重庆市及三峡库区水体微囊藻毒素污染研究

目的 了解重庆市供水系统和三峡库区水体微囊藻毒素LR（MC-LR）污染状况及其进行研究。方法于2004年5、8月先后采集重庆市主城区5个自来水处理厂源水和出厂水共10个水样以及库区干流、支流共7个断面的水样，分别进行水样和膜样的预处理，运用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）结合二极管阵列式检测器检测重庆市供水系统、三峡库区水体中微囊藻毒素的浓度。结果（1）重庆市5个自来水处理厂源水和出厂水的MC-LR检测中，化机水厂采样点的源水膜样中检出了MC-LR，浓度为0．11μg/L；其余样本均未检出MC-LR。（2）在三峡库区水域所布设的7个采样点中，有6个采样点的样本检出MC-LR，其浓度范围0．07～0．57μg／L。其中MC-LR水样检出率为86％，浓度范围0．07～0．44μg／L；MC-LR膜样检出率为43％，浓度范围0．12～0．13μg／L。结论本次检测所有检测样本MC-LR浓度均未超过WHO推荐的1μg/L安全限值。（1）重庆市主城区供水系统出厂水未检出MC-LR，饮用水较为安全。（2）在藻类高发季节，三峡库区局部水域中已能够检测出囊藻毒素，但其污染程度较低，尚未超出安全限值。     

水源水中微囊藻毒素预处理方法研究进展

近几十年由于富营养化水平的加剧，包括水源水库水在内的淡水水体经常发生蓝藻水华，蓝藻水华可导致水源水中微囊藻毒素（Microcystins，MC）含量升高，而水中MC对人类的健康构成潜在危害。MC对人体重要调节酶（蛋白质磷酸酶1和2A）有潜在的抑制作用，被证实可导致人类、家畜和野生动物的死亡。许多国家根据世界卫生组织推荐值比建立了饮用水中MC-亮氨酸精氨酸（LR）限制标准，最高允许含量为1．0“g／L。我国的“生活饮用水卫生规范”和“城市供水水质标准”中都规定MC—LR最高浓度为1．0μg／L。MC的化学性质非常稳定，常规水处理工艺对其去除率较低。因此，在常规处理之前寻求有效去除MC的预处理方法，对于饮用水的安全保障具有重要意义。本对去除水源水中藻毒素的预处理方法研究进展作一综述。     

淡水湖泊周围水厂源水及出厂水微囊藻毒素的季节性调查

目的：了解淡水湖泊周围水厂源水及出厂水的微囊藻毒素（MC）污染状况及季节性变化。方法：对7个水厂源水及出厂水进行全年季节性采样,采用酶联免疫吸附试验法检测水中MC的含量。结果：7个水厂的源水均检测出MC9其浓度范围在54－1865ng/L之间,并且8月份MC含量明显高于其它月份。SY水厂源水全年MC含量均超过50ng/L,DG、JZ两水厂8月出厂检测出低浓度MC（92－132ng/L）。结。夏季是某湖周围水厂源水MC污染的高峰季节。常规饮水消毒方法不能完全消除水中的MC。     

邻苯二甲酸脂对城镇供水的污染及现行水处理工艺净化效果的评价

目的：了解邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物对城镇供水的污染情况以及再生水处理工艺对该类物质的净化效果。方法：采用处理前、后对照的方法,对源水和出厂水进行检测。色谱分析测试邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物五只异构体。结果：出厂水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯检出率100％,最高含量达76μg/L。邻苯二二（2－乙基己基）酯检出率50％,最高含量17μg/L;邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯和邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯三只异构体均未测出。源水中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的平均含量（G）为19.74μ/L,出厂水18.35μ/L,两者差别无显著意义（P＞0．05）。结论：城镇供水中的邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物污染以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二（2－乙基己基）酯为多见。城镇水厂现行水处理工艺对邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物净化效果不佳,去除该类化合物的水处理工艺有待进一步研究和探讨。     

