Stathmin及Cathepsin B在结直肠癌中的表达

目的研究Stathmin和Cathepsin B在人结直肠癌组织及其转移灶中的表达差异,探讨Stathmin和Cathepsin B在结直肠癌发生发展过程中的作用及其临床病理意义。 方法用免疫组织化学染色技术检测158例高分化,中分化及低分化结直肠癌患者手术切除标本及64例相应转移灶组织中Stathmin蛋白和Cathepsin B蛋白的表达情况。 结果Stathmin蛋白及Cathepsin B蛋白在结直肠癌组织及其转移灶中均高表达(分别为P<0.05及P<0.01);高分化结直肠癌样本中Stathmin蛋白及Cathepsin B蛋白在细胞膜或细胞浆阳性表达,而在低分化结直肠癌细胞核,细胞膜及细胞浆中可见二者的阳性表达。 结论Stathmin及Cathepsin B可能是判断结直肠癌患者临床病理分级的有用指标。     

Evaluation of serum cathepsin B and D in relation to clinicopathological staging of colorectal cancer

AIM: Proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix facilitates cancer invasion and promotes metastasis. The study aims at evaluation of preoperative and postoperative serum cathepsins B and D levels in correlation with selected anatomoclinical features of colorectal cancer. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 63 colorectal cancer patients before curative operation of the tumor 10 d later. Blood that was obtained from 20 healthy volunteers, served as a control. The activity of cathepsin B was measured with Bz-DL-arginine-pNA as a substrate at pH 6.0, while cathepsin D activity was determined with urea-denatured hemoglobin (pH 4.0). RESULTS: The preoperative and postoperative activities of cathepsin B were significantly (P<0.00001) lower in serum of colorectal cancer patients than in control group. However, postoperative values of this protease were significantly increased in comparison with preoperative ones (P = 0.031). Activity of cathepsin D appeared to be significantly higher in colorectal cancer sera (P<0.00001) compared with controls. No statistically significant differences between preoperative and postoperative activity of cathepsin D were noted (P = 0.09). We revealed a strong linkage of cathepsins' levels with lymph node status and pT stage of colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION: Blood serum activities of cathepsin B and D depend on the time of sampling, tumor size and lymph node involvement. Significantly, increased activity of cathepsin D could indicate a malignant condition of the large intestine. In our work, the serum postoperative decrease of cathepsin B activity appears as an obvious concomitant of local lymph node metastasis-the well-known clinicopathological feature of poor prognosis.     

组织蛋白酶B与细胞凋亡及肺纤维化的关系

组织蛋白酶B是溶酶体内半胱氨酸内切蛋白水解酶，作用广泛，参与机体多种生理、病理过程。近年来研究发现，组织蛋白酶B还参与了细胞凋亡的起始环节，其途径大致包括依赖于和不依赖于caspases两条细胞凋亡途径，同时有研究表明组织蛋白酶B在肺纤维化的形成过程中发挥作用。近年来人们对组织蛋白酶B与细胞凋亡的关系作了大量的研究，取得了大量的研究成果，同时有研究表明组织蛋白酶B在肺纤维化的形成过程中发挥作用。     

组织蛋白酶B在小鼠暴发性肝衰竭肝组织中的表达

目的研究组织蛋白酶B在暴发性肝衰竭小鼠肝组织中的表达。方法雄性昆明种小鼠腹腔同时注射脂多糖和D-氨基半乳糖,动态观察给药后2、4、6、8 h肝脏病理改变;以TUNEL法检测肝细胞凋亡;应用免疫组化和RT-PCR检测肝组织中组织蛋白酶B的表达。结果肝组织病理：给药后4 h出现凋亡细胞,6 h大量肝细胞凋亡,8 h以肝细胞坏死为主;TUNEL：给药后凋亡指数逐渐升高,6 h达到高峰,8 h有所降低;免疫组化：组织蛋白酶B表达2 h无明显变化（P〉0.05）,4 h逐渐增加,8 h达到高峰（P〈0.05）;RT-PCR：2 h组织蛋白酶B mRNA的表达量无明显变化（P〉0.05）,4 h表达略有升高,6 h表达最高,8 h表达有所降低（P〈0.05）。结论组织蛋白酶B在小鼠暴发性肝衰竭肝组织中表达明显增加,提示其可能通过促进肝细胞的凋亡而参与了暴发性肝衰竭的发病。     

