Medical and nursing students' intentions to work abroad or in rural areas: a cross-sectional survey in Asia and Africa

Objective

To assess medical and nursing students’ intentions to migrate abroad or practice in rural areas.

Methods

We surveyed 3199 first- and final-year medical and nursing students at 16 premier government institutions in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Malawi, Nepal, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia. The survey contained questions to identify factors that could predict students’ intentions to migrate. Primary outcomes were the likelihoods of migrating to work abroad or working in rural areas in the country of training within five years post-training. We assessed predictors of migration intentions using multivariable proportional odds models.

Findings

Among respondents, 28% (870/3156) expected to migrate abroad, while only 18% (575/3158) anticipated a rural career. More nursing than medical students desired professions abroad (odds ratio, OR: 1.76; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.25–2.48). Career desires before matriculation correlated with current intentions for international (OR: 4.49; 95% CI: 3.21–6.29) and rural (OR: 4.84; 95% CI: 3.52–6.66) careers. Time spent in rural areas before matriculation predicted the preference for a rural career (20 versus 0 years: OR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.19–1.98) and against work abroad (20 versus 0 years: OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.50–0.96).

Conclusion

A significant proportion of students surveyed still intend to work abroad or in cities after training. These intentions could be identified even before matriculation. Admissions standards that account for years spent in rural areas could promote greater graduate retention in the country of training and in rural areas.     

Migration intentions among physicians working in Polish hospitals – Insights from survey research

BackgroundHealth workforce shortages could lead to burnout, excessive workload, dissatisfaction and consequently to migration. In Poland the exact scale of physician migration is unknown due to insufficient data.MethodsA quantitative, cross-sectional survey of physicians working in Polish hospitals was conducted between March and June 2018. 15 Polish hospitals were included in the study (7 general, 5 specialist, 3 university). The data was gathered via an on-line, self-administered questionnaire, sent to physicians working in the included hospitals. Associations between the intention to migrate and demographic characteristics as well as work-related variables and overall satisfaction were measured. Simple and multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine significant predictors of migration.Results1003 questionnaires were analyzed (response rate: 38%). 273 doctors declared the intention to migrate: 4.5% answering ‘definitely yes’ and 22.7% ‘probably yes’. The main reasons were: higher earnings, better working conditions and better work-life balance abroad. Age and higher career satisfaction were negatively related to the intention to migrate: OR = 0.94 (95% CI 0,92–0,95) and OR = 0.44 (95% CI 0.34–0.56) respectively. Women were 54% less likely to intend to migrate than men (OR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.33-0.65). Almost 62% of physicians intending to migrate considered a temporary stay abroad.ConclusionsSpecial attention should be paid to improving working conditions, including salary, but also reducing bureaucracy, improvement of work-climate and training opportunities.     

Contraceptive nonuse among US women at risk for unplanned pregnancy

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to assess risk factors for contraceptive nonuse among a nationally representative sample of US women and explored the influence of future pregnancy intentions on contraceptive nonuse. STUDY DESIGN: Using data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), we analyzed 12 months of contraceptive behavior among 3687 women at risk for unplanned pregnancy. RESULTS: Compared with contraceptive users, contraceptive nonusers were more likely to be older than 40 years (OR 6.3, 95% CI 2.7-14.7), black (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.8), less educated (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.4-4.0), uninsured (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.4), Medicaid recipients (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-2.9) or having infrequent intercourse (OR 3.8, 95% CI 2.7-5.3). We found no significant association between future pregnancy intentions and contraceptive behavior. CONCLUSIONS: While family planning efforts have traditionally focused on disadvantaged women, older women and women who have infrequent sex are also at high risk for nonuse. Future pregnancy intentions, as currently assessed by the NSFG, is not a useful indicator of contraceptive behavior.     

Abuse and neglect of older persons in seven cities in seven countries in Europe: a cross-sectional community study

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of abuse (psychological, physical, sexual, financial, neglect) of older persons (AO) in seven cities from seven countries in Europe (Germany, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, Portugal, Spain, Sweden), and to assess factors potentially associated with AO.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2009 (n = 4,467, aged 60–84). Potentially associated factors were grouped into domains (domain 1: age, gender, migration history; domain 2: education, occupation; domain 3: marital status, living situation; domain 4: habitation, income, financial strain). We calculated odds ratios (OR) with their respective 95 % confidence intervals (CI).

