下颈椎骨折脱位的前路手术治疗

目的:探讨下颈椎骨折脱位前路手术的治疗优点及疗效.方法:对35例下位颈椎骨折脱位采用前路复位,术中不能完全复位者行伤椎椎体次全切除后复位,同时行自体骨植骨和/或钛网、钢板内固定.结果:所有病例均获完全复位,术后神经功能获得不同程度的改善.随访12月～3 a,平均随访14个月,术后1～5月植骨融合(平均3.2月),随访时颈椎椎间高度、生理曲度维持良好,无钢板、螺钉折断、滑脱等并发症.结论:颈前路手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位,可充分减压、复位、恢复颈椎椎间高度和生理曲度,更重要的是可重建颈椎的即刻稳定性,防止继发性脊髓损伤,有利于神经功能恢复.     

经后路一期前路减压重建后路固定治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折的临床观察

目的探讨经后路一期前路减压重建后路固定治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折的临床效果。方法总结2006年~2009年经后路一期前路减压重建后路固定治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折12例患者,男8例,女4例,年龄24~56岁,AO分型B3型7例,C3型5例,脊髓损伤Frankel分级,A级3例,B级5例,C级4例。经后路一期手术,椎弓根螺钉系统固定,经椎弓根椎体次全切除,椎管减压,钛网融合器前柱重建。术后随访患者脊髓神经功能恢复和植骨融合情况,术前和术后Coob角度比较评估手术效果。结果 12例患者均得到随访,随访时间2~4年。术后神经损伤症状无加重,神经功能均有好转,椎体高度无丢失,无钉棒松动断裂发生。结论经后路一期前路减压重建后路固定手术治疗严重胸腰段脊柱爆裂骨折效果可靠、安全,可做为治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折的一种方法。     

外伤性无骨折脱位颈髓损伤的手术治疗

目的：探讨手术治疗无骨折脱位颈脊髓损伤临床疗效。方法：手术治疗无骨折脱位颈脊髓损伤患者32例,其中前路15例,后路7例,前后路联合入路10例。结果：全组病例随访4～68个月,平均21个月。临床效果按JOA评分,平均改善率42．85％,优良率56．25％。颈前路融合术后出现相邻节段不稳2例,颈后路术后出现颈椎反曲畸形1例。结论：手术治疗无骨折脱位颈脊髓损伤,可充分、有效地减压,扩大椎管容积,恢复颈椎序列,重建颈椎结构稳定,避免脊髓的继发性损害。     

前路一期手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位

目的：探讨前路一期颈椎次全切植骨融合内固定手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位的临床效果和价值。方法：18例下颈椎骨折脱位在全麻下行一期手术，前路椎体次全切除植骨钢板内固定。结果：平均随访12个月，骨折脱位已完全复位，受压脊髓得到有效减压，内固定钢板无松动无断裂，植骨平均6个月后骨性融合，脊髓功能均有不同程度恢复。1例喉返神经损伤，声音嘶哑，术后3个月恢复。结论：前路一期手术是治疗下颈椎骨折的积极有效的方法。     

颈前路手术的临床初步探讨

目的:探讨颈前路手术在颈椎治疗中的应用.方法:采用颈前入路切除突出椎间盘、骨赘切除减压、椎体次全切除、植骨(或植入BAK)加钛钢板内固定术治疗颈椎疾病63例,其中颈椎病45例,颈椎外伤引起颈椎骨折合并脱位18例.结果:随访8～26个月,平均12个月.按40评分法:本组疗效优52例,良7例,有效3例,无效1例.2例出现髂骨供区疼痛,1例出现髂骨供区皮肤延期愈合,余无并发症.结论:颈前路手术是治疗颈椎骨折脱位及颈椎病的有效方法之一.     

严重胸腰椎骨折脱位椎弓根钉棒系统治疗35例临床观察

目的 观察后路椎弓根钉棒系统治疗严重胸腰椎骨折脱位的疗效.方法 经后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定减压、植骨治疗35例严重胸腰椎骨折脱位.结果 35例随访11个月～3年,全部病例基本恢复了正常椎体序列、Cobb角及椎体高度.结论 椎弓根钉棒系统复位固定结合后路植骨融合,是治疗严重胸腰椎骨折脱位的有效方法.     

