血清脂联素水平与代谢综合征组分的相关性研究

目的探讨血清脂联素水平与代谢综合征(MS)各组分的相关性。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法,抽取齐齐哈尔市的两个城区,经调查和体检,筛选出MS患者235例。通过对MS患者的脂联素水平与MS各组分(腰围、血压、血糖、血脂)相关性分析及主成分回归分析,初步探讨血清脂联素水平与MS各组分的关系。结果男性脂联素水平为(2.82±1.73)μg/mL低于女性的(5.12±3.51)μg/mL,差异有统计学意义(Z=-5.25,P=0.00)。脂联素水平[(4.38±3.23)μg/mL与腹部肥胖相关,其与腰围[(93.37±7.76)cm]的Spearman秩相关系数为rs=-0.18(tr=-2.79,P=0.01);与腰臀比(0.91±0.05)的Spearman秩相关系数为rs=-0.28(tr=-4.44,P=0.00),而与人体质量指数(BMI)[(26.85±3.10)kg/m2]无显著相关性(rs=-0.10,tr=-1.45,P=0.15)。脂联素与胰岛素抵抗相关指标关系密切,包括空腹血糖[(5.48±1.72)mmol/L](rs=-0.13,tr=-2.00,P=0.05)、空腹胰岛素[(11.52±5.34)mU/L](rs=-0.15,tr=-2.31,P=0.02)、稳态模式评估法的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)(2.90±2.07)(rs=-0.17,tr=-2.63,P=0.01)及三酰甘油水平[(2.11±1.24)mmol/L](rs=-0.24,tr=-3.77,P=0.00)。脂联素与总胆固醇水平[(5.01±1.19)mmol/L](rs=-0.05,tr=-0.78,P=0.44)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)[(1.21±0.32)mmol/L](rs=0.06,tr=0.93,P=0.36)、收缩压[(131.40±14.93)mmHg,1mmHg=0.133kPa](rs=-0.02,tr=-0.34,P=0.73)及舒张压[(86.77±9.14)mmHg](rs=-0.02,tr=-0.27,P=0.78)无显著相关性。结论 MS患者血清脂联素水平与腹部肥胖及胰岛素抵抗相关指标呈负相关,而与血压未见直接联系。     

气相色谱法测定降血脂药非诺贝特的含量

本文建立了以三十二烷为内标的非诺贝特气相色谱测定方法。样品及内标物的保留时间分别为17.3±SD1.0min,13.9±SD0.7min。绘制了缓冲液及血浆中样品的标准曲线,相关系数γ分别为0.9976和0.9991,测定的血浆样品回收率为96.8±4.03%(n=5)。     

HPLC法同时测定足菌清中水杨酸等4种成分的含量

用反相高效液相色谱法同时分离测定足菌清中水杨酸、苯甲酸、间苯二酚及呋喃西林的含量。水杨酸、苯甲酸、间苯二酚的线性为 0 15～ 0 75 g/L,r值分别为 0 9998、0 9999、0 9997;呋喃西林的线性为 0 0 0 72～ 0 0 36 g/L,r =1 0 0 0 ;平均回收率 (X±RSD) %分别为 ,水杨酸 (99 9±2 4) % ,苯甲酸 (10 0 1± 1 9) % ;间苯二酚 (99 7± 2 8) % ;呋喃西林 (10 0 9± 3 0 ) %。     

高效液相色谱法测定血浆游离肉碱

目的:建立血浆游离肉碱测定方法。方法:用 HPLC 方法测定血液透析患者的血浆游离肉碱,并比较其补充肉碱前后的疗效。结果:方法线性范围为12.5～200 μmol·L~(-1);最低检测浓度为5 μmol·L~(-1),总分析时间6.7 min。肉碱平均保留时间(5.47±0.24)min。高、中、低3种浓度的平均回收率为105.7%。批内、批间 RSD 为3.5%和10.8%(n=6)。血透病人(n=108)补充肉碱前后的游离血浆浓度分别为(20.55±10.34)和(106.6±51.15)μmol·L~(-1),对照组浓度(n=28)为(50.07±16.18)μmol·L~(-1)。结论:HPLC 法测定血浆游离肉碱浓度灵敏、可靠、简便,适用于快速检测血透病人肉碱缺乏症和评价补充肉碱疗效的临床工作。     