Results

Psychological AO was the most common form of AO, ranging from 10.4 % (95 % CI 8.1–13.0) in Italy to 29.7 % (95 % CI 26.2–33.5) in Sweden. Second most common form was financial AO, ranging from 1.8 % (95 % CI 0.9–3.2) in Sweden to 7.8 % (95 % CI 5.8–10.1) in Portugal. Less common was physical AO, ranging from 1.0 % (95 % CI 0.4–2.1) in Italy to 4.0 % (95 % CI 2.6–5.8 %) in Sweden. Sexual AO was least common, ranging from 0.3 (95 % CI 0.0–1.1) in Italy and Spain to 1.5 % (95 % CI 0.7–2.8) in Greece. Being from Germany (AOR 3.25, 95 % CI 2.34–4.51), Sweden (OR 3.16, 95 % CI 2.28–4.39) or Lithuania (AOR 2.45, 95 % CI 1.75–3.43) was associated with increased prevalence rates of AO.

Conclusion

Country of residence of older people is independent from the four assessed domains associated with AO. Life course perspectives on AO are highly needed to get better insight, and to develop and implement prevention strategies targeted at decreasing prevalence rates of AO.     

辽宁省学生近视情况及其影响因素

目的 了解2019年辽宁省学生视力情况,并分析其影响因素.为进一步制定防治学生近视策略和措施提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法 ,抽取辽宁省14个市学生,对抽取的学生进行远视力检查、屈光检查和问卷调查.利用Logistic回归分析模型分析学生近视发生的影响因素.结果 辽宁省学生的近视率为53.17％....     

Burnout and patient care in junior doctors in Mexico City

Background Burnout is known to occur in public service workersleading to a reduction in effectiveness at work. Aim To estimate the prevalence of burnout in junior doctorsand its impact on patient care. Methods A cross-sectional study of junior doctors at three hospitalsin Mexico City was conducted. Measures used included the MaslachBurnout Inventory (MBI), measuring depersonalization (DP), emotionalexhaustion (EE) and personal achievement (PA), a questionnaireabout patient care practices and attitudes and one on sociodemographiccharacteristics. Logistic regression analysis was used to assessthe association between burnout and suspected risk factors. Results A total of 312 junior doctors participated (responserate 65%). In total, 57% were male and the average age was 28.Average scores in MBI subscales were EE: 18.2, DP: 6.9 and PA:37.6. Burnout prevalence was 40% (126). Junior doctors withburnout were more likely to report suboptimal patient care practicesoccurring monthly (OR 5.5; 95% CI 2.7–11.2) and weekly(OR 5.2; 95% CI 1.6–16.3). The logistic regression modelfor burnout included shifts lasting >12 h, current depression,former major depression, first- or second-year junior doctors,male gender and single status. Conclusions Burnout was most strongly associated with shifts>12 h and with both current and previous depression. Reportedsuboptimal patient care was also associated with working shiftsof 12 h. Burnout may be adversely affecting junior doctors’health and their patients’ care.     

Salud autopercibida en ancianos jóvenes españoles y portugueses tras la recesión según la Encuesta Europea de Salud: un estudio transversal

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to describe self-perceived health (SPH) in Spanish and Portuguese population aged between 65 and 74 years old and to analyze other associated factors measured in the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) in 2014.DesignRetrospective secondary data analysis from EHIS 2014.SettingCommunity based.ParticipantsYoung seniors, people aged 65-74 years old surveyed and with available data from two countries.Main measurementsFor each country and sex, SPH, sociodemographic variables, clinical chronic conditions, lifestyles and utilization of health care resources were described. A multiple logistic regression (very good or good SPH versus remaining levels) with robust estimators was used to assess the country effect adjusted by sociodemographic factors, clinical factors and/or lifestyles.ResultsGood SPH showed variation by country (52.9% Spain vs. 19% Portugal; P < .001) and gender (44% men vs. 31.3% women; P < .001). Both countries had high prevalence of multimorbidity (64.7% Spain vs. 76.3% Portugal; P < .001) and the distribution of chronic diseases was similar with the only exception of depression (13.2% Spain vs. 20.3% Portugal; P < .001). Regarding individual factors related with good SPH we found Spanish nationality (OR: 4.52; 95% CI: 4.05-5.04), male gender (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.101-2.21), education level, completing primary school (OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.24-1.31) or achieving tertiary level (OR: 2.43; 95% CI: 1.14-5.17) and physical activity of two or more days per week (OR: 1.87; 95% CI: 1.39-2.5). Factors with a negative impact on SPH were multimorbidity (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.12-0.31) and depression (OR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.25-0.41).DiscussionGood SPH is higher in Spanish young seniors compared to Portuguese. Having higher level of education achieved and practicing regular physical exercise were two most important factors increasing good SPH.     