Changes in cardiac cathepsin B activity in response to interventions that alter heart size or protein metabolism: comparison with cathepsin D

The specific activity of cardiac cathepsin B is significantly decreased by starvation and corticosteroid treatment in vivo, and by exposure of the heart in vitro to insulin, hydrocortisone and cycloheximide. Increases in cathepsin B activity occur following isoproterenol-induced cardiac damage in vivo and exposure in vitro to sucrose. Cathepsin B activity in heart is not changed during normal aging or in thyrotoxicosis. These responses are different from simultaneous changes in cardiac cathepsin D activity in several instances (starvation, corticosteroid treatment, aging and thyrotoxicosis). In the past, measurements of cathepsin D activity in heart have sometimes been considered to be representative of lysosomal proteinase activity in general and used as an index of cardiac lysosomal proteolytic capacity. The present results suggest that changes in cathepsin D do not necessarily reflect alterations in other lysosomal proteinases and may not serve as a valid indicator of overall lysosomal proteolytic capacity under all conditions.     

In vitro conversion of proinsulin to insulin by cathepsin B and role of C-peptide

Summary Cathepsin B, purified from isolated islets of Langerhans, when incubated with proinsulin underin vitro conditions could convert proinsulin to insulin and C-peptide, releasing free arginine and lysine. When C-peptide, prepared from rat pancreas, was added to the incubation system consisting of proinsulin and cathepsin B, it completely inhibited the conversion of proinsulin to insulin. Communication no. 2295 from the Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.     

Identification, expression and immunolocalization of cathepsin B3, a stage-specific antigen expressed by juvenile Fasciola gigantica

To identify antigens that could potentially be developed as vaccines against Fasciola gigantica, somatic antigens were analyzed by immunoprecipitation using pooled sera from rats infected with F. gigantica metacercariae. A prominent antigen of the newly excysted juveniles (NEJ), cathepsin B3 protease (FgCatB3), was identified by N-terminal sequencing and PCR screening of a cDNA library. Recombinant FgCatB3 (rFgCatB3) was expressed in Pichia pastoris, and shown to catalyse the digestion of gelatin, the fluorometric substrate Z-Phe-Arg-AMC and native fibronectin, suggesting that this enzyme may be involved in digesting host connective tissues during the fluke's penetration and migration in the host. Rabbit polyclonal sera against rFgCatB3 was produced and used to determine the distribution of the native cathepsin B3 protease in various developmental stages of F. gigantica. By Western blotting, cathepsin B3 was detected in the whole body (WB) extract of metacercariae and NEJ but not in 4-week-old juveniles or adult parasites which confirmed the stage-specific characteristics of cathepsin B3. Immunolocalization of cathepsin B3 protease in each parasite stage showed that high levels of FgCatB3 were present in the caecal epithelium of the metacercariae and NEJ. The differential distribution of FgCatB3 in the different life cycle stages suggests that this protease is functionally important for the juvenile stage of F. gigantica.     

