Feasibility of Immediate Breast Reconstruction for Locally Advanced Breast Cancer

Background: Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) has been considered contraindicated for patients with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). Our goal was to determine whether IBR resulted in delayed postoperative chemotherapy, increased postoperative complications, or increased risk of recurrent disease.Methods: A prospective database of 540 modified radical mastectomies performed with IBR between 1990 and 1993 identified 50 patients with LABC. Postoperative management and outcome were compared to that of 72 patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy without IBR treated on a standardized LABC protocol using preoperative chemotherapy, postoperative chemotherapy, and radiotherapy during the same time period.Results: Results were evaluated by 2 analysis. The median ages for the patients with IBR versus those not undergoing IBR were 44 and 46 years, respectively. The stage distribution for the IBR patients versus patients not undergoing IBR was as follows: IIB, 46% versus 17%; IIIA, 44% versus 39%; and IIIB, 10% versus 44%. The types of IBR were transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap (68%), latissimus dorsi flap (2%), and implants (30%). Chemotherapy was given to all IBR patients: 24% preoperatively and 96% postoperatively. Radiotherapy was used in 40%. Four postoperative complications (8%) necessitated prolongation of hospitalization, including two patients requiring surgical debridement for partial flap loss; there were no complete flap losses. The incidences of major and minor wound complications in the group not undergoing IBR were 7% and 4%, respectively. Of the 15 patients receiving implant reconstruction, 7 (47%) required subsequent implant removal because of contractures or infections. The median interval between surgery and postoperative chemotherapy was 35 days for the IBR patients and 21 days for the patients not undergoing IBR. This difference was marginally significant (P 5.05). With a median follow-up of 58.4 months, no significant differences in local or distant relapse rates were detected.Conclusions: IBR can be performed with low morbidity in patients with LABC. Use of autogenous tissue is preferable because of poor results with implants. IBR is associated with somewhat longer intervals to resumption of postoperative chemotherapy, but this does not appear to be clinically significant—the local and distant relapse rates are similar for LABC patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy with or without IBR.     

背阔肌皮瓣联合假体在乳腺癌患者Ⅰ期乳房重建中的临床应用

目的介绍背阔肌皮瓣联合假体应用于乳腺癌患者Ⅰ期乳房重建的临床经验。方法回顾性分析14例应用背阔肌皮瓣联合假体行乳腺癌术后Ⅰ期乳房重建病例的临床资料,其中患者平均年龄44.2(20~54)岁,Ⅰ期乳腺癌4例,Ⅱa期8例,Ⅱb期2例。经背部和腋部切口分别为6例和8例。结果手术后无皮瓣坏死;无伤口感染;供区血清肿5例(35.7%),均经穿刺抽液治愈。平均随访32.6(4~58)月,2例患者接受了放射治疗未发现不良后果,患者对再造乳房形态非常满意8例,满意5例,一般1例,无不满意患者,乳房美学评价按照Ueda标准均6分,优良率为100%。结论对于选择性的乳腺癌患者,乳房切除后背阔肌皮瓣联合假体Ⅰ期乳房重建是一种并发症少、手术效果良好的乳房重建方法 。     

Relationship Between Comorbid Conditions and Utilization Patterns of Immediate Breast Reconstruction Subtypes Post‐mastectomy

There is limited information on the influence of a patient's comorbid status on the type of immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) selected. Our aim was to provide a population‐based review of the relationship between baseline comorbid conditions and IBR subtype selected. This is a retrospective cohort study using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database to identify IBR recipients. Multivariable regression analyses was performed to identify the association between comorbidity and IBR subtype selection (prosthetic, pedicled, and free autologous). A total of 48,096 mastectomy patients were identified, of which 17,404 patients received IBR. IBR patients were younger (51 ± 10.4 versus 61.5 ± 13.6 years) and had a lower body mass index (27.1 ± 6.4 versus 28.9 ± 7.3) relative to patients who did not pursue IBR (p < 0.001 for all). Overall, IBR patients had a significantly lower incidence of comorbid conditions. In adjusted models, patients aged 45–64 years were more likely to pursue pedicled‐autologous reconstruction (OR: 1.43, p < 0.001) and those older than 65 years were less likely to undergo free‐autologous reconstruction (OR: 0.64, p = 0.02). Class I and II obesity was associated with pedicled (class I OR: 1.57, class II OR: 1.41) and free transfer (class I OR: 1.81, class II OR: 1.66) autologous IBR utilization (all p < 0.001). Also, smoking was related to increased chance of prosthetic reconstruction while preoperative radiotherapy was linked to free‐autologous IBR. IBR patients were noted to be healthier than their non‐IBR counterparts, and each IBR subtype was associated with a particular comorbidity profile. This has significant implications with regard to creation of an IBR‐predictive model. Such a tool will improve preoperative counseling and decision making.     