Artificial Nutritional Support in Cancer Patients after Esophagectomy: 11 Years of Experience

Esophageal cancer represents a high-risk group of patients. This study determines the association of artificial nutrition with morbidity, mortality, and survival and studies clinical situations that determine the choice between enteral (EN) and parenteral support (PN). This retrospective single-center study compared 2 periods: 1) treatment centered in surgical process with discretionary demand of support, and 2) elective therapeutic and nutritional interventions were systematized. Risks factors that determined use of PN and survival were included in 4 multivariate regression models: 2 logistic, 1 multinomial, and a survival Cox analysis. Significance determined with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 95%; inclusion criteria was P < 0.1. During an 11-yr period, 175 patients were studied. Artificial nutrition consisted of 45 jejunostomy EN, 28 PN, and 102 both. Risk factors that conditioned PN were first period (OR: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.13–5.14), stay in intensive care unit (ICU) >3 days (OR: 1.70; 95% CI: 0.93–3.71), and surgical reintervention (OR: 3.83; 95% CI: 0.94–16.95). Risk factors associated with mortality were first period (OR: 22.7; 95% CI: 2.31–172.05), respiratory infection (OR: 11.23; 95% CI: 2.33–55.5) and coloplasty surgery (OR: 13.16; 95% CI: 2.11–83.33). Longer survival was associated with second period (OR: 2.36; 95% CI: 1.38–4.05) and lower neoplasm staging (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.21–1.69). A multidisciplinary management that includes nutritional support of esophagectomized patients is 1 of the factors that improves survival. Protocol implies greater use of EN; PN remains an important nutritional therapy.     

Depressive symptoms in junior doctors: a follow-up study on work-related determinants

Purpose

The study investigates the long-term effects of accumulated working conditions on depressive symptoms in junior doctors. Drawing on the Job Demand-Control-Support model, this study aims to identify personal and job-related determinants for self-reported depression in junior doctors—a professional group that is vulnerable to depression.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study with measures of work characteristics and depressive symptoms over three time-points among hospital doctors during postgraduate specialty training in Germany. Participants were 415 junior doctors with full-time contract (47.5% women; mean age, 30.5?years). The outcome was depressive symptoms assessed with the Spielberger State-Depression Scale. Odds ratios (OR) were computed to analyse the cumulative effect of initial depressive symptoms scores, demographic variables, and working characteristics across T1 and T2 on subsequent depressive symptoms at T3.

Results

The percentage of junior doctors reporting depressive symptoms scores above a critical value varied between 12.0% at T1, 10.4% at T2, and 13.3% at T3; N?=?34 doctors (8.19%) were classified as incident cases during the observation period. Elevated depressive symptoms at T3 were positively predicted by depressive symptoms scores across T1 and T2 (OR: 1.37; 95% confidence interval: 1.25–1.50) and negatively by professional tenure (0.54; 0.31–0.96), free weekends (0.52; 0.28–0.97), and job autonomy (0.35; 0.18–0.65).

Conclusions

After controlling for demographic and working time influences, findings suggest that junior doctors’ perceived job autonomy is negatively associated with future depressive symptoms. Enhancing job control emerges as a promising strategy to lower the risk of depression during first years of professional practice.     

