy. The introduction of microarray led to an additional yield of submicroscopic pathogenic chromosome aberrations: 3.6% in fetuses with ultrasound anomalies and 1.9% in fetuses without ultrasound anomalies. The introduction of NIPT led to a decrease of invasive tests and of diagnostic yield. Moreover, a diagnostic delay in about 1:350 cases was observed. Since 20%–33% of pathogenic fetal chromosome aberrations are different from the common aneuploidies and triploidy, whole‐genome analysis should be offered after invasive sampling. Because NIPT (as a second screening) has led to a decreased diagnostic yield, it should be accompanied by an appropriate pretest counseling.     

Mechanism of acute fetal cardiovascular depression after maternal inflammatory challenge in mouse

Intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes an acute inflammatory response and cardiac dysfunction in fetal mice. We hypothesized that the placenta protects the fetus against maternally administered bacterial toxins, delaying the onset of a fetal inflammatory response and vascular compromise. At 14 to 15 days of gestation, DBA mice were randomized to receive LPS (2.4 mg/kg) or vehicle intraperitoneally. Doppler ultrasonography of fetal cardiovascular hemodynamics was performed before and 6 hours after maternal LPS. Six hours after the LPS, maternal serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 (P < 0.05) were increased. Placenta showed severe maternal vascular dilatation and congestion. The expressions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1alpha, and IL-6 (P < 0.05) were increased, and the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 was constitutive in placenta. The expression of Toll-like receptor 2 increased (P < 0.05) and was detected in labyrinthine macrophages. No inflammatory activation was found in fetal tissues, and amniotic fluid revealed no significant increase in cytokines. The ultrasonographic examination demonstrated increased fetal cardiac afterload after LPS, with 65% of the fetuses exhibiting atrioventricular valve regurgitation. In conclusion, maternal inflammatory insult activates placental labyrinthine macrophages leading to an acute increase in placental vascular resistance and fetal cardiac dysfunction without an inflammatory response in fetus.