早中期乳腺癌保留乳头乳晕改良根治术后离断背阔肌止点扩大肌皮瓣I期乳房再造术的临床效果

目的探讨早中期乳腺癌行保留乳头乳晕改良根治术后使用扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣I期乳房再造治疗的应用价值及临床效果。方法我院2009年11月至2012年10月期间收治的60例经临床穿刺活检病理明确诊断为早中期的乳腺癌患者按术式分为2组：乳房再造组（30例）,即保留乳头乳晕乳腺癌改良根治术后离断背阔肌止点扩大肌皮瓣I期乳房再造术;对照组（30例）,即行传统乳腺癌改良根治术。比较2组患者的术后并发症,近远期疗效,生活质量,复发转移情况。结果①对照组完全患侧乳房缺失;乳房再造组乳房再造术均获得成功,再造乳房美容效果评价优22例,良7例,一般1例。②2组患者术后皮下积液、皮瓣坏死及患肢活动受限情况比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;术后切口拆线时间、术区引流时间、住院时间及术后化疗开始时间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。③乳房再造组心理压力出现率及对第二性征不满意率明显低于对照组（P〈0．001）,乳房再造组社会交往适应率明显高于对照组（P〈0．001）。④2组患者随访12～38个月（平均25个月）,其中对照组有1例死亡,其余59例患者均未发现有局部复发和远处转移。结论从本组有限的数据初步看,乳腺癌根治术后离断背阔肌止点扩大肌皮瓣I期乳房再造术,可在根治肿瘤的基础上获得满意的乳房美容效果,使患者的生活质量明显提高,该术式术后并发症较少,不影响乳腺癌的术后辅助放化疗和近远期疗效。     

全腔镜乳腺癌皮下腺体切除一期假体植入乳房重建

目的探讨全腔镜乳腺癌皮下腺体切除一期假体植入乳房重建的手术方法、安全性及美容效果。方法对2004年8月~2007年9月31例女性乳腺癌患者予新辅助化疗后行全腔镜乳腺癌皮下腺体切除联合一期假体植入乳房重建手术,术前进行充分溶脂和吸脂,采用充气法建立操作空间,全腔镜下皮下腺体切除,通过腋窝小切口行前哨淋巴结活检、腋窝淋巴结清扫及假体植入乳房重建手术。术后行常规辅助治疗。结果31例全腔镜下皮下腺体切除一期乳房重建均成功,前哨淋巴结活检15例(其中8例加行腋窝淋巴结清扫),直接腋窝淋巴结清扫16例,术中肿瘤表面组织及乳头后方组织冰冻切片检查均未发现癌组织。术后乳头部分坏死1例(3.2%),无其他并发症发生。术后3个月美容效果非常满意22例(71.0%),基本满意7例(22.6%),不满意2例(6.4%)。随访3个月~3年,其中>1年者15例,均未出现肿瘤复发或转移。结论全腔镜乳腺癌皮下腺体切除一期假体植入乳房重建手术创伤小,并发症少,安全性高,美容效果好,可作为治疗较早期乳腺癌的较好选择。     