饮用水源水中微囊藻毒素与蓝藻相关性研究

[目的]了解S市饮用水源中微囊藻毒素与浮游藻类的污染状况,并初步探讨微囊藻毒素 LR浓度与蓝藻细胞密度之间的关系。[方法]对S市饮用水源中微囊藻毒素及浮游藻类进行了为期1年的动态监测。[结果]藻细胞密度和藻毒素浓度呈现出明显的季节波动,在夏秋初季节形成污染高峰,最大值分别达到8.78×10 6个/L和2 .3 8μg/L ;而藻类种属构成比也有一定的季节性差异,含较多产毒藻种的蓝藻类在夏秋季节比例最高,而硅藻则在冬春季节达到最大密度;另一方面,水源中微囊藻毒素 LR的浓度与蓝藻细胞密度成正相关关系。[结论]有必要加强城市供水系统中藻类(特别是蓝藻)及其毒素污染的监测,而以饮用水源中蓝藻细胞密度作为一个预警指标是一个切实可行的方法.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测水中微囊藻毒素LR和RR

目的:建立水中微囊藻毒素LR和RR的液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。方法:水样经C18固相萃取小柱富集,甲醇洗脱,浓缩后,经XTerra MS C18(2.1×150 mm,5μm)柱进行色谱分离,采用多反应监测(MRM)模式对微囊藻毒素进行检测,外标法定量。结果:微囊藻毒素LR和RR的检出限分别为0.002μg/L和0.001μg/L,其加标回收率分别为84.6%～90.6%和86.6%～91.2%,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。结论:该方法用水量少,简便、快速、准确,适用于水中微囊藻毒素LR和RR的检测。     

厦门市主要水源水及出厂水中微囊藻毒素调查

目的了解厦门市主要水源水及饮用水中微囊藻毒素(MC)的污染和变化情况。方法于2009年1月—2010年12月,采集厦门市高殿水厂、天马水厂、梅山水厂的水源水(分别为北溪、坂头水库、汀溪水库)及出厂水水样共161份,采用液相色谱法测定MC-LR和MC-RR的浓度。结果水源水中MC-RR和MC-LR检出率分别为77.2%(71/92),54.3%(50/92),检出范围分别为ND~0.840、ND~0.301μg/L,北溪水源在11—12月出现高峰值(MC-RR,0.840μg/L),坂头和汀溪水库在8—9月浓度最高(MC-LR,0.301μg/L);而出厂水中MC-RR和MC-LR检出率分别为和85.5%(59/69),52.2%(36/69),检出范围分别为ND~0.972、ND~0.288μg/L,未出现明显的季节性分布规律。结论厦门市水源水及出厂水中微囊藻毒素的污染较轻,以MC-RR为主,仍需进一步加强水厂对MC的处理能力以降低藻毒素残留。     

饮用水中微囊藻毒素去除效果研究

目的 探讨高效、经济、可行的去除饮用水中藻毒素的水处理方法.方法 采用烧杯试验,研究不同水处理工艺[混凝沉淀(液态聚合氯化铝、固态聚合氯化铝、聚合硫酸铁、聚丙烯酰胺),氧化(高锰酸钾、二氧化氯、臭氧),吸附(粉末活性炭)]对微囊藻毒素的去除效果,并进行工艺优化组合和验证;藻毒素的检测采用酶联免疫法(ELISA).结果 混凝沉淀可少量去除水中微囊藻毒素(去除率为4.3%～29.7%),臭氧等氧化剂预处理工艺与混凝沉淀工艺组合后,对微囊藻毒素的去除率提高,达83.3%～91.9%;成本效益分析表明,所选臭氧预处理工艺及"氧化剂 吸附剂"预处理工艺使每吨水处理成本仅增加0.03～0.14元.结论 在常规水处理基础上进行臭氧、高锰酸钾氧化、二氧化氯、粉末活性炭等预处理,能较好地去除微囊藻毒素,且经济可行.     

