重型颅脑损伤合并ARDS 18例分析

目的：探讨重型颅脑损伤合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的治疗方案。方法：对18例重型颅脑损伤合并ARDS患者的治疗方案进行分析。结果：恢复良好7例,轻残2例,中残2例,重残4例,死亡3例。结论：决定重型颅脑损伤合并ARDS预后的主要因素是早期诊断、早期治疗和机械通气。PEEP是治疗ARDS有效的通气方式。     

儿童急性重型颅脑损伤的临床治疗(附102例分析)

目的:总结小儿急性重型颅脑损伤的临床特点与救治经验。方法:回顾分析本院1995年1月~2005年1月收治的102例小儿急性重型颅脑损伤病例资料。结果:恢复良好37例,轻残20例,中残9例,重残12例,死亡24例。结论:早期诊断,正确选择治疗方法及手术方式,配以积极的综合治疗能明显改善急性重型颅脑损伤患儿的预后。     

重型颅脑损伤开颅术中急性脑膨出分析

目的：总结近年来在救治重型颅脑损伤开颅术中发生急性脑膨出的原因。方法：对我院神经外科2004年11月-2007年11月收治的GCS3～5分重型颅脑损伤开颅术中发生急性脑膨出的原因进行回顾性总结。结果：3年来共收治76例GCS3-5分手术的重型颅脑损伤病人，开颅术中发生急性脑膨出的有17例。其中死亡7例，植物生存2例。结论：急性脑肿胀与迟发性远隔部位血肿引起的脑膨出预后不同。前者死亡率几乎达100％，而远隔部位迟发性血肿只要处理及时，预后良好。因此，认识急性颅脑损伤术中急性脑膨出的成因问题，尤其应注意远隔部位迟发血肿的可能，以提高治疗效果。     

重型颅脑损伤65例外科治疗分析

目的：探讨重型颅脑损伤的急诊救治方法和基层医院神经外科医师对几个特殊问题的把握。方法：对重型颅脑损伤65例进行回顾性分析。结果：治愈39例,残疾15例,死亡11例。结论：及时诊断、及早手术,正确发现、判断和处理合并伤,重视并发症的治疗是救治成功的关键;正确把握脑外伤的几个特殊问题是判断预后的关键。     

重症脑损伤早期肠内营养支持对预后的影响

目的：探讨重型颅脑损伤早期肠内营养支持的临床意义及对预后的影响。方法：治疗组：观察血糖、血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、淋巴细胞计娄、并发症发生率及预后。对照组：常规治疗的20例重型颅脑损伤作对照。结果：重型颅脑损伤病人治疗组病例营养状态明显好于对照组,并发症减少,预后良好。结论;严重颅脑损伤早期肠内营养支持有利于脑损伤病人尽早康复。     

重型颅脑损伤并发急性肺损伤的护理

重型颅脑损伤常因胃内容误吸、严重的肺部感染、合并肺挫伤而发生急性肺损伤（ALI）。ALI和急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）具有性质相同的病理生理改变，严重的ALI被定义为ARDS。目前尚无特效的治疗方法，强调及早诊断，早期综合治疗。南京医科大学第一附属医院神经外科2003年1月～2004年12月收治了7例重型颅脑损伤并发急性肺损伤的患者，通过早期肺功能监测及做好高危因素的防护，早期诊断，早期综合治疗．取得了良好效果。     

急性重型颅脑损伤158例临床分析

目的探讨基层医院救治急性重型颅脑损伤的有效方法。方法回顾分析我科2002年7月～2007年7月收治的158例急性重型颅脑损伤患者致伤原因、损伤类型、救治措施、手术方法及预后。结果158例中，非手术36例，手术122例，存活109例，其中良好68例，中度残28例，重残8例，植物生存5列，死亡49例。结论早期急救，保持呼吸道通畅，及时手术减压，重视严重合并伤的处理，积极防治并发症，可降低死残率，改善预后。     

重型颅脑损伤并急性呼吸窘迫综合征25例临床分析

目的:总结重型颅脑损伤GCS＜8分)并急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的治疗经验.方法:回顾性分析2004年10月至2009年10月我院收治的25例重型颅脑损伤合并ARDS的临床资料.结果:25均早期应用呼吸末正压通气(PEEP)模式机械通气,16例存活,9例死亡.结论:重型颅脑损伤合并ARDS患者预后的主要取决于早期诊断、早期治疗和机械通气,PEEP是治疗ARDS的有效通气方式.     

