扩张后额部皮瓣法鼻再造术探讨

目的为了进一步提高手术质量,探讨扩张后额部皮瓣法鼻再造术的相关技术.方法自1999年以来,临床治疗14例患者,其中3例行岛状皮瓣转移,11例行带蒂转移.总结相关技术与效果的关系,并结合国内文献进行讨论.结果本组14例患者,2例岛状皮瓣转移的患者鼻翼边缘有少许坏死,余12例患者鼻外形与鼻通气功能均较好.随访3～18个月,皮瓣无明显回缩.结论扩张后额部皮瓣为鼻再造的首选治疗方案.大容量的扩张器能较充分的扩张,而且带蒂转移的术式更安全可靠.恒压持续快速扩张,能充分利用有效时间,达到最佳的有效扩张,这也是今后鼻再造的研究方向.     

额部扩张皮瓣修复面部缺损的应用

应用额部扩张皮瓣形成以滑车上血管为蒂的皮瓣进行鼻再造或以颞浅血管支为蒂的岛状皮瓣修复面部缺损共４例，皮瓣应用灵活；转移后不臃肿，弹性色泽好，鼻再造轮廓清楚，供区可直接缝合，不需植皮，是修复面部缺损，鼻再造的良好材料。     

额部扩张皮瓣修复面部缺损的应用

应用额部扩张皮瓣形成以滑车上血管为蒂的皮瓣进行鼻再造或以颞浅血管额支为蒂的岛状皮瓣修复面部缺损共4例,皮瓣应用灵活,转移后不臃肿,弹性色泽好,鼻再造轮廓清楚,供区可直接缝合,不需植皮。是修复面部缺损、鼻再造的良好材料。     

额部扩张皮瓣同时用于鼻再造及面部缺损修复

我们将额部扩张皮瓣形成以－侧滑车上血管为蒂的皮瓣行鼻再造，同时形成另一侧颞浅血管额支为蒂的岛状瓣修复面部其他部位缺损，计治疗４例病人，效果满意。     

额部扩张皮瓣同时用于鼻再造及面部缺损修复

我们将额部扩张皮瓣形成以一侧滑车上血管为蒂的皮瓣行鼻再造，同时形成另一侧颞浅血管额支为蒂的岛状皮瓣修复面部其他部位（眶部、颧部、上唇、下唇）缺损，计治疗４例病人，效果满意。     

血管移植皮瓣预构技术在额部扩张皮瓣中的应用

目的 寻求一种解决以颞浅血管额支为蒂的额部扩张岛状皮瓣术后容易出现静脉同流的方法.方法 手术分两期进行.Ⅰ期,在额肌下剥离,形成适当大小的囊腔,然后以颢浅血管顶支为蒂,形成颞顶筋膜瓣,转移至额部皮瓣下,舒展同定于额肌下面,于筋膜瓣下埋置扩张器;Ⅱ期,取出扩张器,以颞浅血管额支和转移带血运的筋膜瓣为蒂,形成额部扩张岛状皮瓣,转移、修复面部皮肤缺损.结果 自2004年以来,临床应用3例,均为烧伤后面部瘢痕患者,术后皮瓣全部成活,无静脉淤血等皮瓣回流不畅的情况出现.结论 将血管移植皮瓣预构技术应用到传统的以颞浅血管额支为蒂的额部扩张岛状皮瓣,不增加治疗时间,可有效地缓解皮瓣移植后的静脉回流问题,是解决额部扩张岛状皮瓣术后静脉回流问题的有效方法之一.     