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV,prolyl endopeptidase and cathepsin B activities in primary human lung tumours and lung parenchyma

Summary The activities of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), prolyl endopeptidase (PE) and cathepsin B (CB) were investigated in primary human lung tumours and matched lung parenchyma, using continuous-rate fluorometric assays of the enzymes. Squamous-cell lung carcinomas showed significantly higher specific activities of all three enzymes studied. In lung adenocarcinomas, only activities of PE and CB were increased significantly. In a limited number of primary human lung tumours of other histological types the activities of DPP-IV, PE and CB were also elevated. Mixing the matched homogenates of lung tumours and lung parenchyma gave additive activities for each enzyme studied. A significant correlation between tumour/lung ratios of specific activities of DPP-IV and CB was observed.Abbreviations DPP-IV dipeptidyl peptidase IV - PE prolyl endopeptidase - CB cathepsin B - Ac-Leu-Arg-Arg-NHMec 7-(N- acetyll-leucyl-l-arginyl-l-arginylamido)-4-methylcoumarin - Gly-Pro-NHMec 7-(glycyl-l-prolylamido)-4-methylcoumarin - Suc-Gly-Pro-NHMec 7-(N-succinylglycyl-l-prolylamido)-4-methylcoumarin - NH₂Mec 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin - r Pearson's correlation coefficient     

Evaluation of serum catnepsin B and D in relation to diniGopatnological staging of colorectal cancer

AIM: Proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix facilitates cancer invasion and promotes metastasis. The study aims at evaluation of preoperative and postoperative serum cathepsins B and D levels in correlation with selected anatomoclinical features of colorectal cancer. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 63 colorectal cancer patients before curative operation of the tumor 10 d later. Blood that was obtained from 20 healthy volunteers, served as a control. The activity of cathepsin B was measured with Bz-DL-arginine-pNA as a substrate at pH 6.0, while cathepsin D activity was determined with urea-denatured hemoglobin (pH 4.0). RESULTS: The preoperative and postoperative activities of cathepsin B were significantly (P<0.00001) lower in serum of colorectal cancer patients than in control group. However, postoperative values of this protease were significantly increased in comparison with preoperative ones (P= 0.031). Activity of cathepsin D appeared to be significantly higher in colorectal cancer sera (P<0.00001) compared with controls. No statistically significant differences between preoperative and postoperative activity of cathepsin D were noted (P= 0.09). We revealed a strong linkage of cathepsins' levels with lymph node status and pT stage of colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION: Blood serum activities of cathepsin B and D depend on the time of sampling, tumor size and lymph node involvement. Significantly, increased activity of cathepsin D could indicate a malignant condition of the large intestine. In our work, the serum postoperative decrease of cathepsin B activity appears as an obvious concomitant of local lymph node metastasis-the well-known clinicopathological feature of poor prognosis.     

Role of cathepsin B-mediated apoptosis in fulminant hepatic failure in mice

AIM: To investigate the pathogenic role of cathepsin B and the protective effect of a cathepsin B inhibitor (CA-074Me) in fulminant hepatic failure in mice.METHODS: LPS/D-Gal N was injected into mice of the model group to induce fulminant hepatic failure;the protected group was administered CA-074me for 30 min before LPS/D-Gal N treatment; the normal group was given isochoric physiologic saline. Liver tissue histopathology was determined with HE at 2,4, 6 and 8 h after Lps/D-Gal injection. Hepatocyte apoptosis was examined by TUNEL method. The expression of cathepsin B in liver tissues was investigated by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and RT-PCR.RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, massive typical hepatocyte apoptosis occurred in the model group; the number of apoptotic cells reached a maximum 6 h after injection. The apoptosis index (AI) in the protected group was clearly reduced (30.4$$$$markedly increased in drug-treated mice compared with the normal group ( P < 0.01). Incubation with LPS/D-Gal N at selected time points resulted in a timedependent increase in cathepsin B activity, and reached a maximum by 8 h. The expression of cathepsin B was significantly decreased in the protected group ( P <0.01).CONCLUSION: Cathepsin B plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of fulminant hepatic failure, and the cathepsin B inhibitor CA-074me can attenuate apoptosis and liver injury.     

