腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊破裂的临床分析(附305例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中胆囊破裂的原因及处理措施。方法:回顾分析2007年10月至2011年10月LC术中305例患者发生胆囊破裂的临床资料。结果:术中选择性胆囊破裂195例,包括胆囊穿刺抽吸减压104例,胆囊萎缩部分切除76例,胆囊造瘘15例;术中胆囊意外破裂110例,包括解剖胆囊时抓破36例,胆囊床剥离时破裂45例,胆囊取出时破裂29例。136例行腹腔冲洗,125例放置腹腔引流。术后发生膈下积液1例、胆囊窝积液3例、脐部切口感染4例、脐部切口结石残留并感染1例,余均无腹腔内感染、脓肿及败血症等并发症发生。结论:选择性胆囊破裂利于手术的顺利完成,提高手术技巧并选择合适的病例可避免胆囊意外破裂,正确处理破裂胆囊可减少并发症的发生。     

Identification of bile duct stones in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

To identify patients with common bile duct stones, all patients considered for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in this unit undergo intravenous cholangiography (IVC) with tomography and, more recently, operative cholangiography. To date 100 consecutive patients with symptomatic gallstones have undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy with no specific exclusion criteria. Eight patients of 100 were found to have duct stones on IVC with one false-positive. These IVC data were compared with data from 52 patients who also had operative cholangiograms performed. One stone was detected on operative cholangiography that was not identified on IVC. No additional information was gained from operative cholangiography. These data suggest that preoperative IVC is adequate for the detection of duct stones in patients considered for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Long-term consequences of intraoperative spillage of bile and gallstones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with a higher incidence of iatrogenic perforation of the gallbladder than open cholecystectomy. The long-term consequences of spilled bile and gallstones are unknown. Data were collected prospectively from 1059 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy over a 3-year period. Details of the operative procedures and postoperative course of patients in whom gallbladder perforation occurred were reviewed. Long-term follow-up (range 24 to 59 months) was available for 92% of patients. Intraoperative perforation of the gallbladder occurred in 306 patients (29%); it was more common in men and was associated with increasing age, body weight, and the presence of omental adhesions (each P < 0.001). There was no increased risk in patients with acute cholecystitis (P = 0.13). Postoperatively pyrexia was more common in patients with spillage of gallbladder contents (18% vs. 9%; P < 0.001). Of the patients with long-term follow-up, intra-abdominal abscess developed in 1 (0.6%) of 177 with spillage of only bile, and in 3 (2.9%) of 103 patients with spillage of both bile and gallstones, whereas no intra-abdominal abscesses occurred in the 697 patients in whom the gallbladder was removed intact (P < 0.001). Intraperitoneal spillage of gallbladder contents during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with an increased risk of intra-abdominal abscess. Attempts should be made to irrigate the operative field to evacuate spilled bile and to retrieve all gallstones spilled during the operative procedure.     

胆囊结石患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术临床分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊结石的临床效果.方法:回顾我院收治的胆囊结石患者,经B超以及CT检查确诊,随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组为58例患者,采取传统开腹手术,观察组为71例患者,采取腹腔镜手术治疗.结果:两组患者在手术时间、术中出血量、并发症、术后疼痛时间以及平均住院时间比较,P＜ 0.05,具有统计学意义.两组患者术后48h内拔除引流管,观察组患者1例发生胆漏,对照组患者3例发生胆漏,1例发生感染,经过处理后痊愈.结论:在手术过程中熟练掌握处理技巧,明确胆囊三角的解剖关系,掌握中转开腹的时机,胆囊结石患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术安全、有效,值得临床广泛使用.     

Unexpected gallbladder cancer during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background/Purpose In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of surgeons in determining incidental gallbladder pathologies at laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).Methods This study included 548 patients with gallstones who underwent LC between May 1, 2001 and October 15, 2003. The surgeon made an incision on the gallbladder wall for inspection, and palpated the mucosa after removing the gallbladder from the abdominal cavity to look for unsuspected pathologies. If an abnormal mucosa was observed or palpated, it was marked with a silk suture and then histopathologic examination was performed.Results Fifty of 548 LC specimens were found to be suspi-cious by the surgeon. Histopathological examination of frozen sections revealed incidental pathologies in 15 of these specimens. Strikingly, 5 of these specimens were considered to have gallbladder cancer (GBC). The other incidental pathologies were consistent with adenomyomatosis, xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, and fibroepithelial and hyperplastic polyps. Four of the other 498 specimens revealed incidental pathologies at definitive histopathological examination, and all of them were consistent with gastric metaplasia. The sensitivity and specificity of the procedure was 78.9% and 93%, respectively.Conclusions A simple prosedure; that is, incision and inspection, and palpation of the gallbladder, seems to be useful for the diagnosis of incidental gallbladder pathologies.     