Sensation Following Immediate Breast Reconstruction with Implants

Sensation is a neglected aspect of the outcome of breast reconstructions with implants. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the cutaneous somatosensory status in breasts following mastectomy and immediate reconstruction with permanent adjustable prostheses and to analyze the patients' subjective experience of the sensation. Twenty-four consecutive patients diagnosed with invasive or in situ breast carcinoma were examined preoperatively and 2 years after mastectomy and reconstruction, for assessment of perception thresholds for touch, cold, warmth, and heat pain above and below the areola. Von Frey filaments and a Peltier element-based thermode were used. The patients completed a questionnaire concerning their experienced sensation in the reconstructed breast. Using quantitative somato-sensory testing, the sensation to all the examined modalities was significantly impaired compared to preoperatively. Most affected was the area above the areola. Patients given postoperative radiotherapy (n = 9) did not differ from those without radiotherapy (n = 15) regarding any of the modalities. All patients reported reduced sensation in the reconstructed breast compared to that preoperatively. Twenty-three patients stated that the reconstructed breast felt different from the other breast; nevertheless 16 reported that the reconstructed breast felt like a real breast. The study revealed sensation impairment following mastectomy and immediate reconstruction with implants. Patients should be informed about this effect preoperatively to allow adequate expectations regarding the sensation outcome. However, two-thirds of the study patients considered that the reconstructed breast felt like a real breast, which must be one of the main purposes of a breast reconstruction.     

乳腺癌改良根治术同期乳房重建的安全性和患者满意度评价

目的观察乳腺癌改良根治术同期行背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房重建的临床效果,评价患者满意度。方法选择病理确诊的乳腺癌患者22例(重建组),行腺癌改良根治术并同期行背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房重建术;匹配同龄、同学历、同TNM肿瘤分期的非乳房重建患者22例作对照(对照组),以Harris标准评价重建乳房的美容效果。随访3年,观察癌组织局部复发转移情况;对患者术后6个月、12个月、24个月和36个月的满意度进行评价。结果两组3年均无肿瘤局部复发及远处转移。乳房重建组优、良、一般分别为14例、5例和3例,患者满意度高于对照组(P0.05),时间因素和分组因素无交互作用(P>0.05)。结论乳腺癌改良根治术同期行背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房重建,不但保证了肿瘤治疗的效果,而且患者的形体美,满意度高。     

Subcutaneous Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy and Immediate Breast Reconstruction

BACKGROUND: Without a doubt, nipple-sparing mastectomy affords a better cosmetic result than modified radical mastectomy. However, the surgical safety, radicality, complications, indications, and psychological benefits associated with this method are controversially discussed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective analysis of 35 patients (study group) who underwent nipple-sparing mastectomy between 2000 and 2008. Indications, incision selection, postoperative complications, recurrence, morbidity rate, and psychological status were recorded and assessed. RESULTS: The survival outcome (5.7 vs. 6%; p = 0.35) and complication rate (5.7 vs. 19%; p = 0.062) of patients who underwent subcutaneous nipple-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction with prosthesis were similar to those of patients who underwent modified radical mastectomy. Most patients in the study group were completely satisfied with the aesthetic results (immediately, p < 0.001; < 1 year, p < 0.001; > 1 year, p < 0.001), and no serious psychological disorders or stress were detected relative to patients with traditional mastectomy. CONCLUSION: Subcutaneous nipple-sparing mastectomy was beneficial and safe in this cohort of breast cancer patients. The approach is suitable for patients with isolated lesions located ≥ 2 cm from the nipple, as well as for patients with multiple lesions who are anxious about a good cosmetic appearance.     

The Importance of Preoperative Breast MRI for Patients Newly Diagnosed with Breast Cancer

Abstract:  The use of preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging (bMRI) for patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer has been criticized for increasing the number of therapeutic mastectomies performed, as well as increasing the cost of treatment. The purpose of this report is to examine one surgeon's practice and to describe the MRI findings for patients with breast cancer to determine if those findings changed the therapeutic options for those patients in. Data were collected prospectively between August 2003 and January 2006 for patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Diagnoses were made by core biopsy or fine-needle aspiration; all lesions were intact at the time of MRI. Twenty-five percent of patients were found to have previously occult, but suspicious lesions on MRI that required additional diagnostic evaluation, including ultrasound, core biopsy, excisional biopsy, or any combination; for approximately half of these patients a separate cancer was confirmed. For most of these patients, the new lesion was ipsilateral and multicentric, and most required mastectomy. For the remaining 75% of patients, MRI confirmed the index lesion was the only area of concern, and appropriate surgical treatment was completed. Preoperative bMRI for patients newly diagnosed with breast cancer identified previously occult and separate tumors in 13% of patients, resulting in surgical treatment change for many.     