细粒棘球绦虫组织蛋白酶B的重组表达及生物信息学分析

目的 目的 克隆、 表达细粒棘球绦虫组织蛋白酶B （EgCatB） 基因, 并对其进行生物信息学预测和分析。方法 方法 提取 细粒棘球绦虫总RNA反转录成cDNA, 以此为模板扩增目的基因。利用无缝克隆技术和麦胚无细胞表达体系克隆表达 EgCatB, 用免疫印迹实验进行验证。采用SignalP 4.1、 TMHMM sever v. 2.0、 TargetP 1.1对EgCatB编码蛋白分别进行信号 肽、 跨膜区及亚细胞定位的预测。采用BLASTP和GeneDoc进行EgCatB同源序列比对及保守位点分析。采用ProtParam、 SMART、 Predictprotein、 Swiss?model分析EgCatB编码蛋白的结构。采用NetOGlyc 4.0 Server和NetNGlyc 1.0 Server在线分 析EgCatB蛋白O型和N型糖基化位点。结果 结果 成功构建了重组质粒pEU?EgCatB。蛋白电泳和免疫印迹实验结果显示 该基因获得了可溶性表达。经生物信息学分析预测该蛋白分子量35.9 kDa、 理论等电点6.37, 为含信号肽的分泌蛋白, 酶 活性位点高度保守, 并通过Gln106 、 Cys 112 、 His 282 和Asn302 形成了催化中心。EgCatB基因所编码蛋白氨基酸序列中不存在N? 糖基化位点, 但存在9个O?糖基化位点。结论 结论 成功克隆表达了细粒棘球绦虫EgCatB基因并对其进行了较全面的生物 信息学预测分析, 为该蛋白的功能研究提供了参考依据。     

组织蛋白酶B在人腹主动脉瘤中的表达及其意义

目的:研究组织蛋白酶B在人腹主动脉瘤(AAA)中的表达情况,以探讨其在AAA发生发展中的作用。方法:对17例AAA患者(AAA组)和6例正常腹主动脉尸体供肾者(正常腹主动脉组)的腹主动血管标本行苏木精-伊红染色、Van Gieson法染色和免疫组化技术染色,研究组织蛋白酶B对血管中膜的改变情况。结果:与正常主动脉组相比,在Van Gieson法染色中可见AAA组胶原含量有不同程度的增加。α-平滑肌肌动蛋白在AAA组和正常主动脉组中表达的平均吸收度分别是0.2634±0.0530和0.3335±0.0549,其表达水平明显降低(P<0.01)。组织蛋白酶B的平均吸收度2组分别为0.3465±0.0479和0.1306±0.0579(P<0.01)。结论:AAA患者血管平滑肌细胞表达的组织蛋白酶B水平增加,参与了血管壁的破坏和重建过程。     

Effect of endothelin-1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma invasion and its correlation with cathepsin B

AIM： To investigate the effect of endothelin-1 in the invasion of esophageal cancer and determine whethel cathepsin B plays a role in the course.
METHODS： Western blotting was employed tc detect the expression of ET-1 protein in 75 sample., of esophageal squamous cell cancer and matched normal esophageal rnucosa. Bosentan, a dual ET （A/B）- receptor antagonist, was used to inhibit the binding of endothelin-1 and its receptors and cut down its biological role. In vitro matrigel invasion assays were made to show the invasive ability of esophageal cancer cells with and without bosentan. Subsequently, we evaluated cathepsin B activity and expression in EC9706 cell with and without bosentan.
RESULTS： We found 74.7% （56/75） tumors had an overexpression of ET-1 protein by Western blotting. Bosentan significantly inhibited matrigel invasion of cancer cells in vitro. EC9706 cells have a positive expression of cathepsin B protein, and bosentan can down-regulate its expression and activity.
CONCLUSION： Endothelin-1 may enhance the invasive ability of human esophageal cancer cells, and its role is correlated with cathepsin B.     