Unexpected gallbladder cancer after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Surgical Endoscopy -     

Unexpected gallbladder cancer after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Gallbladder cancer (GC) has been reported in 0.3–1.5% of cholecystectomies. Since the introduction of laparoscopic surgery, cholecystectomies have increased and occult GC may therefore be more frequent. Herein we analyze our own experience to determine whether there was an increase in GC. We also evaluate the risk factors for this outcome. Four patients with GC undiagnosed before surgery (four of 602 cases, or 0.66%) were submitted to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The percentage in patients who underwent open surgery was 0.28% (two of 714 cases). Without reoperation, three patients died in the laparoscopic group and one is alive at 12 months. Trocar site metastasis was not observed. Although the percentage of GC (0.28% versus 0.66%) increased, the percentage is still in the referred average. Undiagnosed GC is on the increase. Examination of the gallbladder and a frozen section, if necessary, are recommended. Calcified gallbladders, age >70 years, a long history of stones, and a thickened gallbladder all represent significant risk factors. Received: 30 July 1997/Accepted: 24 October 1997     

Biochemical predictors for absence of common bile duct stones in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: To provide optimal selection of patients for preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or intraoperative cholangiography, we evaluated simple, noninvasive biochemical parameters as screening tests to predict the absence of common bile duct stones prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: A total of 1002 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Five biochemical parameters were measured preoperatively: gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase. Conventional diagnostic tests, including ultrasound imaging, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, common bile duct diameter, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and serum amylase were performed. Along with the five biochemical tests above, these diagnostic tests were scrutinized and compared as potential predictors for common bile duct stones. RESULTS: Eighty-eight (8.8%) patients with gallstone disease who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy had concurrent common bile duct stones. Among all diagnostic tests, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography had the highest sensitivity (96.0%), specificity (99.1%), probability ratio (107.3), accuracy (98.0%), and positive predictive value (98.8%) in detecting common bile duct stones. At least one abnormal elevation among the five biochemical parameters had the highest sensitivity (87.5%). Total bilirubin had the highest specificity (87.5%), highest probability ratio (3.9), highest accuracy (84.1%), and highest positive predictive value (27.4%). All five biochemical predictors had high negative predictive values; gamma glutamyl transferase was highest (97.9%), while the lowest was total bilirubin (94.7%). Multivariate analysis showed only gamma glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin to be independent predictors; gamma glutamyl transferase appeared to be the most powerful predictor (odds ratio 3.20). CONCLUSION: Biochemical tests, especially gamma glutamyl transferase with 97.9% negative predictive value, are ideal noninvasive predictors for the absence of common bile duct stones in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We suggest that unnecessary, costly, or risky procedures such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography can be omitted prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients without abnormal elevation of these biochemical values.     

老年腹腔镜胆囊切除胆总管探查取石术的临床疗效分析

目的:探讨经腹腔镜胆囊切除胆总管切开探查取石术(LCBDE)治疗老年胆囊疾病合并胆总管结石患者的临床效果及安全性。方法:回顾性分析采用LCBDE治疗(LCBDE组)与内镜下Oddi括约肌切开取石术(EST)联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)治疗(LC-EST组)的老年(≥60岁)胆囊疾病合并胆总管结石患者各60例的临床资料。结果:两组患者术前一般资料具有可比性。LCBDE组患者的手术时间、住院时间及手术并发症发生率均明显的低于LC-EST组(均P0.05);术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间、手术成功率、一次性手术成功率、中转开腹率、一次性结石清除率两组间差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:LCBDE治疗老年胆囊疾病合并胆总管结石与LC联合EST手术效果相当,但具有手术时间短、术后恢复快、并发症率低的优点。     

