Traumatic subaxial cervical facet subluxation and dislocation: epidemiology,radiographic analyses,and risk factors for spinal cord injury

Background Context

Distractive flexion injuries (DFIs) of the subaxial cervical spine are major contributors to spinal cord injury (SCI). Prompt assessment and early intervention of DFIs associated with SCI are crucial to optimize patient outcome; however, neurologic examination of patients with subaxial cervical injury is often difficult, as patients commonly present with reduced levels of consciousness. Therefore, it is important to establish potential associations between injury epidemiology and radiographic features, and neurologic involvement.

Clinical relationship between cervical spinal canal stenosis and traumatic cervical spinal cord injury without major fracture or dislocation

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the clinical relationship between cervical spinal canal stenosis (CSCS) and incidence of traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) without major fracture or dislocation, and to discuss the clinical management of traumatic CSCI.

Methods

Forty-seven patients with traumatic CSCI without major fracture or dislocation (30 out of 47 subjects; 63.83 %, had an injury at the C3–4 segment) and 607 healthy volunteers were measured the sagittal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) column diameter at five pedicle and five intervertebral disc levels using T2-weighted midsagittal magnetic resonance imaging. We defined the sagittal CSF column diameter of less than 8 mm as CSCS based on the previous paper. We evaluated the relative and absolute risks for the incidence of traumatic CSCI related with CSCS.

Results

Using data from the Spinal Injury Network of Fukuoka, Japan, the relative risk for the incidence of traumatic CSCI at the C3–4 segment with CSCS was calculated as 124.5:1. Moreover, the absolute risk for the incidence of traumatic CSCI at the C3–4 segment with CSCS was calculated as 0.00017.

Conclusions

In our results, the relative risk for the incidence of traumatic CSCI with CSCS was 124.5 times higher than that for the incidence without CSCS. However, only 0.017 % of subjects with CSCS may be able to avoid developing traumatic CSCI if they undergo decompression surgery before trauma. Our results suggest that prophylactic surgical management for CSCS might not significantly affect the incidence of traumatic CSCI.     

Cervical stenosis in spinal cord injury and disorders

Context/Objective: The purpose of this study was to characterize etiologies of spinal cord injury and disorders (SCI/D) in persons with and without cervical stenosis/spondylosis (CSS) and to describe clinical characteristics and underlying comorbidities in these populations.

Design and Setting: We reviewed administrative data for 1954 Veterans who had onset of traumatic or non-traumatic tetraplegia during FY 1999–2007. This included 1037 with a diagnosis of CSS at or in the two years prior to SCI onset of SCI/D and 917 without a diagnosis of CSS.

Outcome Measures: Demographics, etiologies of SCI/D and comorbidities by CSS status.

Results: Veterans with SCI/D and CSS were older, more likely to have incomplete injuries and more likely to be Black than those with SCI/D and no CSS. Of patients with traumatic etiologies for SCI, 35.1% had a diagnosis of CSS at the time of or in the 2 years prior to SCI onset. Of those with tetraplegia due to falls, 40.0% had CSS, whereas for other known traumatic etiologies the percentages with CSS were lower: vehicular (25.0%); sports (16.1%); and acts of violence (10.2%). Total comorbidity scores measured by the Charlson co morbidity index and CMS Hierarchical Condition Category (CMS-HCC) were higher in those with CSS and SCI/D compared to those with SCI/D without CSS (P?<?0.0001 respectively).

Conclusions: CSS is commonly present in patients with new traumatic tetraplegia. Falls are a particularly important potentially modifiable risk for SCI in patients with CSS.     

无脊髓损伤颈椎骨折脱位的治疗分析

目的 探讨无脊髓损伤颈椎骨折脱位的治疗方法选择。方法 28例无脊髓损伤的颈椎骨折或骨折脱位，新鲜损伤26例，陈旧性损伤2例；其中23例手术治疗；5例保守治疗。结果 全部病例随访观察，症状均获得改善，17例完全恢复，7例残留手指麻木，4例颈椎旋转受限，颈椎椎间高度、生理曲度维持良好。结论 对于无脊髓损伤的稳定性上颈椎骨折脱位行牵引、制动、复位和固定，而不稳定性上颈椎骨折脱位应手术治疗；对于无脊髓损伤的下颈椎骨折脱位宜首选经前路手术治疗，前路手术除可达到减压、恢复颈椎椎间高度和生理曲度外，更重要的是可重建颈椎即刻稳定性，对防止继发性脊髓损伤有极其重要的作用。     