重型颅脑损伤合并急性肝功能损害156例诊治分析

急性肝功能损害是重型颅脑损伤后常见的颅外并发症之一,其对重型颅脑损伤患者的预后存在重大影响.肝功能的早期监测、早期治疗,对重型颅脑损伤患者的救治及预后有着重大意义.本次研究回顾性分析156例重型颅脑损伤合并急性肝功能损害患者临床资料.现报道如下.     

急性重型颅脑外伤58例临床救治分析

目的：探讨急性重型颅脑损伤的临床救治方法.方法：对2001-07～2007-01我科收治的58例急性重型颅脑损伤患者进行回顾分析.结果：58例急性重型颅脑损伤存活32例（55.2%）,其中恢复良好和中残17例（29.3%）,重残15例（25.9%）,死亡26例（44.8%）.结论：气管插管、气管切开,保持呼吸道通畅,尽早清除颅内血肿,纠正休克,脱水治疗脑水肿,早期亚低温治疗,改善脑循环,积极防治并发症是提高重型颅脑损伤救治的关键.     

危重创伤病人在急诊科的抢救(附176例病例分析)

目的：进一步提高急诊科对危重创伤病人的抢救能力。方法：对近两年我院的急诊176例危重创伤病人进行回顾性分析研究。结果：死亡85例，占48．0％；91例经抢救0．5～6h后全部收往入院，其中81例行急诊手术抢救，死亡22例，占27．0％。结论：多发伤的死亡率明显高于单部位伤（P＜0．01～0．05）。急诊科的医师必须提高对多发伤的认识，及早明确诊断：重申及时保证呼吸道通畅，积极进行抗休克抢救的重要性；强调加强对急诊科的建设，进一步提高急诊医师、护士的抢救能力是十分必要的。     

重型颅脑损伤合并创伤性湿肺23例救治分析

【目的】探讨救治重型颅脑损伤合并创伤性湿肺患者的有效方法。【方法】回顾性分析本院23例重型颅脑损伤合并创伤性湿肺的病例,以及采取的相应诊断治疗措施。【结果】临床治愈16例,好转4例,死亡3例。【结论】救治该种合并伤患者,尽早诊断、早治疗,对降低伤残与死亡率有十分重要的意义。     

Managing acute urticaria.

The physician should be familiar with preventive measures for acute urticaria or its most severe form, anaphylaxis, and with the general principles of management. Treatment does not differ basically whether given in a nonmedical setting, the emergency room, or the office, except for the availability of special supplies and equipment, such as oxygen, if needed. In all cases, a history should be obtained quickly, the patient should be examined to confirm the diagnosis, and epinephrine should be administered. Hospitalization is indicated in severe cases with systemic symptoms. Once the acute episode has been treated, the physician must decide whether further investigation is necessary. Quite often a presumptive etiologic diagnosis is made on the basis of the history. Allergy testing is not part of the routine evaluation of the patient with urticaria.     

急诊超声心动评价心脏功能的意义

目的：评价超声心动在急诊心功能不全和急性心肌梗死的意义和可行性，方法：选择急诊以重症心功能不全和第一次急性心肌梗死就诊入住ICU的患者，在就诊即刻至24h内进行超声心动评价心脏左室收缩，舒张功能以及左室局部收缩功能。结果：急诊就诊的心力衰竭的大多数病因是高心病，肺心病和冠心病，分别占41．3％，24．7％，22．2％，单纯舒张性心力衰竭占18％，超声心动可检测急性心肌梗死的左室局部收缩功能异常，但是在溶栓的最佳6h内不能增强诊断及溶栓治疗的信心。结论：急诊超声心动对于急重症心力衰竭和急性心肌梗死的诊治具有重要作用，特别是诊断单纯舒张功能不全具有不可替代的价值，超声心动在急诊科用于心功能和急性心肌梗死的评价也是可行的。     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者急诊救治的护理体会

目的:总结急诊科救治急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者的护理经验。方法:分析200例ACS患者在急诊救治过程中的护理措施。结果:200例ACS患者均得到迅速及时的抢救、正确的诊治,187例痊愈出院,13例患者在发病后4～24 h内死亡,。结论:对急性冠状动脉综合征患者应迅速及时的抢救、正确的诊治,及早缓解病痛,同时为入院后的进一步介入治疗和冠状动脉内支架术赢得了宝贵的时间,提高了患者的生存率。     

