微创经皮肾镜术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNL）治疗复杂性肾结石的微创性、安全性、有效性。方法本组106例复杂性肾结石121次手术均采用微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗。结果121次手术中单通道取石89例,双通道29例,三通道3例,一期取石90例,二期取石11例,5例残留结石,配合体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）。结石取净率为92．6％,平均手术时间为91min,出血100—900ml,5例输血200～400ml,无严重并发症发生。结论微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石微创、安全、高效,具有临床推广应用价值。     

微创经皮肾穿刺肾镜结合胆道镜取石术治疗复杂性上尿路结石

目的 探讨超声引导微创经皮肾穿刺肾镜结合胆道镜取石术治疗复杂性上尿路结石的手术方法及效果.方法 采用微创经皮肾穿刺肾镜结合胆道镜取石术治疗复杂性上尿路结石患者15例,探讨手术方法评价治疗效果.结果 本组15例手术时间为45～180 min,平均105 min,一期结石清除9例,二期结石清除4例,结石总取尽率86.7％(13/15),1例于术后1个月辅以体外碎石治疗,结石排净;总的结石排净率为93.3％.无中转开放手术,无严重并发症.结论 微创经皮肾穿刺肾镜结合胆道镜取石术治疗上尿路结石具有安全有效、损伤小、结石清除率高等优点,可作为复杂性上尿路结石的治疗方法.     

微创经皮肾镜术治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的护理

探讨微创经皮肾穿刺输尿管镜取石术(minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL)治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的护理配合方法.回顾性分析56例行微创经皮肾穿刺输尿管镜取石术治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石患者的资料,总结护理配合要点.56例患者共行65例次取石手术.3例并发同侧肾结石患者行二期手术取石;1例术后辅助ESWL,结石清除率98.2％;手术后迟发性出血1例次(0.015％),经输血及夹闭肾造瘘管压迫止血后治愈;无其他并发症发生.微创经皮肾穿刺输尿管镜取石术治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石安全、可行、疗效确切;充分的术前准备,密切细致的术前、术后护理是手术取得成功、减少并发症和提高结石清除率的保证.     

微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石80例临床观察

目的 观察微创经皮肾取石术治疗上尿路结石的临床效果.方法 对我院80例尿路结石患者采用B超定位引导经皮肾穿刺建立F16通道,使用用德国WOLF8/9.8 F输尿管肾镜结合气压弹道碎石机碎石.结果 80例患者行Ⅰ期穿刺取石69例,行Ⅱ期取石8例,行Ⅲ期取石3例.结石清除率93.75%（75/80）.手术时间0.6～3.6 h,术中无需要输血病例,未见严重并发症.结论 微创经皮肾取石术治疗上尿路结石疗效好、创伤小、结石清除率高、并发症少,对残留结石和复发结石的再次手术治疗有较大优越性,配合体外冲击波碎石可进一步提高肾结石的清除率,有较高的临床应用价值.     

经皮肾镜取石术100例治疗体会

目的 探讨经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）治疗上尿路结石的临床效果并总结操作体会.方法 对100例上尿路结石患者采用PCNL治疗.结果 100例患者均碎石取石成功,其中一期取石成功83例,占83％;二期取石成功10例,占10％;7例因结石残留采用体外震波碎石（ESWL）治疗成功,占7％.平均手术时间为（82±11）min,手术平均出血量为（28±4）mL,平均住院时间为（6±2）d.术中、术后均未出现严重并发症.结论 经皮肾镜穿刺取石术具有损伤小、恢复快、结石清除率高、并发症少等特点,可作为治疗上尿路结石的良好选择方案.     