单开门椎管扩大术治疗无骨折脱位颈脊髓损伤的疗效评价

目的：通过分析无骨折脱位颈脊髓损伤的临床特点及诊断方法，评价单开门椎管扩大术对其进行治疗的疗效。方法：40例无骨折脱位颈脊髓损伤患者通过x线平片测量颈椎椎管矢状径，32例存在发育性颈椎管狭窄。MR检查40例均见不同程度椎间盘突出、退行性颈椎管狭窄，16例脊髓前、后受压。本组40例均采用单开门椎管扩大术（中野式）治疗。结果：平均随访2～8年，后路较大范围减压未见不稳现象及再关门。神经功能按Frankel分级：30例恢复至E级，6例恢复至D级，2例恢复至C级，2例术前A级无恢复。上肢功能据颈脊髓神经根支配的肌肉功能分5级：Ⅳ级30例，Ⅲ级6例，Ⅱ级2例，Ⅰ级2例。38例患者能独立或通过辅助支具站立，不需帮助。结论：无骨折脱位颈脊髓损伤多合并颈椎管狭窄、多节段椎间盘突出，存在脊髓受压、水肿，应早期手术治疗。MRI对脊髓损伤的早期诊断、预后及正确制定治疗与康复计划有重要价值。单开门椎管扩大术减压彻底，持续地扩大颈椎管，未破坏椎间关节的稳定性，神经功能恢复满意，是值得推荐的优良术式之一。     

先天性颈椎管狭窄与脊髓型颈椎病影像学表现以及预后的关系

目的 探讨脊髓型颈椎病(cervical spondylotic myelopathy,CSM)患者先天性颈椎管狭窄(cervical spinal stenosis,CSS)与颈椎MRI改变及预后的关系.方法 回顾性分析自2006年11月至2009年11月,采用前路、后路或前后路联合手术治疗的286例CSM患者的病例资料,根据患者是否存在CSS将患者分为两组,在MRI T2加权像上评价脊髓高信号的等级以及脊髓受压程度.记录患者日本骨科学会评分标准(Japanese Orthopaedic Associatio,JOA)评分、病程和体征,包括感觉减退或者消失、Hoffman征、Babinski征、腱反射.结果 在CSM患者中CSS的发生率为33.6%,先天性CSS组的年龄、JOA评分、病程均大于无CSS组,术后临床改善率小于无CSS组.两组之间性别的差异无统计学意义(x2=0.006,P=1.00),两组之间的颈椎MRI T2加权像脊髓高信号发生率的差异有统计学意义(x2=-62.396,P＜0.001),CSS组脊髓高信号的发生率为70.8%,无CSS组脊髓高信号的发生率为22.6%.先天性CSS组脊髓受压程度相对于无CSS组严重,且先天性CSS组患者体征的数目相对较多.应用多元线性回归分析法得出术后改善率与CSS、病程、临床体征的数目和年龄有关(R2=0.565).结论 先天性CSS患者出现CSM时往往脊髓受压程度较重、MRI T2加权像脊髓内高信号出现的概率大,病程长且预后较差.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the relationship between the cervical MR images and pathological changes, prognosis in patients with cervical spinal stenosis and cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Methods From Nov. 2006 to Nov. 2009, 286 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy were included through retrospective analysis. All patients were divided into two groups according to whether there was cervical stenosis, the grade of increased signal intensity (ISI) in spinal cord and the degree of spinal cord compression was evaluate in T2-weighted MR images of midian sagittal slices. JOA scale, duration of disease,Hoffmann sign, Babinski sign, sensory loss or hypoesthesia, and lower-extremity/upper-extremity hyperreflexia were recorded. Results The incidence rate of cervical spinal stenosis was 33.6% in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. The study showed that the age was smaller (P＜ 0.001 ), preoperative JOA score was higher(P=0.0018), duration of disease was longer(P=0.009), and the recovery rate was lower(P＜ 0.001 )in cervical spinal canal narrowing group comparing with control group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in gender (x2=0.006,P=l.00). There was significant difference between two groups in the incidence of ISI in spinal cord through x2 test(x2=62.396,P＜ 0.001 ). Multivariate analysis indicated that the likelihood of the recovery rate of cervical myelopathy decreased with the presence of cervical spinal stenosis, duration of dieaase, number of neurological signs, age (R2=0.565). Conclusion Patients with congenitally narrow cervical spinal canal have to suffer severe spinal cord compression and high incidence of ISI in spinal cord. The duration of disease is long, and prognosis is poor.     