Clinical implication of preoperative oral cholecystogram for laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: The aim of this study was to retrospectively assess the usefulness of the preoperative oral cholecystogram (OCG) as an index to the feasibility of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and the operative pathologic findings. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the standard treatment for symptomatic gallbladder (GB) disease. However, no definite diagnostic modality that can predict the feasibility of LC and severity of pathologic anatomy has been proposed. Methods: Retrospective data were collected on 240 consecutive patients undergoing LC at St. Vincent Hospital, Catholic University Medical College, from October 1991 until December 1993. Radiologic interpretations of OCG were standardized according to the method of Koehler and Kyaw—from grade 0 to 4. And the operative findings—pericholecystic adhesion, color of GB, and thickness of the GB wall—were evaluated simultaneously. Results: The analysis showed that preoperative OCG can predict intraoperative GB perforation (p = 0.022), intraoperative controllable bleeding (p = 0.034), and operating time (p = 0.0001) according to the grade of visualization of GB. Grade 2- or -better visualized groups had more patients who had blue-colored GB (p = 0.000) and who had thin GB wall (p =0.000). Conclusions: Preoperative oral cholecystogram may be an accurate index of the feasibility of laparoscopic cholecystectomy—represented by operating time and important intraoperative minor complications related to the operative pathologic findings.     

术中胆囊与胆总管胆汁同步细菌培养对比研究

目的　了解胆石病病人胆道不同部位内胆汁的细菌学特点和药敏情况 ,指导术后抗生素应用。方法　 5 6例胆囊切除胆总管探查术病人同步作胆囊内胆汁和胆总管内胆汁细菌培养和药敏。结果　胆囊和胆总管内胆汁培养按双阳性率排列依次为急性化脓性胆管炎 (1 0 0 % )、胆源性胰腺炎 (5 7.1 % )、急性胆囊炎胆囊结石伴阻塞性黄疸 (5 0 % )、急性胆囊炎 (5 0 % )、慢性胆囊炎胆囊结石伴胆总管扩张 (35 .7% )。其中急性化脓性胆管炎、胆源性胰腺炎、急性胆囊炎胆囊结石伴阻塞性黄疸双阳性病例中各有 1例胆囊和胆总管内胆汁培养菌种不同。结论　胆石病病人不同部位胆汁内菌种大多数相同但存在差异 ,其药敏也有所不同。我们建议胆囊切除胆总管探查术 ,尤其在急性期并伴有黄疸病例中应同步培养胆囊和胆总管内胆汁 ,其对术后抗生素应用有指导作用     

Peritoneal seeding of gallbladder cancer after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

We report a case of peritoneal seeding of an unsuspected adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder following laparoscopic cholecystectomy despite the use of a retrieval bag. The metastasis developed at the umbilical trocar site, which was also used to extract the resected gallbladder. There was no evidence for a leak of the retrieval bag. Most likely malignant cells became desquamated during the operation, implanting themselves in the tissue during the removal of the bag. Taking into consideration previous reports and the dismal prognosis of the disease, we discuss the management in the case of an incidental carcinoma.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术意外胆囊癌的处理体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术( laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)意外胆囊癌的诊断及处理方式.方法:回顾分析2000年1月至2010年12月LC意外胆囊癌患者的临床资料.结果:术前诊断慢性胆囊炎、胆囊结石4例,胆囊息内1例.术中临床诊断为胆囊癌1例,术后石蜡切片病理检查确诊4例,无一例行术中...     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊床胆管损伤的处理

目的探讨预防及处理腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）时胆囊床胆管（包括右肝管分支及迷走胆管）损伤的对策。方法回顾性分析1997年1月～2004年12月2032例LC中15例胆囊床胆管损伤的临床特征、处理方法及效果。结果5例为慢性结石性胆囊炎急性发作，10例为慢性结石性萎缩性胆囊炎。8例右肝管分支损伤，7例迷走胆管损伤。8例用钛夹夹闭损伤胆管，5例缝合损伤胆管，另2例由于裂口较大且靠近右肝管主干而行开腹胆管修补术。术后胆漏1例，引流5d后痊愈。随访半年～3年，平均23个月，症状消失，无黄疸及胆管炎等并发症发生。结论预防胆囊床处胆管损伤的关键是紧贴胆囊壁剥离胆囊，术中及时发现并采用恰当的处理方法可获得较好的结果。     