子宫肌瘤剔除3种术式的临床比较

目的比较3种子宫肌瘤剔除术的临床效果和安全性。方法子宫肌瘤剔除术180例按手术方法不同分成3组:开腹子宫肌瘤术(TAM)60例、腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剔除术(LM)60例和阴式子宫肌瘤剔除术(TVM)60例,比较手术效果和术后恢复情况。结果 TVM手术时间(69.58±26.72)min、TAM(88.93±31.07)均小于LM(115.63±35.12)min(t=2.345,t=2.241,P<0.05);TVM组术中出血量(100.33±87.04)mL均小于LM(143.31±141.42)、TAM(149.29±132.72)mL(t=2.235,t=2.241,P<0.05);TAM肛门排气时间(46.33±14.89)h均大于LM(38.23±10.22)、TVM(29.51±7.86)h(t=2.275,t=2.341,P<0.05);TAM术后体温恢复正常时间(2.01±1.49)d均大于LM(1.87±1.0)、TVM(1.75±1.62)d(t=2.315,t=2.341,P<0.05);TAM术后住院时间(8.12±1.46)d均大于LM(7.12±1.65)、TVM(6.35±1.27)d(t=2.375,t=2.441,P<0.05)。结论阴式子宫肌瘤剔除术安全、有效、创伤小,术后疼痛轻,并发症少,恢复快,是一种值得推广的微创手术。     

7例妇女应用布比卡因硬膜外阻滞后的药物动力学和药效学

采用HPLC法对7例妇女应用布比卡因硬膜外阻滞后的药物动力学(药动学)和药效学进行研究,数据用PKBP-N_1药动学程序包经IBM-PC计算机处理,结果符合血管外开放二室模型。T_p=19±8min;C_p=1.6±0.7μg/ml;T_((1/2)β)=166±59min;AUC=273±124μg/(min·ml);V_d=2.0±0.7L/kg。测得该药的作用完善时间和麻醉持续时间分别为21±3min和104±30min。手术期间未见明显不良反应。应用测得之药动学参数估算作用完善时和局麻持续时间的血药浓度.     

腹腔镜下用套扎法行子宫浆膜下肌瘤剔除术临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜下用套扎法行子宫浆膜下肌瘤剔除术的可行性。方法总结腹腔镜下用套扎法行子宫浆膜下肌瘤剔除术的临床资料,分析其治疗效果及可行性。结果40例腹腔镜下用套扎法行子宫浆膜下肌瘤剔除术患者无手术并发症,平均手术时间(97.8±43.3)min,出血量为(30.1±21.4)ml,术后排气时间为(26.7±5.23)h,住院天数为(3.50±1.17)d。结论腹腔镜下用套扎法行子宫浆膜下肌瘤剔除术是一种安全的、保留器官的理想术式,术中出血量少,手术时间短。     

红霉素联合大黄治疗尿毒症胃肠运动障碍21例

目的 观察红霉素联合大黄治疗尿毒症胃肠运动障碍的临床疗效. 方法将42例尿毒症性胃肠运动障碍患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各21例,患者入院后给予尿毒症常规治疗. 对照组应用红霉素250 mg,po,tid;治疗组在此基础上加用生大黄30～50 g,沸水1 000 mL浸泡30 min后去渣取汁200 mL从胃管内注入,800 mL从肛门注入,抬高臀部尽量保留,bid. 两组均连用4周后进行疗效评价. 结果 治疗组显效13例,有效6例,无效2例,对照组显效8例,有效5例,无效8例. 治疗组胃半排空时间(t1/2)治疗前后分别为(243.6±62.3)和(135.2±53.9) min,差值为(107.2±41.5) min. 对照组治疗前后t1/2分别为(240.8 ±57.8)和(180.6±49.7) min,差值为(60.8±36.9) min. 治疗组治疗前后比较,差异有统计学意义(t=5.36,P<0.01),差值与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(t=4.83,P<0.05). 结论 红霉素联合大黄治疗尿毒症胃肠运动障碍疗效明显优于单用红霉素.     

缺血再灌损伤对谷胱甘肽过氧化酶活性的影响

<正> 结扎Langendorff法制备的大鼠心脏冠状动脉左前降枝15min,随后除去结扎再灌30min。在这个模型上谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GPO)的活力(x±SD) 为291±40U(n=20),正常灌注心脏为232±57U(n=20)(1U=1μmolGSH·min~(-1)·g~(-1)组织湿重,37℃)。两组比较具有显著性差别(p<0.001)。但是Guarnieri等用     

抬高臀部应用中药保留灌肠后对药物保留时间的作用

目的通过探讨中药保留灌肠后不同体位对药物保留时间的影响,使中药灌肠液在肠道内保留时间延长,从而达到更好的治疗效果。方法将50例进行中药保留灌肠治疗的患者随机分为试验组(灌肠后继续抬高臀部20 min)和对照组(灌肠后立即放平臀部),观察两组患者的药物保留时间。结果50例进行中药保留灌肠治疗的患者中,试验组和对照组各25例,试验组的药物保留时间为(4.62±1.094)h,对照组的药物保留时间为(2.35±0.993)h。两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),试验组较对照组的药物保留时间长。结论中药保留灌肠后抬高臀部可使药物在肠道内保留时间延长。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.