外伤性无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的误诊及对疗效的影响

目的 探讨外伤性无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的误诊原因及其对疗效的影响. 方法 回顾1998年10月至2005年10月52例无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤患者病例资料,分析18例被漏诊或误诊患者其被漏诊或误诊的原因,并分别于入院时及治疗后随访时对脊髓损伤程度按ASIA标准分级进行评定与比较. 结果 所有患者获得6～67个月(平均29个月),患者入院时及治疗后随访时采用ASIA标准分级比较,34例无漏诊或误诊患者平均提高1.06级,18例被漏诊或误诊患者平均提高0.50级,采用等级资料Ridit分析,两组差异有统计学意义(u=2.0739,P=0.0381). 结论 无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤易被漏诊或误诊,早期确诊并合理治疗具有较好的疗效.     

下颈椎骨折脱位并脊髓损伤的前路手术治疗

目的探讨前路手术在治疗下颈椎骨折脱位并脊髓损伤中的价值。方法168例下颈椎骨折脱位并脊髓损伤患者均在全麻下行颈前路减压、复位、钛网或自体髂骨植骨及颈椎带锁钢板固定。结果完全复位151例,复位90%以上17例。平均随访80.7个月,颈椎椎间高度和生理曲度维持良好,无钢板螺钉并发症。140例脊髓损伤者神经功能获改善。结论下颈椎骨折脱位并脊髓损伤选择前路手术治疗可获得满意的疗效。     

发育性颈椎椎管狭窄症

测量５０例颈椎骨干标本，确定男１１ｍｍ，女１０ｍｍ以下为狭窄椎管。１０具成人固定标本观察在最大伸、屈位时，脊髓变短，硬膜褶皱，间盘黄韧带截面矢径变小。统计病人１３例，占同期颈椎病性脊髓病的１８．６％；年龄超过５０岁者１０例，９例病程超过半年。首发症状为进行性下肢麻木无力，颈、胸平面以下不同程度痛觉减退，锥体束征阳性。Ｘ线平片测量、脊髓造影、ＣＴ或ＣＴＭ皆示椎管发育性狭窄。行椎板切除１例，后路椎板扩大成形１２例，除椎板切除１例远期效果欠佳外，余皆有明显改进。作者提出了本症的特征及诊断条件，认为确诊后以单开门椎管扩大成形、棘突骨支撑植骨术为佳。     

颈椎闭合复位对椎间盘和脊髓损伤的影响

目的探讨下颈椎小关节脱位闭合复位的临床疗效。方法46例颈椎小关节脱位患者,24例单侧小关节脱位,22例双侧小关节脱位,在透视下行颅骨牵引闭合复位,并于复位前后进行神经功能和颈椎MRI检查,借以比较复位前后椎间盘损伤和脊髓实质性损伤的变化情况。结果46例中39例在透视下行颅骨牵引闭合复位,其中34例复位成功,5例未成功,成功率87％。34例中复位前MRI显示存在明显椎间盘突出者7例,椎间盘撕裂4例,复位后有6例椎间盘脱出仍存在,大小无明显变化;1例原脱出椎间盘明显缩小,无新椎间盘脱出发生。33例在复位前后脊髓信号无明显改变,1例复位前脊髓无明显改变者,复位后出现T2加权高信号。结论1、透视下颅骨牵引闭合复位是一种安全有效的治疗方法,通常情况下不会诱发或加重椎间盘脱出,进而造成继发性脊髓功能损伤。2、MRI对颈椎小关节脱位合并椎间盘和脊髓损伤的诊断、预后的参考价值高,但不应因行MRI检查而耽误闭合复位。     