B超引导下微创经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗肾结石

目的探讨B超引导下微创经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗肾结石的临床疗效。方法2004年2月至2008年12月，采用微创经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗肾结石65例，结石直径1．5～6．5cm。结果65例均一期成功建立16F经皮肾通道，一次取净结石56例（86．15％），经2次取净结石6例，结石总清除率95．38％（62／65）。因出血较多改开放手术2例。平均手术时间56min。术中无气胸、腹腔脏器损伤等严重并发症发生。结论微创经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗肾结石创伤小，并发症少，结石清除率高。     

微创经皮肾镜下应用第三代弹道超声波碎石清石系统治疗复杂性肾结石(附48例报告)

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜下应用第三代弹道超声波碎石清石系统治疗复杂性肾结石的临床效果和操作体会。方法总结分析该院应用微创经皮肾穿刺造瘘(MPCNL)新型肾镜联合输尿管镜,结合最先进的第三代弹道超声波碎石清石系统治疗复杂性肾结石48例的临床资料。结果48例微创经皮肾造瘘取石术均一期顺利完成,平均手术时间85min,术中估计出血量平均45mL,术后平均住院时间5d,结石清除率为85.4%,无严重并发症发生。结论微创经皮肾穿刺造瘘取石术具有创伤小、安全高效和恢复快的优势,气压弹道碎石联合超声碎石在碎石的同时就可将结石颗粒吸出,是治疗肾脏复杂结石的良好方法之一,可以使绝大多数患者避免开放手术。     

微创经皮肾取石术与开放性手术治疗复杂性肾脏结石的疗效比较（附136例报告）

目的探讨微创经皮肾取石术（MPCNL）与开放性手术治疗复杂性肾脏结石的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析2006年1月-2008年7月采用MPCNL治疗肾脏复杂性结石69例和开放性手术67例的临床资料,治疗后应用KUB评估其疗效,了解结石清除率、手术时间、住院时间、并发症。结果MPCNL组结石清除率为90．9％,残留率为9．1％,平均手术时间为100±32min,术后平均住院时间为5±2d,并发症9例;开放性手术组结石清除率为85．9％,残留率为14．1％,平均手术时间为110±30min,术后平均住院时间为9±2d,并发症17例。结论微创经皮肾取石术与开放性手术结石清除率相当,但具有创伤小,并发症少,住院时间短,术后恢复快等特点,是治疗肾脏复杂性结石安全、有效的方法。     

微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石治疗肾脏鹿角状结石研究

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石治疗肾脏鹿角状结石的有效性和安全性。方法应用微创经皮肾造瘘输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗肾脏鹿角状结石86例,其中肾脏部分鹿角状结石50例,完全鹿角状结石36例。统计分析手术时间、结石清除率及手术并发症。结果86例患者,一期取石68例(79.1%),二期取石18例(20.9%);单通道取石80例(93.0%),二通道取石6例(7.0%);平均手术时间114min;平均碎石、取石时间55min,一期取净结石者住院时间5～10d,平均6.4d;74例结石取净,总结石取净率为86%;术后发热、感染8例;1例患者术后输血400mL;无其他严重并发症。结论钬激光微创经皮肾镜能快速粉碎结石,手术时间短,并发症小,结石清除率高,是治疗肾脏鹿角状结石安全、有效的方法。     

B超引导下微创经皮肾镜碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的 评价B超引导下微创经皮肾镜碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效.方法 在2004年7月～2008年12月,96例复杂性肾结石(包括33例肾鹿角型结石,39例肾多发性结石和24例肾结石并输尿管上段结石)在B超引导下行微创经皮肾镜碎石术,平均年龄46.8岁,18例曾行肾切开取石术,36例曾行体外震波碎石术.结果 90例为经中盏单通道取石,6例为双通道取石,一期结石清除率为83.3%(80/96).7例残余结石者辅助ESWL治疗,9例残余结石者需二次微创经皮肾镜碎石术.1例患者术后7 d出现迟发性大出血,经选择性或超选择性肾动脉栓塞止血,肾功能恢复尚可.2例患者术后出现气胸,经B超定位下穿刺抽吸胸腔内积气后治愈.结论 B超引导下微创经皮肾镜术治疗复杂性肾结石具有安全、有效和创伤小等优点.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.