茂名市水源水及出厂水中藻毒素污染调查

目的了解茂名市出厂水及水源水中的微囊藻毒素的污染情况。方法于2010年6月至2011年5月,采用超快速液相色谱-质谱方法对茂名市水源水(良德水库、石骨水库出水口和石骨水库入水口)、茂名市山阁调蓄池水及茂名市河东水厂出厂水中的3种微囊藻毒素MC-RR、MC-LR、MC-YR含量进行动态监测。结果水源水水样中MC-RR、MC-LR、MC-YR的检出率分别为66.7%(24/36),58.3%(21/36),8.3%(3/36),检测范围分别为0.004～0.994、0.004～0.134、0.030～0.055μg/L,水源水中MC-RR在10月份出现高峰值(0.994μg/L)。4—9月调蓄池水中MC-LR的含量均高于水库水;而出厂水中MC-RR、MC-LR、MC-YR的含量均低于水库水,且仅检出MC-RR(0.008～0.012μg/L)。结论茂名市水源水主要以MC-RR、MC-LR的持续污染为主,出厂水受到低浓度MC-RR污染,饮用水安全存在一定的隐患。     

水处理剂投加量对水中微囊藻毒素去除效果影响

目的:研究水处理剂投加量对去除水中微囊藻毒素的影响,探讨最佳投加剂量.方法:采用烧杯试验,研究不同工艺、不同投加量对微囊藻毒素的去除效果;采用酶联免疫法检测藻毒素.结果:混凝沉淀工艺对微囊藻毒素去除率最低为4.3%,最高为29.7%;氧化处理工艺对微囊藻毒素去除率最低为13.0%,最高为92.0%,随着氧化剂投加剂量的增加,微囊藻毒素的去除率大幅度提高,臭氧、二氧化氯、高锰酸钾的最高去除率分别为92.0%、87.0%、78.3%,91.7%的水样经处理后微囊藻毒素浓度达到GB5749规定;粉末活性炭吸附工艺对微囊藻毒素去除率最低为4.0%,最高为40.0%,随着投加量增加,藻毒素去除率提高.水处理剂的最佳投加量分别为:聚合氯化铝(液体)3.0 mg/L,聚合氯化铝(固体)1.0 mg/L,聚合硫酸铁10.0 mg/L,聚丙烯酰胺0.1 mg/L,高锰酸钾1.0 mg/L,二氧化氯6.0 mg/L,臭氧5.6 mg/L,粉末活性炭4.0 mg/L.结论:单纯增加混凝(絮凝)剂的投加量不能提高藻毒素的去除效果,增加臭氧(O3)、二氧化氯(ClO2)、高锰酸钾(KMnO4)等氧化剂和粉末活性炭等吸附剂的投加量,可提高对藻毒素的去除效果.     

Cyanobacterial toxins: removal during drinking water treatment, and human risk assessment

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) produce toxins that may present a hazard for drinking water safety. These toxins (microcystins, nodularins, saxitoxins, anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(s), cylindrospermopsin) are structurally diverse and their effects range from liver damage, including liver cancer, to neurotoxicity. The occurrence of cyanobacteria and their toxins in water bodies used for the production of drinking water poses a technical challenge for water utility managers. With respect to their removal in water treatment procedures, of the more than 60 microcystin congeners, microcystin-LR (L, L-leucine; R, L-arginine) is the best studied cyanobacterial toxin, whereas information for the other toxins is largely lacking. In response to the growing concern about nonlethal acute and chronic effects of microcystins, the World Health Organization has recently set a new provisional guideline value for microcystin-LR of 1.0 microg/L drinking water. This will lead to further efforts by water suppliers to develop effective treatment procedures to remove these toxins. Of the water treatment procedures discussed in this review, chlorination, possibly micro-/ultrafiltration, but especially ozonation are the most effective in destroying cyanobacteria and in removing microcystins. However, these treatments may not be sufficient during bloom situations or when a high organic load is present, and toxin levels should therefore be monitored during the water treatment process. In order to perform an adequate human risk assessment of microcystin exposure via drinking water, the issue of water treatment byproducts will have to be addressed in the future.     