无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的手术策略

目的：探讨无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的手术策略及治疗效果。方法：1996年至2004年诊治无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤患者42例，根据受伤机制（屈曲暴力或过伸性损伤）及影像学表现（脊髓损伤不同）采用了3种手术方式，前路减压脊柱稳定性重建8例（I组），后路减压11例（Ⅱ组），后路脊柱稳定性重建23例（Ⅲ组），观察各组手术治疗前后及随访时JOA评分变化。结果：所有病例未发生血管、神经损伤等严重并发症，术后JOA评分平均增加4．1分（Ⅰ组4．2分．Ⅱ组3．6分，Ⅲ组4．2分）．随访4、12、24周，JOA评分分别平均增加6．7分（Ⅰ组6．7分．Ⅱ组6．3分，Ⅲ组6．9分）、7．8分（Ⅰ组7．7分，Ⅱ组7．2分．Ⅲ组8．1分）、8．1分（Ⅰ组8．1分．Ⅱ组7．7分．Ⅲ组8．3分）。l例术后1年时仍有神经功能的改善。结论：对无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤，根据受伤机制及影像学检查．有针对性地选择手术方式．可以获得较好的临床结果。     

无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的临床研究进展

无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤是指没有骨折或脱位的颈部创伤所导致的急性颈脊髓损伤。通常多见于儿童,具体损伤机制至今仍不明了。X线、CT检查提示颈椎无骨折脱位,MRI检查有脊髓损伤的表现。临床表现多种多样,以脊髓中央型损伤综合征常见。临床治疗可分为保守治疗和手术治疗,如何选择合适的治疗方法仍存在争议。本文就无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的病因、损伤机制、临床治疗等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

颈髓挥鞭性损伤误诊分析

颈髓挥鞭性损伤,尤其是颈部症状不明显而又无放射影像异常者,常常易引起误诊。我院自1992年10月至2008年2月所遇初诊误诊患者18例,现对原因分析如下。     

放射影像学检查无异常的颈椎脊髓损伤的临床研究进展

放射影像学检查无异常的颈椎脊髓损伤（SCI）是指X线片或CT未见骨折、脱位,但合并颈椎SCI症状的一种特殊类型的SCI^[1],国外最早报道见于儿童,占儿童SCI的3%~66%^[1-3] ;国内主要见于成人,并命名为无骨折脱位型颈椎SCI,占颈椎SCI的20%^[4]。放射影像学检查无异常的颈椎SCI均可导致不同程度瘫痪等严重后果,主要有完全横断性损伤、中央管综合征、脊髓半切综合征、不完全性SCI 4种类型^[1,3-6],临床症状为损伤平面以下感觉减退或异常、肌力下降以及膀胱功能障碍,部分可合并颈神经根损伤;成人以中央管损伤综合征最为常见^[4,7],损伤可表现为非连续性、延迟性,在3~7 d达到高峰,此时的MRI表现较入院时与最终愈后具有明显相关性^[8-9]。儿童和成人放射影像学检查无异常的颈椎SCI各具特点,两者在临床发病、MRI表现及治疗上存在明显差异,本文查阅国内外文献,就当前的临床研究进展作如下综述。     

无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的类型与治疗研究

目的 分析探讨无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的形成因素、类型及相应的手术治疗。方法 对29例无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤病例，分类研究其影像学表现、致伤特点及病理基础，分析形成因素，并根据其不同的特点采用不同的手术方式，观察近期疗效。结果 分析患者的形成因素，可将无骨折脱位型颈背髓损伤分为三种类型。Ⅰ型：约24％的病例以颈椎间盘突出或脱出为主要表现；Ⅱ型：约52％的病例存在各种原因所致的椎管储备间隙消失或明显减少的病理基础；Ⅲ型：约24％的病例表现为在椎管储备间隙消失或明显减少的基础上，伴有节段性颈椎椎间不稳或颈椎间盘脱出。29例患者术后近期(平均8．5个月)随访，神经功能有明显改善，JOA评分改善率52．8％。结论 无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤虽有共性，但形成因素并不完全相同，采取具有针对性的不同入路减压手术及掌握恰当内固定指征，可取得较明显的疗效。同时，该研究亦为无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的认识及手术方式的选择提供了科学的参考。     

Physical characteristics of patients with developmental cervical spinal canal stenosis

There has been only one report on the physical characteristics of patients with developmental cervical spinal canal stenosis. The objective of this consecutive clinical study was to identify the physical characteristics of patients with developmental cervical spinal canal stenosis. The subjects were 243 patients with cervical spine disease who received treatment in our department between April 2001 and March 2002. These patients were divided into two groups (the groups of patients with and without spinal canal stenosis) on the basis of their lateral cervical spine radiographs. The six items examined were height, weight, sitting height, inter inner canthal distance, upper arm length, and head circumference in each patient, and then their values were compared between the two groups. The mean inter inner canthal distance was 2.7 cm in the group of patients with spinal canal stenosis and 3.5 cm in the group of patients without spinal canal stenosis; a significant difference (P < 0.01) was observed. Regarding height, weight, sitting height, upper arm length, and head circumference, no significant difference was found while comparing the two groups. In conclusion, developmental cervical spinal canal stenosis seems to be highly likely in patients with smaller inter inner canthal distance.     