无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤3种金属置入物疗效观察

背景:近年来,随着解剖学、影像学、外科技术的发展及国内外学者研究的深入,无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的相关治疗取得了长足进步。目的:观察前路重建脊柱稳定、后路减压+侧块固定、前路重建脊柱稳定+后路减压治疗无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的效果。方法:回顾性分析2003-10/2005-12解放军广州军区广州总医院脊柱外科收治的无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤患者27例,男22例,女5例,均伤后7d内入院,并行手术治疗。根据患者的损伤情况采用3种方式,前路减压重建脊柱稳定,后路单开门+侧块固定,前路重建脊柱稳定+后路减压。疗效评价标准采用Frankel分级及JOA评分计算改善率。结果与结论:全部患者均获得随访,随访时间6～33个月,平均18个月。影像学复查提示减压充分,内固定固定良好,未见松动滑脱、断裂等现象,融合节段1年后均获得良好骨性融合。27例患者出院时神经系统症状均有不同程度改善。除1例FrankelA级患者无明显恢复外,其余均恢复1～4级。置入后JOA评分较置入前有明显改善,其中前路减压重建脊柱稳定组改善率为50%,后路单开门+侧块固定组改善率为53%,前路重建脊柱稳定+后路减压组改善率为51%。所有病例置入中未出现血管、神经损伤等并发症,随访中亦无并发症发生。提示根据无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的不同特点,采取合理方式,可获得较好疗效。     

不稳定Hangman骨折颈椎前后路融合金属植入物内固定方式的对比

背景：对于Hangman骨折,采用颈前路融合钢板置入内固定和后路C2椎弓根、C3侧块钉棒置入内固定,目前存在争议。 目的：比较颈前路融合钢板置入内固定和后路C2椎弓根、C3侧块钉棒置入内固定治疗Hangman骨折的临床效果。 方法：将26例Hangman骨折患者按随机数字表法分为2组,分别行颈前路减压植骨钛合金钢板置入内固定与后路C2椎弓根、C3侧块钉棒置入内固定治疗。 结果与结论：与后路C2椎弓根、C3侧块钉棒置入内固定治疗比较,颈前路减压植骨钛合金钢板置入内固定治疗手术时间更短,术中出血与术后引流量更少(P < 0.05)。两组术中、术后并发症差异无显著性意义。提示与颈椎后路手术内固定相比,颈椎前路融合植入物内固定手术治疗Hangman骨折手术时间短,术中出血量少,术后颈椎功能恢复良好。     

颈前路带锁钢板联合植骨手术治疗颈椎骨折

目的探讨和评价颈前路带锁钢板联合钛网植骨治疗颈椎损伤的应用价值。方法自2003年6月至2009年5月经住院手术的13例颈椎骨折的患者行颈椎前路椎体次全切除术减压,同时带锁钢板内固定联合钛网植骨或自体髂骨植骨融合。结果全部病例得到随访,平均18个月,内固定牢靠无松脱,植骨融合,椎体高度无丢失。结论颈前路带锁钢板联合钛网植骨可即刻恢复节段高度,重建节段稳定性,手术操作简单,并发症少,解决了颈椎损伤重建的难题。     

三种方式置入植入物修复腰椎爆裂性骨折后的骨性融合及矫正度和功能恢复

背景：目前腰椎爆裂性骨折的外科治疗方式主要包括脊柱前路、脊柱后路和脊柱前后联合入路内固定处理。然而何种处理方式最佳,它们的适应证如何,目前还存在争议。目的：评价脊柱前路内固定器系统内固定及脊柱后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定和前2种方法联合治疗腰椎爆裂性骨折的临床疗效。方法：腰椎爆裂性骨折79例。根据患者情况,分别采用脊柱后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定治疗57例;脊柱前路内固定器系统内固定治疗12例;脊柱前路内固定器系统内固定加脊柱后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定联合治疗10例。采用ASIA标准评定治疗前后神经功能恢复情况;观察治疗前后伤椎Cobb角以及矫正度丢失、骨性融合率、内固定失效率及治疗过程的操作时间和出血量。结果与结论：79例随访>19个月。除5例完全性截瘫患者神经功能无恢复,其余63例不全瘫患者治疗后神经功能(ASIA分级)均恢复1级或1级以上。3种入路置入植入物内固定治疗后患者伤椎Cobb角以及神经功能的恢复均较治疗前明显改善(P < 0.05);脊柱后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定治疗患者腰椎矫正度丢失明显高于脊柱前路内固定器系统内固定或脊柱前后联合入路治疗(P < 0.05)。脊柱后路内固定器系统内固定患者操作时间、出血量较脊柱前路内固定器系统内固定或脊柱前后联合入路治疗明显减少(P < 0.05)。脊柱后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定有5例患者发生内固定断裂。3种入路置入植入物内固定治疗在骨性融合率和神经功能恢复方面差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。结果表明,3种入路置入植入物内固定均能有效治疗腰椎爆裂性骨折,临床疗效满意;后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定治疗易出现内固定断裂和治疗后矫正度丢失;脊柱前路内固定器系统内固定和脊柱前路内固定器系统内固定加脊柱后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定联合治疗后矫正度丢失较少。因此应个体化选择治疗入路,以期获得最佳的临床疗效。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程全文链接：     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.