用Ames试验和小鼠原代细胞彗星试验检测A市生活饮用水遗传毒性

目的　用Ames试验和小鼠原代肝细胞彗星试验检测A市生活饮用水遗传毒性并比较两种方法的敏感性。方法　采用Ames试验和彗星试验分别对A市南郊水厂的水源水、出厂水、自来水的有机浓集物的诱变性进行检测。结果　出厂水和自来水的Ames试验于试样浓度为 3 0L/皿时才表现为阳性结果 ,而肝细胞的彗星试验在水样量为0 1L时就出现明显的阳性结果 (与阴性对照比P <0 0 1) ,后者的浓度比前者低 3 0倍。水源水的Ames试验于试样浓度为 6 0L/皿时仍表现为阴性结果 ,而原代肝细胞的彗星试验在水样量为 0 5L时就出现明确的阳性结果。结论　Ames试验只能检测出氯化消毒后饮用水的致突变阳性 ,而彗星试验能同时检测出水源水和氯化消毒后饮用水的致突变性 ,后者的敏感性远远高于前者。     

烟台市政供水中消毒副产物污染状况及控制措施研究

目的:了解烟台市政供水中消毒副产物(CDBPs)污染状况及季节分布,寻找有效控制消毒副产物生成量的水处理方式。方法:选取水源水、水厂水及末梢水等进行调查研究,对主要消毒副产物三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤乙酸(HAAs),以及pH、游离余氯、水温进行监测。通过控制氯投入量的干预措施,了解不同余氯浓度下水中CDBPs的变化情况。结果:目前烟台市政供水中消毒副产物指标未超出GB5749-2006饮用水卫生要求,但一氯二溴甲烷含量偏高。水厂水余氯夏季应保持在0.6 mg/L～0.7 mg/L,冬季节应在0.4 mg/L～0.5 mg/L,春秋季应在0.5 mg/L～0.6 mg/L为宜。结论:目前烟台市政供水中消毒副产物指标污染状况不严重;消毒副产物的产生量随季节有所不同,夏季最高,冬季最低;减少或避免预氯化,不同季节按各自适宜的用量投氯,可有效降低消毒副产物的产生量,有效控制二次污染。     

广州市一自来水厂水源砷污染调查

某工厂因围章使用高砷矿作生产原料且废水处理设备损坏而排放含砷废水，在珠江广州市区员村河段中受潮汐影响，污染了上游３０００ｍ处的一自来水厂的水源，并导致自来水砷含量高达０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ而停产。废水砷含量最高达２２５．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，水源水达１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

N市饮用水中非挥发性有机物致突变性研究

目的探讨N市饮用水中非挥发性有机物的致突变性.方法应用XAD-2大孔树脂吸附浓集水中有机物的技术,结合Ames试验、微核实验、小鼠精子畸形实验,研究了N市主要水厂水源水、滤池出水、氯化消毒自来水中非挥发性有机物(NOCs)的致突变性.结果氯化消毒自来水50 L/ml剂量组微核率和精子畸形率显著高于阴性对照组(P＜0.05),氯化消毒自来水5 L/皿剂量下,TA98-S8 MR=4.92,TA 98 S9 MR=2.69.结论氯化消毒自来水有一定程度致突变性,水源水、滤池出水未检出致突变性,氯化消毒使水质的诱变性增高.     

自来水中有机污染物的检测及评价

目的通过对自来水中有机污染物的检测,了解和评价某市自来水中有机物污染状况.方法用顶空气相色谱法测定自来水中挥发性卤代烃,用气相色谱/质谱联用（GC/MS）法测定其他有机污染物.结果某市5个自来水厂出厂水检出有机污染物均在100种以上,累计308种,其中主要有机污染物81种,致癌、致畸、致突变物质20余种.结论某市自来水已受到不同程度的有机物污染,特别是以滇池为源水的自来水污染较为严重.     