South to North Migration Patterns of Tuberculosis Patients Diagnosed in the Mexican Border with Texas

The Mexican state of Tamaulipas serves as a migration waypoint into the US. Here, we determined the contribution of immigrants to TB burden in Tamaulipas. TB surveillance data from Tamaulipas (2006–2013) was used to conduct a cross-sectional characterization of TB immigrants (born outside Tamaulipas) and identify their association with TB treatment outcomes. Immigrants comprised 30.8% of TB patients, with?>?99% originating from internal Mexican migration. Most migration was from South to North, with cities adjacent to the US border as destinations. Immigrants had higher odds of risk factors for TB [older age (≥?65 year old, OR 2.4, 95% CI 2.1, 2.8), low education (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2, 1.4), diabetes (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1, 1.4)], or abandoning treatment (adjusted OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0, 1.5). There is a need to identify strategies to prevent TB more effectively in Tamaulipas, a Mexican migration waypoint.

     

2018-2020年辽宁省学生近视流行变化趋势与其影响因素

  目的  了解并评估2018-2020年辽宁省学生视力检出情况及发展趋势,并分析其影响因素,为进一步制定防治学生近视策略和措施提供科学依据。  方法  采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样的方法收集2018-2020年辽宁省学生近视体检资料,3次调查纳入研究对象分别为33 238、49 381和52 083人。分析辽宁省2018-2020年学生近视检出情况及变化趋势,利用Logistic回归分析模型分析学生近视发生的影响因素。  结果  2018-2020年辽宁省学生整体近视检出率呈逐年下降趋势,分别为56.15%、54.0%和53.9%。多因素Logistic回归分析模型分析发现,影响视力的主要因素有经济分类、城乡分类、性别、学校类型、年份、每天早饭情况、中高强度运动情况、班级座椅定期调换情况、课桌椅高度调整情况和每天眼保健操情况(均有P < 0.05)。其中性别女(OR=0.731, 95% CI: 0.711~0.751, P < 0.001)、高年级(小学OR=0.255, 95% CI: 0.235~0.276, P < 0.001;初中OR=0.060, 95% CI: 0.055~0.065, P < 0.001;高中OR=0.031, 95% CI: 0.029~0.034, P < 0.001;职高OR=0.092, 95% CI: 0.083~0.101, P < 0.001)、年份(OR=0.936, 95% CI: 0.909~0.963, P < 0.001)、每天做1~2次眼保健操(1次OR=0.929, 95% CI: 0.887~0.974, P=0.002;2次OR=0.943, 95% CI: 0.898~0.991, P=0.020)、至少每周1次座椅调换(两周1次OR=0.892, 95% CI: 0.842~0.945, P < 0.001;每周1次OR=0.915, 95% CI: 0.866~0.966, P=0.001)、一学期1次课座椅高度调整(OR=0.948, 95% CI: 0.912~0.986, P=0.008)和有中高强度运动(2 d OR=0.942, 95% CI: 0.899~0.988, P=0.014;4 d OR=0.910, 95% CI: 0.856~0.969, P=0.003;7 d OR=0.936, 95% CI: 0.892~0.982, P=0.007)均为近视发生的保护性因素,而经济情况较差(中等OR=1.261, 95% CI: 1.213~1.312, P < 0.001;差等OR=1.127, 95% CI: 1.084~1.172, P < 0.001)、农村(OR=1.239, 95% CI: 1.203~1.275, P < 0.001)、偶尔吃早餐(OR=1.041, 95% CI: 1.006~1.077, P=0.022)都是近视发生的危险性因素。  结论  辽宁省学生近视检出率相对较高,但增长趋势有所放缓,且呈逐年下降的趋势。同时,对于学生近视的防控,应针对其影响因素采取有效措施,进而避免学生近视的发生。     