Primary structure similarities in canine cardiac cathepsin D polypeptide chains

Canine cardiac cathepsin D was purified approximately 1000-fold to homogeneity by sequential acid precipitation, affinity chromatography and gel filtration. The purified enzyme was homogeneous on sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and consisted of two polypeptide chains of mol. wt 29 000 ± 2500; n = 6 (designated the A chain) and 13 000 ± 1000, n = 6 (designated the B chain). Separation of the A and B polypeptide chains using gel filtration in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride (6 mol/l) followed by amino acid analysis revealed the presence of a similar amino acid composition in each polypeptide. N-terminal analysis showed that glycine was the sole N-terminal amino acid residue in each chain, while tryptic digestion and subsequent peptide mapping gave 17 major peptides and 6 major peptides for the A and B chains respectively. Three peptide fragments were found to be common to both polypeptide chains.Extracts of canine cardiac tissue did not contain free A or B chains of cathepsin D, however a high molecular weight form of the enzyme (mol. wt 130 000) was observed with a specific activity (U/μg immunoreactive cathepsin D) similar to that of the active undissociated (mol. wt 42 000) enzyme.Immunodiffusion studies using antibodies raised against the whole enzyme showed a reaction of complete identity between the A and B polypeptide chains and undissociated enzyme. Use of the A and B chains in a radioimmunoassay developed for measurement of the undissociated cathepsin D revealed that the A chain bound antibody raised against the undissociated enzyme equally as well as the undissociated enzyme, while the B chain was approximately 100 times less effective at binding the antibody.The results suggest that there may be some degree of similarity in primary structure between the A and B polypeptide chains of canine cardiac cathepsin D. This similarity in primary structure may represent the suggested areas of sequence homology surrounding the active site aspartate residues known to be characteristic of this particular class of acid proteases.     

组织蛋白酶B抑制剂对小鼠急性肝功能衰竭的保护作用及机制

目的 探讨组织蛋白酶B抑制剂对小鼠急性肝功能衰竭的保护作用及机制.方法 将雄性昆明种小鼠45只分为对照组、模型组和保护组,每组各15只.模型组和保护组一次性腹腔注射脂多糖/D-氨基半乳糖(LPS/D-GalN),保护组于造模前30 min予组织蛋白酶B抑制剂(CA-074me)腹腔注射,而模型组、对照组分别注射同等体积的0.5％氯化钠溶液作为对照,给药后6h分别取血清、肝组织标本.检测肝功能变化及凝血酶原时间(PT),观察肝脏病理改变,末端转移酶标记技术(TUNEL)检测肝细胞凋亡,免疫组织化学分析细胞色素c表达,RT-PCR检测肝组织中天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)的表达.另取75只小鼠按上述方法分组处理,每组25只,比较各组小鼠24 h存活率.统计学处理采用f检验和x2检验.结果 保护组小鼠24 h存活率明显高于模型组分别为76％(19/25)和36％ (9/25)(x2=8.12,P＜0.05);保护组小鼠血清ALT[(568.50±45.68)U/L比(1394.55±78.58) U/L]、AST[(755.16±51.14) U/L比(1 488.72±64.62) U/L]、TBil[ (22.82±2.04)μmol/L比(52.08±4.10) μmol/L]和PT[(14.26±0.32)s比(17.40±0.30)s]水平均明显低于模型组(均P＜0.05);与模型组比较,保护组小鼠肝组织炎性细胞浸润明显减少,肝细胞坏死程度明显减轻,凋亡指数明显下降[(18.4±2.6)％比(30.4±2.8)％,P＜0.05];保护组小鼠肝组织中细胞色素c[(0.19±0.02)比(0.33±0.05)]和Caspase-3 [(0.18±0.03)比(0.34±0.05)]表达水平明显低于模型组(均P＜0.05).结论 CA-074me对小鼠急性肝功能衰竭具有保护作用,可减轻肝细胞炎性反应、坏死和凋亡,降低急性肝功能衰竭的病死率,其机制可能与CA-074me下调细胞色素c和Caspase-3的表达有关.     