某市饮用水有机提取物对小鼠肝细胞DNA损伤的研究

目的研究某市生活饮用水有机提取物对小鼠肝原代细胞所致的DNA损伤作用。方法采用小鼠肝原代细胞彗星试验分别对某市南郊水厂的水源水、出厂水、自来水的有机提取物的致突变性进行检测。结果该市水源水、出厂水和自来水对小鼠肝原代细胞均产生了不同程度的DNA损伤作用,但出厂水和自来水引起肝细胞DNA损伤作用的阈值更低(在本研究为100m1)。结论该市生活饮用水的水源水和氯化消毒后饮用水都受到不同程度的有机致突变物的污染,氯化消毒后饮用水比水源水的致突变性更强,可能是由氯化消毒副产物的致突变性所致。     

A study of the efficacy of various home filtration substrates in the removal of microcystin-LR from drinking water

This study was conducted to determine whether common water filtration and purification systems bought by consumers and used in the home would remove cyanotoxins from water. Commonly used universal filter housings and filter sizes were utilized to identify filter media that may be effective in the removal of microcystin-LR in deionized water. Results suggest that the efficacy of home filtration devices in removing microcystin-LR varies considerably with the type of device being used. Carbon filters successfully removed microcystin-LR allowing only 0.05-0.3% of the toxin load to pass through the filter. On the other hand, pleated paper and string wound filters allowed > 90% of microcystin-LR present in the sample to pass through the filters. Theoretically, the use of carbon home filtration devices tested in this study may provide protection against human exposure to cyanotoxin in addition to protection provided by water treatment methodologies utilized in water treatment facilities. Further studies need to be done to assess the efficacy of home filtration devices for various cyanotoxins and for other filtering conditions such as increased toxin load, the presence of other contaminants in drinking water, and the repetitive use of the same filter over longer time intervals.     

Environmental lead exposure in a population of children in northern France: factors affecting lead burden

BACKGROUND: This study is part of the assessment of a site in northern France polluted by lead from industrial emissions. Our objectives were to look for the factors that influence lead burden in children aged 8-11 years. METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based study took place in 1996-97 and included 400 children (200 of whom lived on the metal-polluted site). RESULTS: The geometric mean of the blood-lead levels of children living on the polluted site was 39.5 microg/l (95% CI = 36.3-43.1); that of the non-exposed children was 30.6 microg/l (95% CI = 27.8-33.6) (P < 0.0001). Analysis of the variations in the mean blood-lead levels showed associations with: distance from the smelting plants (mean blood-lead level fell by a factor of 1/1.3 (95% CI = 1/1.2-1/1.4) for each km from the smelter over the range of 1-3 km and was constant thereafter) and consumption of tap water (when the water pipes were made of lead, the mean blood-lead level of children who drank tap water was twice as high (95% CI = 1.2-3.4) as that of children who did not). CONCLUSIONS: The children's blood-lead levels were essentially linked to two factors: proximity to the smelters and drinking tap rather than bottled water.     

Bioaccumulation and harmful effects of microcystin-LR in the aquatic plants Lemna minor and Wolffia arrhiza and the filamentous alga Chladophora fracta

Although the toxic effects of cyanotoxins on animals have been examined extensively, little research has focused on their effects on higher plants and macroalgae, and the potential for bioaccumulation in the food web through plants. Two aquatic plants, Lemna minor and Wolffia arrhiza, and one filamentous alga, Chladophora fracta, were exposed to the cyanotoxin microcystin-LR. Growth of L. minor (as weight and frond number) and root length were significantly reduced and peroxidase activity was significantly increased after 5 days of exposure to concentrations of 10 and 20 microg mL(-1) microcystin-LR. Growth of W. arrhiza (as frond number) was significantly reduced after 5 days of exposure to 15 microg mL(-1) microcystin-LR. Growth and peroxidase activity of C. fracta were not affected by microcystin-LR at concentrations up to 10 microg mL(-1). L. minor also accumulated microcystin-LR up to a concentration of 0.288 +/- 0.009 ng mg(-1) wet wt. plant material over the 5 days of the experiment, equivalent to an accumulation rate of 0.058 ng mg(-1) day(-1). C. fracta accumulated a microcystin-LR concentration of 0.042 +/- 0.015 ng mg(-1) wet wt. plant material over the 5 days of the experiment, equivalent to an accumulation rate of 0.008 ng mg(-1) day(-1).