乳腔镜辅助乳腺癌腺体切除假体植入一期成形17例报告

目的探讨在乳腔镜辅助下行皮下腺体切除、假体植入一期成形术治疗乳腺癌的手术方法、可行性及疗效。方法 2009年3月～2012年5月乳腺癌患者17例,均在乳腔镜辅助下行皮下腺体切除及腋窝淋巴结清扫,一期将假体植入胸大肌后方间隙。结果 17例乳腔镜辅助单侧乳腺腺体皮下切除、假体植入一期成形术均获成功。切除腺体组织切缘未见癌残留。按TNM分期:T1N0M0期5例,T1N1M0期1例,T2N0M0期9例,T2N1M0期2例。术后病理证实16例为浸润性导管癌,1例为小叶癌。腋窝淋巴结病理发现1例有1枚淋巴结阳性,2例3枚淋巴结阳性。17例均无皮下气肿、乳头及皮肤局部坏死情况。均在术后7～10 d拔除引流管,4例出现腋窝少量积液,穿刺抽吸加压包扎后好转,无其他并发症发生。17例均获随访,随访时间3～41个月,中位时间18个月,均无局部复发及远处转移,无患侧上肢水肿及功能障碍。术后外观评价:优9例,良6例,尚可1例;优良率达94.1%。结论乳腔镜辅助下行皮下腺体切除、假体植入一期成形术治疗乳腺癌,可减少手术创伤,安全可行,美容效果好。     

A Case of a Giant Borderline Phyllodes Tumor Early in Pregnancy Treated with Mastectomy and Immediate Breast Reconstruction

Breast tumors in pregnancy are often times diagnosed at advanced stages secondary to difficulty distinguishing between pathologic from normal physiologic changes. Often benign, phyllodes tumors are rare fibroepithelial stromal tumors of the breast, most commonly diagnosed in the 4th and 5th decades of life. However, these tumors may be characterized by malignancy with metastases in 10% of cases. In this paper, we report a novel case of a young woman presenting at 8 weeks gestation with a large borderline phyllodes tumor. An exceedingly rare condition, with only nine previously reported cases, phyllodes tumors in pregnancy frequently display more aggressive characteristics with larger median tumor size, more malignant potential, and more rapid growth rate. Here, we describe our experience safely and effectively treating this rare condition in a young gravid women with mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction in the second trimester.     

Pre‐mastectomy Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: A Strategy to Enhance Outcomes in Immediate Breast Reconstruction

The pre‐mastectomy sentinel lymph node biopsy (PM‐SLNB) is a technique that provides knowledge regarding nodal status prior to mastectomy. Because radiation exposure is associated with poor outcomes in breast reconstruction and reconstructed breasts can interfere with the planning and delivery of radiation therapy (RT), information regarding nodal status has important implications for patients who desire immediate breast reconstruction. This study explores the safety and utility of PM‐SLNB as part of the treatment strategy for breast cancer patients desiring immediate reconstruction. We reviewed the charts of adult patients (≥18 years old) who underwent PM‐SLNB from January 2004 to January 2011 at our institution. PM‐SLNB was offered to patients with stage I or IIa, clinically and/or radiographically node‐negative breast cancer who desired immediate breast reconstruction following mastectomy. PM‐SLNB was also offered to patients with ductal carcinoma in situ if features concerning for invasive carcinoma were present. Ninety‐one patients underwent PM‐SLNB of 94 axillae. PM‐SLNB was positive in 25.5% of breasts (n = 24). Nineteen node‐positive patients (79.2%) have undergone or planning to undergo delayed reconstruction at our institution. Seventeen of these 19 node‐positive patients (89.5%) have received adjuvant RT. Two patients (10.5%) elected against RT despite our recommendation for it. No biopsy‐positive patient underwent immediate reconstruction or suffered a radiation‐induced complication with their breast reconstruction. There were two minor complications associated with PM‐SLNB, both in node‐negative patients. This study demonstrates the utility of PM‐SLNB in providing information regarding nodal status, and therefore the need for adjuvant RT, prior to mastectomy. This knowledge can be used to appropriately counsel patients regarding optimal timing of breast reconstruction.     