Imaging diagnosis of cervical spine and spinal cord injuries in children

ＣＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＯｒｔｈｏｐｅｄｉｃＳｕｒｇｅｒｙ ,ＸｉｎｈｕａＨｏｓｐｉｔａｌ,ＳｈａｎｇｈａｉＳｅｃｏｎｄＭｅｄｉｃａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ,Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ 2 0 0 0 92 ,Ｃｈｉｎａ(ＤａｉＬＹ)ｅｒｖｉｃａｌｓｐｉｎｅａｎｄｓｐｉｎａｌｃｏｒｄｉｎｊｕｒｉｅｓｉｎｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎａｒｅｒａｒｅ .Ｔｈｅｃｌｉｎｉｃａｌｓｐｅｃｔｒｕｍｖａｒｉｅｓｄｅｐｅｎｄｉｎｇｏｎｔｈｅｌｅｖｅｌａｎｄｓｅｖｅｒｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｊｕｒｙ .Ｔｈｅｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓｗｉｔｈｍｉｌｄｉｎｊｕｒｙｍａｙｏ…     

脊柱脊髓损伤合并重型颅脑损伤的早期诊治体会

目的：探讨早期诊治脊柱、脊髓损伤合并重型颅脑损伤病例，降低伤残率、死亡率的有效措施。方法：回顾性分析本院45例患者，及采取的相应诊断治疗措施。结果：临床治愈26例，好转14例，死亡5例。结论：骨科、神经外科和急诊科医生必须给予足够的重视，早期正确检查、及早诊断和有效治疗至关重要，常规行头部和脊柱脊髓影像学检查十分必要，进一步可采取CT三维重建、MRI等检查，提高早期诊断率，对降低伤残与死亡率有着十分重要的临床意义。     

脊柱后结构在胸腰段脊髓神经损伤及爆裂骨折分类中的作用

目的观察脊柱后结构在脊髓神经组织损伤中的作用,为脊髓神经损伤程度评估和预测脊髓神经功能恢复的可能性及进一步完善分类提供依据。方法实验采用高速准静态轴向加载法复制脊椎爆裂型骨折模型,检测椎管内压力变化及脊柱后结构损伤程度。对127例胸腰椎爆裂骨折合并截瘫患者的脊髓神经损伤程度及脊髓神经功能恢复情况与后结构损伤的相关性进行回顾性研究。结果实验证实后柱有损伤者椎管内压力变化峰值较小,无损伤者峰值较大。55例后结构损伤患者中伴脊髓神经损伤38例(69.09%),其中24例(63.16%)神经功能得到恢复,而72例无后结构损伤者有52例(72.22%)合并脊髓神经损伤,其中20例(38.46%)有神经功能改善。两组之间差异有显著性,提示无后结构损伤患者脊髓神经损伤和功能缺失的程度更重。结论无后结构损伤时脊髓神经损伤和功能缺失的程度明显高于有后结构损伤者,脊柱后结构的完整与否对脊髓神经损伤程度起着重要作用,可作为伤情评估、功能恢复预测和完善Denis分类的有效尺度。     

椎管径线测量在颈椎管狭窄手术中的应用

目的:探讨颈椎管狭窄术前CT下椎管径线的测量和临床应用.方法:96例颈椎管狭窄患者均为男性,年龄41～73岁,平均53岁.术前对其CT片上测量到的各椎管径线换算成实际值,术中以此为依据做椎板开槽,完成椎管扩大成形.结果:术后CT复查椎管矢状径明显改善,椎板开门准确无误,既无偏内又无偏外,椎管减压满意.结论:颈后路双开门椎管扩大成形术术前精确的测量椎管径线,并以此指导椎板开槽是保证手术成功的关键环节.