Willingness to accept a future influenza A(H7N9) vaccine in Beijing,China

BackgroundThe present study aimed to estimate residents’ willingness to accept a future H7N9 vaccine and its determinants in the general adult population in Beijing, China.MethodsWe conducted a multi-stage sampling, cross-sectional survey using self-administered anonymous questionnaires from May to June, in 2014. The main outcome variable was residents’ willingness to accept a future H7N9 vaccine. Logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of vaccination willingness.ResultsOf the 7264 eligible participants, 14.5% of Beijing residents reported that they had not heard of H7N9. Among those who had heard of H7N9, 59.5% of the general adult population would be willing to accept a future H7N9 vaccine, and approximately half of them reported ‘I am afraid of being infected by H7N9’ and ‘H7N9 vaccine can prevent infections’, and 28.1% reported ‘my daily life is affected by H7N9’. The variables that were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of reporting willingness were being younger adults (aged 18–29 years: OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.17–1.97; aged 30–39 years: OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.08–1.78), being farmers (OR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.32–1.96), being unemployed people (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.04–1.78), living in suburban areas (OR = 2.18; 95% CI: 1.89–2.51), having ≥2 children in the family (OR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.03–1.92), perceived risk in China (OR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.15–1.48), perceived susceptibility to disease (OR = 3.13; 95% CI: 2.73–3.58), perceived negative effect on daily life (OR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.13–1.55), perceived effectiveness of vaccination (OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 2.07–2.64), and recent uptake of influenza vaccine (OR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.92–2.66).ConclusionsA great number of Beijing residents had doubts about the vaccine’s effectiveness and were not concerned about disease risk, which were the factors affecting willingness to be vaccinated. Targeted education programs on disease risk as well as vaccine’s effectiveness are needed to improve the willingness of vaccination for potential H7N9 pandemic preparedness.     

中国初中生近视患病情况及其影响因素

  目的  分析中国初中生近视患病率影响因素的作用机制。  方法  以中国教育追踪调查在初中阶段的三轮7 119人为对象。通过问卷收集学生近视患病、近视各影响因素、以及近距离用眼行为和户外活动这两大类近视风险行为的信息,采用Logistic回归模型检验近视风险行为对近视影响因素的中介作用。  结果  初中九年级学生的近视率为66.36%。近距离用眼行为中的写作业时间明显的增加近视患病风险,该行为的比值比（odds ratio,OR）为1.17,95%的置信区间（confidence interval,CI）为1.13~1.21,户外活动中的户外体育活动明显的降低近视患病风险（OR=0.80,95%CI:0.75~0.86）。在模型中引入近视风险行为的前后,女学生近视风险率比OR（95%CI）从1.84（1.66~2.04）趋中变化为1.69（1.51~1.88）,城镇户籍学生近视风险率比OR（95%CI）从1.19（1.03~1.37）趋中变化到1.16（1.00~1.34）。独生子女近视发生风险率OR（95%CI）从1.20（1.06~1.36）趋中到了1.18（1.04~1.33）。父母有一方近视的学生近视风险率比OR（95%CI）从2.47（2.12~2.88）趋中到了2.44（2.09~2.85）,而父母双方都近视学生近视风险率比OR（95%CI）从4.25（3.09~5.86）趋中到4.13（3.00~5.69）。  结论  性别、城乡、是否独生子女、父母是否近视都是近视患病的影响因素,这些因素可以通过在近距离用眼和户外活动上的差异而对近视患病产生作用。     

Parental intention regarding the administration of the HPV vaccine for adolescent daughters in Taiwan

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate parental intention regarding the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination for adolescent daughters. Parents or guardians of adolescent girls, aged 12–14 years, from junior high schools in Taiwan participated and completed a HPV vaccination intention survey based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. The survey was conducted from October to November, 2009. Most, 78%, of the respondents reported a high intention to vaccinate daughters against HPV. A high intention of vaccination was associated with a family history of gynecological tumors (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 2.22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10–4.51) and HPV awareness (adjusted OR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.45–3.76). Higher parental intention was reported by respondents with a positive attitude toward the HPV vaccine (adjusted OR: 6.83, 95% CI: 4.16–11.22), perceived greater influence of subjective norms (adjusted OR: 121.23, 95% CI: 42.69–344.21), greater perceived behavioral control (adjusted OR: 67.69, 95% CI: 16.40–279.41), and perceived that the vaccine had limited influence on adolescent sexual behavior (adjusted OR: 2.24, 95% CI: 1.41–3.78). Health-care professionals must be knowledgeable about the HPV and actively promote vaccination among adolescent girls. Improvements in vaccination can be achieved through recommendations by physicians and nurses.     