Differences between Breast Conservation‐Eligible Patients and Unilateral Mastectomy Patients in Choosing Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomies

There has been an increasing use of bilateral mastectomy (BM) for breast cancer. We sought to examine our trends among breast conservation (BCT) candidates and women recommended for unilateral mastectomy (UM). Our prospective breast cancer database was queried for women with a first‐time, unilateral breast cancer. Patient and histologic factors and surgical treatment, including reconstruction, were evaluated. A detailed chart review was performed among patients from two representative time periods as to the reasons the patient underwent mastectomy. We identified 3,892 women between 2000 and 2012 of whom 60% underwent BCT, 1092 (28%) had UM and 12% underwent BM. BM rose from 4% in 2000 to a high of 19% in 2011, increasing around 2002 for women <40. BCT was less likely with decreasing age (p < 0.0001), lobular histology (p < 0.0001), higher stage (p < 0.0001) and decreasing BMI (p < 0.0001). Among mastectomy patients, contralateral mastectomy was associated with decreasing age (p < 0.0001), Caucasian race (p < 0.0001), and lower stage (p = 0.005). Over time, indications for mastectomy decreased while patients deemed BCT‐eligible opting for UM or BM increased dramatically. Increases in the use of BM are in large part among women who were otherwise BCT‐eligible. Factors associated with BM use are different for BCT‐eligible patients and those recommended for UM. A better understanding of the factors driving individual patient choices is needed.     

不同手术入路皮下乳房切除假体乳房重建术治疗早期乳腺癌的临床效果

目的 探讨不同手术入路皮下乳房切除假体乳房重建术治疗早期乳腺癌采的临床效果。方法 选 取2020年3月-2022年3月我院收治的64例早期乳腺癌患者为研究对象,根据手术入路的不同分为研究组与 对照组,每组32例。对照组采用乳房下皱襞切口,研究组采用侧胸壁切口,比较两组美学效果、手术指标 及并发症发生情况。结果 研究组美学效果优良率（96.88%）高于对照组（75.00%）（P＜0.05）;两组住 院时间、术中出血量比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;研究组手术时间、切口愈合时间长于对照组 （P＜0.05）;研究组术后并发症发生率（9.38%）低于对照组（31.25%）（P＜0.05）。结论 皮下乳房切除 假体乳房重建术采用侧胸壁切口对早期乳腺癌患者的临床效果确切,相较于乳房下皱襞切口,能够有效提 升美学效果,降低术后并发症,但手术时间、切口愈合时间相对更长。     

Postoperative Expansion is not a Primary Cause of Infection in Immediate Breast Reconstruction with Tissue Expanders

Perioperative infection is the most common and dreaded complication associated with tissue expander (TE) breast reconstruction. Historically, the expansion period was thought to be the time of greatest hazard to the implant. However, recent institutional observations suggest infectious complications occur prior to expansion. This investigation, therefore, was conducted to determine the timing of infectious complications associated with two‐stage TE breast reconstructions. Following IRB approval, a retrospective review of all consecutive two‐stage immediate TE breast reconstructions at a single institution from November 2007 to November 2011 was conducted. Reconstructions were then divided into two cohorts: those suffering infectious complications and those that did not. Infectious complications including minor cellulitis, major cellulitis, abscess drainage, and explantation were identified. Various operative and patient variables were evaluated in comparison. Eight hundred ninety immediate two‐stage TE breast reconstructions met inclusion criteria. Patients suffering infection were older (55.4 years versus 49.3 years; p < 0.001), and more likely to have therapeutic mastectomy (94% versus 61%; p < 0.0001), the use of acellular dermal matrix (ADM; 72.5% versus 54.9%; p = 0.001), and greater initial TE fill (448.6 mL versus 404.7 mL; p = 0.0078). The average time to developing of infectious symptoms was 29.6 days (range 9–142 days), with 94.6% (n = 87) of infections prior to the start of expansion. Perioperative infections in immediate two‐stage TE to implant breast reconstructions are significant and occur mostly prior to the start of expansion. Thus, challenging the conventional wisdom that instrumentation during expander filling as the primary cause of implant infections. Possible etiologic factors include greater age, therapeutic mastectomy versus prophylactic mastectomy, larger initial TE fill, and the use of ADM.     