扩张额部岛状皮瓣眼窝再造的临床研究

目的探讨应用扩张额部带滑车上动脉与眶上动脉血管蒂的岛状皮瓣进行眼窝再造的可行性。方法2002年6月～2005年6月收治6例眼窝缺失患者,男4例,女2例;年龄16～42岁。受伤原因为外伤3例,肿瘤2例,化学烧伤1例。左侧4例,右侧2例。病程1～4年,均先行额部皮瓣供区皮肤软组织扩张术,1个月后行二期扩张后的额部带滑车上动脉与眶上动脉血管蒂的岛状皮瓣移位眼窝再造术。皮瓣切取范围8cm×5cm～10cm×6cm,术后观察再造眼窝外观及功能恢复效果。结果术后6例移位皮瓣全部成活,皮瓣无明显回缩,感觉功能良好。术后1个月义眼放置再造眼窝,位置稳定,无脱出现象;获随访1～3年,外观效果满意,皮瓣供区愈合良好,无明显瘢痕增生。结论应用扩张的额部带滑车上动脉与眶上动脉血管蒂的岛状皮瓣再造眼窝,皮瓣成活率高,再造眼窝外观、感觉及功能效果好,是一种较理想的眼窝再造方法。     

烧伤后鼻部及邻位组织缺损畸形的修复

目的 了解烧伤后鼻及邻位组织缺损的最佳修复方法 及效果. 方法 1999年1月-2008年12月,笔者单位采用额部扩张皮瓣、上臂带蒂皮瓣、耳后反流轴型岛状皮瓣及鼻唇沟皮瓣,修复烧伤后鼻部及邻位组织缺损畸形患者12例,其中全鼻缺损4例,鼻部分缺损8例.12例患者巾鼻缺损伴面颊部瘢痕3例,伴额部瘢痕5例,伴上唇外翻及上唇大部分缺损共5例.皮瓣面积3.0cm × 1.5 cm～10.0 cm×8.0 cm. 结果 采用额部扩张皮瓣修复5例、上臂带带皮瓣修复3例、耳后反流轴型岛状皮瓣修复1例、鼻唇沟皮瓣修复3例.12例皮瓣全部成活.随访1～7年,患者鼻的功能及外形均明显改善. 结论 额部皮瓣为修复烧伤后鼻缺损的首选皮瓣.面部严重烧伤,瘢痕明显,不能选择局部皮瓣或邻位皮瓣时,可考虑应用上臂带蒂皮瓣、耳后反流轴型岛状皮瓣等修复.     

应用扩张皮瓣法同期修复鼻及上唇缺损

目的 探讨额、面颊及前臂部的扩张皮瓣同期修复鼻及上唇缺损的手术方法及效果.方法 分别采用额、面颊、前臂部扩张皮瓣同期完成鼻及上唇缺损的再造与修复术.手术治疗全程共分3个阶段:扩张器置入,一般额和前臂部分别置入170、200 ml圆柱形扩张器,面颊为140 ml圆形扩张器;扩张皮瓣带蒂转移,须确保皮瓣包括主要血管和分支血管在内;皮瓣断蒂修整,最好于4～5周后断蒂效果佳.结果 7例患者均用此方法修复再造鼻、上唇缺损.术后外形良好、对称,所有皮瓣全部成活,男患者额部皮瓣远端带有部分头皮,可再造上唇及胡须,外形及功能更加逼真,患者满意,经0.5～5.0年随访,功能、形态均良好.结论 额、面颊及前臂部扩张皮瓣是鼻、上唇组织缺损同期再造与修复的较为理想方法.     

额部扩张皮瓣在鼻缺损整复中的应用

目的:探讨应用额部扩张皮瓣修复鼻部分缺损的效果。方法:1985年-2008年,收治15例鼻缺损患者。手术分3期进行:Ⅰ期行额部扩张器置入术皮肤扩张术;Ⅱ期行额部扩张皮瓣转移修复鼻缺损;Ⅲ期行鼻根部皮瓣断蒂修整术。结果:本组15例,3例出现皮瓣远端血运障碍,其中2例转移的额部扩张皮瓣远端坏死。13例患者扩张的额部皮瓣全部成活。随访6个月~23年,再造鼻形态满意,额部供区瘢痕不明显。结论:额部扩张皮瓣修复鼻缺损是简单、可靠的方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.