Port-sites excision for gallbladder cancer incidentally found after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Port-site recurrence represents a severe complication in the case of incidental gallbladder cancer (ICG) discovered after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and is reported to occur in 17% of cases. For this reason port-sites excision is an essential surgical step during the second operation, which includes liver resection (segments 4b and 5) and lymph node dissection (hepatic pedicle and retroduodeno-pancreatic region). In this article we describe a simple technique to obtain a radical port-site excision with the aim to standardize this surgical step and to perform it in a radical way. Port-sites excision is the accurate and complete excision of the parietal channel created by the trocar during the previous cholecystectomy. This channel is often Z-shaped. In the second operation, the presence of peritoneal adhesions helps to identify exactly the previous site of entry of the trocar in the peritoneal cavity. Trocar reinsertion through the abdominal wall along the correctly identified original path allows the excision of a perfect cylinder of abdominal wall including all of the layers from the skin to the peritoneum.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除手术后意外胆囊癌的临床分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除手术(LC)后意外胆囊癌的诊断、处理及预后。方法:回顾分析2001～2004年间术后意外胆囊癌病例26例,其中发现于LC术后10例,发现于开腹胆囊切除手术(OC)术后16例;结合临床资料和随访结果进行分析。结果:LC术后意外胆囊癌中,1例为pT2病人,行开腹胆囊癌根治手术;1例为pT2病人,术后4月发现切口肿瘤种植。全组中位生存期17.5个月,各病理分期生存期在pT1者为(28.3±10.3)个月,pT2者为(14.8±11.1)个月,pT3者为(6.0±1.4)个月,与OC组比较无统计学差异。两组pT2病人中,行根治手术者生存期与未行根治手术者相比,无统计学差异。结论:LC术中怀疑为胆囊癌者,应行冰冻切片检查,并采取预防切口肿瘤种植的相应措施。发现意外胆囊癌后的根治手术效果有待进一步观察。     

Long-term prognosis of gallbladder cancer diagnosed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Several clinical and laboratory studies concerning port-site recurrence have raised the concern that laparoscopic procedures might worsen the prognosis of malignant disease. However, the long-term prognosis of patients with malignancy who undergo laparoscopic surgery is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term prognosis of patients with unexpected gallbladder cancer diagnosed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). METHODS: A clinicopathologic study was performed on 41 patients with postoperatively diagnosed gallbladder cancer from among 5,027 patients undergoing LC at 24 institutions. The cumulative survival rate was compared with that reported for gallbladder cancer diagnosed after open cholecystectomy (OC). RESULTS: Of 26 patients with early gallbladder cancer (pTis or pT1), 23 were simply followed up, and 9 of 15 patients with advanced cancer (pT2 or pT3) had additional resection after the diagnosis of gallbladder cancer. Port-site recurrence occurred in four patients, and two of them died of the cancer. However, at this writing, the other two are still alive after abdominal wall resection or radiation therapy, having survived for 31 and 71 months, respectively. The 5-year survival rate was 92% for early cancer and 59% for advanced cancer. These results were comparable with 5-year survival rates for gallbladder cancer diagnosed after OC. CONCLUSIONS: Although port-site recurrence occurred in four patients with advanced gallbladder cancer, the long-term prognosis of patients with undiagnosed gallbladder cancer who underwent LC was not worsened by the laparoscopic procedure. We conclude that surgeons can perform LC with reasonable confidence, even if the lesion is possibly malignant.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的临床分析

目的 :探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的原因及合理治疗方法。方法 :回顾分析 2 5 432例腹腔镜胆囊切除术后并发 32例胆漏的临床资料。结果 :4例行开腹手术治疗 ;13例单纯引流 ,其中 3例中转开腹 ;腹腔镜探查 15例 ,13例在腹腔镜下完成治疗 ,2例中转开腹手术治疗。结论 :腹腔镜胆囊切除术置肝下引流管治疗胆漏有很高的应用价值 ,B超引导置管治疗仅适于迟发包裹性胆漏。