Immediate TRAM Flap Reconstruction of the Breast after Mastectomy for Cancer: A Thai Experience

Abstract: From January 1990 to June 1995, immediate transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap reconstruction of the breast after mastectomy for cancer was performed in 40 patients with the objective of improving the quality of life. The 40 cases included one malignant cystosarcoma phyllodes (MCP), two intraductal carcinomas, four mucinous carcinomas (T1–2 NO), one lobular carcinoma (T2N1), and 32 invasive ductal carcinomas (T1–2 NO = 19, T3NO = 1, T1–2N1 = 9, T3N1 = 3). Modified radical mastectomy (MRM) was performed in all but one patient (MCP) who had subcutaneous mastectomy. A single pedicle TRAM flap was used for breast reconstruction in 36 cases and double pedicles in the remaining four cases. Since mid-1991, the mastectomy incision has been modified from elliptical incision to new skin-sparing incisions of various patterns depending on the tumor sites (n= 30). This change permitted a better cosmetic result and lessened the paresthetic area of the breast. Major complications were found in only 6 cases (20% skin flap necrosis in 1, major fat necrosis with discharge in 3, wound infection with foreign body in 1, and abdominal wound dehiscence in 1 case). The average postoperative hospital stay was 9 days (5–23 days). Adjuvant chemotherapy was given in 22 cases. All but two cases received the treatment within 1 month postoperatively (PO). Subsequent nipple reconstruction was accomplished in 18 cases using local skin flap in 16 and nipple sharing in 2 patients. There were two deaths from distant metastasis (one also had local chest wall recurrence). In the other cases no evidence of disease was found. The follow-up periods ranged from 6 to 72 months. From our experience so far, we have found that, in early breast cancer patients, MRM with a skin-sparing incision and immediate TRAM flap reconstruction does not compromise the oncological sound, but improves the cosmetic result, provided that the patients receive a full course of treatment as planned.     

Breast Reconstruction after Bilateral Prophylactic Mastectomy in Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer

Abstract:  Several studies have shown the effectiveness of bilateral prophylactic mastectomies (BPM) at reducing the risk of developing breast cancer in women by more than 90%. A growing number of women at high risk for breast cancer are electing to undergo prophylactic mastectomy as part of a risk reduction strategy. This unique group of women frequently chooses to undergo reconstructive surgery as a part of their immediate treatment plan. Breast reconstruction after BPM has profound physiological and emotional impact on body image, sexuality, and quality of life. These factors should be taken into consideration and addressed when consulting the patient prior to BPM and reconstructive surgery. The timing of reconstructive surgery, the type of mastectomy performed, the reconstructive modalities available, and the possibility to preserve the nipple–areola complex, should all be discussed with the patient prior to surgery. In this article, we review our experience and the current existing literature on breast reconstruction for high-risk women after BPM.     

邻近皮瓣转移即刻修复乳房缺损在内上限乳腺癌保乳术中的应用效果

目的 探究内上象限乳腺癌保乳术中应用邻近皮瓣转移即刻修复乳房缺损的效果。方法 选取 济南市章丘区人民医院2021年7月-2022年4月收治的90例乳腺癌患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法 分为对照组和观察组,每组45例。对照组接受乳腺癌改良根治术,观察组接受上象限乳腺癌保乳术, 比较两组治疗满意度、临床疗效、手术指标及生活质量。结果 观察组治疗总满意度为95.56%,高于对 照组的80.00%（P＜0.05）;观察组治疗总有效率为97.78%,高于对照组的86.67%（P＜0.05）;观察组手术 时间、术中出血量、下床活动时间及住院时间均优于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组干预后生活质量各维度评 分均高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 邻近皮瓣转移即刻修复乳房缺损在内上限乳腺癌保乳术中的应用效果 良好,可有效清除癌细胞,改善患者的临床症状,同时患者的生活质量得到提升,对治疗的满意度较高, 值得临床应用。