东莞市镇区创伤院前死亡病例分析

目的:探讨严重创伤院前死亡病例的临床特点和高危因素。方法:回顾性分析本院2000～2005年创伤院前死亡患者285例的临床资料。结果:本组创伤院前主要致死原因是交通伤(73.3%),其次是坠落伤(12.6%);现场或送医院已经死亡214例(75.1%),途中死亡13例(4.6%),急诊科死亡58例(20.4%);91.2%的患者是多发伤;急救反应时间为15.3min。结论:尽快健全急救医疗服务体系(EMSS),努力提高急救人员对严重创伤的救治水平,普及全民的急救意识,可最大限度地降低创伤院前死亡率。     

心脏破裂伤的诊治探讨

目的探讨心脏破裂伤的早期诊断和救治原则。方法对14例心脏破裂伤患者进行回顾性分析。全组患者男12例，女2例，平均年龄42岁。其中心脏穿通伤7例，外伤性室间隔缺损1例，钝性伤5例，医源性损伤1例。现场紧急开胸3例。急诊手术治疗lO例，择期手术1例。结果12例经手术治疗痊愈出院，死亡2例。结论对严重胸部外伤患者应高度警惕心脏破裂可能，早期诊断、果断手术是救治成功的关键。     

Use of ultrasonography in the patient with acute renal trauma.

The purpose of this study was to assess the use of emergent ultrasonographic examination in acute traumatic renal injuries. Over a 3 year period, prospective data of all patients who had an emergency ultrasonogram were recorded. Thirty-two patients with 37 renal injuries were studied retrospectively to identify in how many patients the sonogram detected free fluid or a renal parenchymal abnormality. Free fluid in the abdomen was identified in 19 of 32 patients (59%). However, 12 of these 19 patients had concomitant injury, such as splenic rupture requiring splenectomy, severe liver lacerations, or bowel lacerations requiring repair, that were possible causes of the free fluid. Eliminating these patients, only seven of 20 patients with isolated renal injuries had free fluid in the abdomen (35%), whereas 13 of 20 patients (65%) had no evidence of free fluid. All seven patients with free fluid had moderate or severe renal injuries. Renal parenchymal abnormalities were identified on ultrasonograms in eight of 37 (22%) of injured kidneys. The abnormalities were detected more commonly in cases of severe injury (60%). In conclusion, acute injuries of the kidney from blunt abdominal trauma often are associated with significant splenic, hepatic, or bowel trauma. Isolated renal injuries frequently occur without the presence of free fluid in the abdomen. Furthermore, the ultrasonogram of the kidney often is normal with acute renal injuries, but it is more likely to be abnormal with severe (grade II or greater) renal injuries. Sonography may be used in the triage of patients with blunt abdominal trauma and possible renal injury. However, a negative ultrasonogram does not exclude renal injury, and, depending on clinical and laboratory findings, other imaging procedures such as computed tomography should be performed.     

4例酷似心肌梗死的急性重症心肌炎患者的护理

总结4例酷似心肌梗死的急性重症心肌炎患者的护理。介绍了该病的观察重点、急救及护理措施。认为早期确诊、严密监护、卧床休息、控制心力衰竭及心源性休克和严重心律失常等并发症是救治成功的关键,营养心肌、减轻心肌细胞损伤是治疗的有效方法。     

Hypokalaemia and paralysis

It is not uncommon for patients to present to the emergency room with severe weakness and a markedly low plasma potassium concentration. We attempted to identify useful clues to the diagnosis of hypokalaemic periodic paralysis (HPP), because its acute treatment aims are unique. We retrospectively reviewed charts over a 10-year period: HPP was the initial diagnosis in 97 patients. Mean patient age was 29+/-1.1 and the male:female ratio was 77:20. When the final diagnosis was HPP (n=73), the acid-base state was normal, the urine K(+) concentration was low, and the transtubular K(+) concentration gradient (TTKG) was <3. In patients with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) (n=39), hypokalaemia was very commonly accompanied by hypophosphataemia (1.9+/-0.1 mg/dl). A clinical diagnosis of sporadic periodic paralysis (SPP) was made if hyperthyroidism and a family history of HPP were both absent (n=29). One subgroup of patients with HPP had a severe degree of hypernatraemia (167+/-5.0 mmol/l, n=3). There were only two patients with familial periodic paralysis (FPP). In 24 patients, the initial diagnosis was HPP, but subsequent studies failed to confirm this diagnosis. Each of these patients had an acid-base disorder, a high rate of renal K(+) excretion in the presence of hypokalaemia, and a TTKG of close to 7. With respect to therapy, much less K(+) was given to patients with HPP, yet 1:3 subsequently had a plasma K(+) concentration that eventually exceeded 5.0 mmol/l. Using plasma acid-base status, phosphate and K(+) excretion parameters allows a presumptive diagnosis of HPP with more confidence in the emergency room.