Diagnosis of Fasciola gigantica infection using a monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA for detection of circulating cathepsin B3 protease

A reliable monoclonal antibody (MoAb)-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (sandwich ELISA) was developed for the detection of circulating cathepsin B3 protease (CatB3) in the sera from mice experimentally infected with Fasciola gigantica and cattle naturally infected with the same parasite. The MoAb 2F9 and biotinylated rabbit polyclonal anti-recombinant CatB3 antibody were selected due to their high reactivities and specificities to F. gigantica CatB3 antigen based on indirect ELISA and immunoblotting. The lower detection limit of the sandwich ELISA assay was 10, 100 and 400 pg/ml, when applied for the detection of rCatB3 antigen and CatB3 in whole body (WB) of newly excysted juveniles (NEJ) and metacercariae (Met) of F. gigantica, respectively. This sandwich ELISA assay could detect F. gigantica infection from day 1 to 35 post infection and revealed that circulating level of CatB3 peaked at day 1 post infection. In contrast, the antibody detection by indirect ELISA could only demonstrate the antibody level from 35 days post infection. The reliability of the assay method was evaluated using serum samples from mice infected with F. gigantica or Schistosoma mansoni, and hamsters infected with Opisthorchis viverrini, as well as normal mice and hamsters. In addition, sera from cattle infected with Paramphistomum cervi, Strongylid, Trichuris sp. and Strongyloides sp., as well as sera from normal cattle were also assessed. In experimental mice, the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, false positive rate, false negative rate and accuracy of ELISA were 95%, 100%, 100%, 97.9%, 0%, 5.3% and 98.5%, while in natural cattle they were 96.7%, 100%, 100%, 98.5%, 0%, 3.4% and 98.9%, respectively. Hence, this assay method showed high efficient and precision for early diagnosis of fasciolosis by F. gigantica.     

The imbalance between osteoprotegerin and cathepsin K in the serum of patients with longstanding rheumatoid arthritis

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and soluble receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (sRANKL) together regulate the bone metabolism among other cytokines, whereby cathepsin K has a potent collagen-degrading activity. An imbalance of this system may be partly responsible for the skeletal complications of RA. Expanding on a previous study, we investigated the relationship between OPG, sRANKL and cathepsin K levels in the serum of patients with longstanding RA. We measured serum levels of OPG, sRANKL and cathepsin K of 100 patients with active, longstanding RA. We detected elevated serum levels of cathepsin K (median 54.8 pmol/l) and OPG (median 4.8 pmol/l), but normal sRANKL levels (median 0.2 pmol/l). Cathepsin K did not show a correlation with the overexpressed OPG (P = 0.64) and sRANKL (P = 0.81). The radiological destruction correlates significantly with cathepsin K (P = 0.004) and OPG (P = 0.007). We speculate that the increased levels of OPG are effective in compensating the action of sRANKL, but do not directly prevent bone degradation, as reflected by the elevated serum levels of cathepsin K.     

Circulating CD21low B cells in common variable immunodeficiency resemble tissue homing,innate-like B cells

The homeostasis of circulating B cell subsets in the peripheral blood of healthy adults is well regulated, but in disease it can be severely disturbed. Thus, a subgroup of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) presents with an extraordinary expansion of an unusual B cell population characterized by the low expression of CD21. CD21^low B cells are polyclonal, unmutated IgM⁺IgD⁺ B cells but carry a highly distinct gene expression profile which differs from conventional naïve B cells. Interestingly, while clearly not representing a memory population, they do share several features with the recently defined memory-like tissue, Fc receptor-like 4 positive B cell population in the tonsils of healthy donors. CD21^low B cells show signs of previous activation and proliferation in vivo, while exhibiting defective calcium signaling and poor proliferation in response to B cell receptor stimulation. CD21^low B cells express decreased amounts of homeostatic but increased levels of inflammatory chemokine receptors. This might explain their preferential homing to peripheral tissues like the bronchoalveolar space of CVID or the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Therefore, as a result of the close resemblance to the gene expression profile, phenotype, function and preferential tissue homing of murine B1 B cells, we suggest that CD21^low B cells represent a human innate-like B cell population.