Factors Associated With Social Isolation in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

ObjectiveSocial isolation is a global health issue that affects older adults throughout their lives. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with social isolation in older adults.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Setting and ParticipantsAdults aged 60 years and older.MethodsWe searched for observational studies without language restrictions in 11 databases from inception to August 2022. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI were calculated using the R software (version 4.2.1). The modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the risk of bias.ResultsEighteen factors were grouped into 5 themes. The following 13 factors were statistically significant: (1) demographics theme: aged 80 years and older (OR: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.20–4.85), less than or equal to a high school degree (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.44–1.97), smoking (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.18–1.73), and male (OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.01–1.89); (2) environment theme: low social support (OR: 7.77; 95% CI: 3.45–17.50) and no homeownership (OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.25–1.51); (3) role theme: no social participation (OR: 3.18; 95% CI: 1.30–7.80) and no spouse (OR: 2.61; 95% CI: 1.37–4.99); (4) physical health: hearing loss (OR: 2.78; 95% CI: 1.54–5.01), activities of daily living impairment (OR: 2.38; 95% CI: 1.57–3.61), and poor health status (OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.32–1.74); and (5) mental health: cognitive decline (OR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.40–2.45) and depression (OR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.21–2.44).Conclusions and ImplicationsSocial isolation in older adults is associated with various factors. Hence, focused intervention should be adopted for older adults. In addition, further longitudinal studies are required to confirm a direct link between multiple factors and social isolation.     

Risk Factors for Machinery-related Injury among Iowa Farmers: A Case-Control Study Nested in the Agricultural Health Study

Abstract

Farm machinery is a major cause of injury morbidity and mortality among farmers. This case-control study assessed risk factors for machinery-related injuries among Iowa farmers. A screener questionnaire sent to 6,999 farmers in 1998 identified 205 farmers who had machinery-related injuries requiring medical advice/treatment in the previous year. Possible risk factors for injury were assessed among these farmers compared with 473 farmers with no injury in the previous year. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed significant associations between machinery-related injury and hours per week spent on farmwork (OR = 2.02; 95% CI 1.38–2.94), fewer years of farming experience (OR = 1.79; 95% CI 1.14–2.79), wearing a hearing aid (OR = 4.37; 95% CI 1.55–12.25), and a high CAGE score suggesting problem drinking (OR = 2.49; 95% CI 1.00–6.19). This is the first study to show associations between machinery-related injury and hearing impairment, problem drinking, and fewer years of farming experience. These findings may be useful for future interventions to decrease injuries related to farm machinery.     

工程建设企业海外员工传染病健康素养现状及影响因素

目的 了解中国工程建设企业海外员工的传染病健康素养水平及其影响因素,为中资企业海外员工传染病防治工作提供依据.方法 采取整群抽样,选取某大型石油公司所属工程建设企业2019年9月-12月参加出国培训的员工,采用自行设计的传染病健康素养问卷进行调查.结果 员工传染病健康素养水平为51.5％.单因素分析显示,女性员工传染病...     

Built Environment and Physical Activity for Transportation in Adults from Curitiba,Brazil

The goal of this study was to assess the association between features of the built environment and levels of walking and cycling as forms of transportation in the city of Curitiba, Brazil. Data collection was conducted through a telephone survey in 2008. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to identify walking or cycling as forms of transportation. The built environment characteristics were obtained through the Geographic Information System for 1,206 adults. Density indicators were computed, considering a radius of 500 m around each individual's household. For the accessibility measures, the shortest distance to selected built environment features (e.g., bus stop, bike path) was used. The association between characteristics of the environment and the practice of walking or cycling was assessed through logistic regressions. After considering individual characteristics, higher-income areas (OR?=?0.56, 95 % CI?=?0.41–0.76), higher density of Bus Rapid Transit stations (OR?=?1.50, 95 % CI?=?1.22–1.84), and the proportion of residential (OR?=?1.25, 95 % CI?=?1.02–1.53) and commercial (OR?=?1.47, 95 % CI?=?1.13–1.91) areas were associated with any walking prevalence (≥10 min/week). Higher access to bike paths (OR?=?0.80, 95 % CI?=?0.64–1.00) was inversely associated with walking at recommended levels (≥150 min/week). Higher-income areas (OR?=?0.26, 95 % CI?=?0.08–0.81), greater number of traffic lights (OR?=?0.27, 95 % CI?=?0.09–0.88), and higher land use mix (OR?=?0.52, 95 % CI?=?0.31–0.88) were inversely associated with cycling. The neighborhood built environment may affect active commuting among adults living in urban centers in middle-income countries.