非接触心内膜激动标测系统指导房间隔缺损修补术后H型心房扑动的射频消融（附一例报道）

评价非接触球囊导管标测系统(EnSite 3000)在指导房间隔缺损(ASD)修补术后心房扑动(简称房扑)的射频消融中的临床应用。1例女性患者，41岁，ASD修补术后22年开始频繁发作心动过速，体表心电图示H型房扑。应用EnSite 3000构建右房三维几何模型，标测心动过速的折返激动顺序，发现手术疤痕与三尖瓣环之间、下腔静脉与三尖瓣环之间为折返环路的关键峡部，应用导航系统指导峡部消融，成功阻断心动过速；消融后通过起搏标测判定峡部已达完全双向阻滞。随访20个月，无心动过速复发。结论：在ASD修补术后房扑的标测和消融中应用EnSite 3000系统是安全有效的，不仅能确定折返环路的关键峡部，而且能准确判断线性损伤的连续性。     

非接触球囊导管标测系统指导心房扑动消融的初步经验

目的　评价非接触球囊导管标测系统在心房扑动 (房扑 )标测和射频消融中的临床应用。方法　 7例房扑患者 ,年龄 (6 0± 10 )岁 ,男 4例 ,女 3例。其中 1例为房间隔缺损修补术后 ,2例为采用常规方法消融典型房扑后复发患者。应用非接触球囊导管标测系统构建右房三维几何模型 ,标测心动过速的折返激动顺序和关键峡部 ,并利用其导航系统指导峡部的线性消融。消融后分别于峡部两侧起搏判断峡部阻滞情况。结果　 6例患者诱发出房扑 ,心动过速周长 (2 16± 2 2 )ms。6例房扑均为峡部依赖型 ,2例呈逆钟向传导 ,4例呈顺钟向传导 ;4例房扑呈双环折返激动 ;7例消融均成功 ,房扑不再诱发 ,峡部呈完全双向传导阻滞 ;手术时间 (30 0± 12 9)min ,X线曝光时间 (2 5 0± 6 5 )min ,放电次数 (2 5 7± 12 1)次。无手术并发症。随访 3～ 14个月无复发病例。结论　在房扑标测和消融中应用非接触球囊导管标测系统是安全有效的 ,不仅能确定折返环路 (特别是双环折返激动 )的顺序和关键峡部 ,而且能准确判断线性损伤的连续性 ,同时可减少X线曝光时间。     

CARTO标测指导射频消融治疗非峡部依赖性心房扑动的初步研究

初步探讨非峡部依赖性心房扑动 (简称房扑 )———非典型房扑CARTO标测的方法学和射频消融效果。 4例经电生理标测证实的非典型房扑患者 ,男、女各 2例 ,年龄 2 4～ 5 7岁。 1例为先天性心脏病 (简称先心病 )三房心外科术后 ,1例为慢 快综合征。房扑发作时在右房或左房CARTO标测 ,三维重建右房或左房 ,寻找房扑折返径路的关键峡部区域行线性消融。结果 :3例为右房非峡部依赖性房扑 ,1例消融径线为 2条 ,即三尖瓣环至下腔静脉(IVC)口和右房后外侧至IVC ,1例消融径线为右房前中外侧 ,1例为右房下外侧。 1例左房房扑 ,消融径线位于右上肺静脉口下方至卵园窝。 4例均即时消融成功。随访 8～ 2 4个月 ,有 1例先心病术后房扑复发 ,再次行CARTO标测发现房扑折返环位于左房 ,划线消融未成功。结论 :CARTO标测非峡部依赖性房扑有一定的优势 ,能显示房扑折返环和关键峡部 ,并能指导线性消融     

三维标测系统指导下多环心房扑动的射频消融治疗

目的探讨三维标测系统指导下多环心房扑动(AFL)的射频消融疗效。方法 4例AFL患者,在三维标测系统(CARTO或EnSite Array)指导下建立相应心房三维模型并进行激动标测及电压标测,并对折返的关键峡部作线性消融。结果 4例患者均显示出多个折返环,其中1例标测出右房3个折返环、左房1个折返环,分别围绕上腔静脉、三尖瓣环、下腔静脉及左房房顶共4种折返环;其余3例患者每例均标测出2种折返环,分别为环绕上腔静脉与三尖瓣环的8字折返、环绕下腔静脉与三尖瓣环的8字折返及环绕上腔静脉、环绕右心耳的折返环。4例消融均获成功。其中1例AFL终止后窦性静止,提示病窦综合征,术后1周安置永久起搏器。随访2～9个月,无复发。结论多环AFL的心房内折返错综复杂,应用三维标测系统可清楚地显示折返途径及关键峡部。     

大折返房性心动过速的电解剖标测和导管射频消融

目的应用电解剖标测系统分析3例大折返房性心动过速(房速)的电生理机制并导航消融。方法3例房速患者(男1例,女2例),平均年龄51±12岁,心动过速病史19±11年。常规电生理检查初步确定房速所在心腔,使用电解剖标测系统构建心房三维模型,完成电压和激动标测,分析心动过速的机制并确定缓慢传导区(即关键峡部),使用冷生理盐水灌注导管消融。结果3例患者临床常规检查初步排除结构性心脏病,电压标测均显示被标测心房存在疤痕区。病例1为围绕三尖瓣环顺钟向的大折返房速,关键峡部位于三尖瓣环与后侧壁的疤痕之间。病例2为围绕上腔静脉逆钟向的大折返房速,关键峡部位于右房侧壁疤痕与上腔静脉之间。病例3为左房8字形折返,关键峡部位于左房顶部的两片疤痕之间。3例患者均在关键峡部消融成功,随访9～10个月未见复发。结论电解剖标测可以揭示大折返房速的基质,阐明折返机制,并有效指导消融。     

先天性心脏病术后下腔静脉口-三尖瓣环峡部依赖性心房扑动的导管消融疗效分析

目的:报道先天性心脏病术后下腔静脉口-三尖瓣环峡部依赖性心房扑动的相对发生率及导管消融的疗效和安全性。方法:选择2002年1月-2006年4月在我院因先天性心脏病术后心房内折返性心动过速行射频消融的40例患者,应用常规电生理标测方法或三维标测方法(Carto和Ensite)指导导管消融,观察下腔静脉口-三尖瓣环峡部心房扑动相对发生率及其导管消融结果。结果:40例患者共诱发出50种房性心动过速,具有典型下腔静脉口-三尖瓣环峡部依赖性心房扑动心电图表现,且成功靶点在下腔静脉口和三尖瓣环峡部者31种(31／50,62．0％)。另外19种(19／50,38．0％)房性心动过速临床心电图表现与典型心房扑动不同,表现为P’波,其中11种(11／50,22．0％)成功靶点在右心房游离壁疤痕-下腔静脉峡部,瘢痕-上腔静脉峡部者2种,瘢痕与瘢痕之间峡部者2种;在瘢痕和三尖瓣环之间2种。房间隔补片和上腔静脉之间、房间隔补片和三尖瓣环之间各消融成功1种。40例患者射频消融成功,无并发症。随访1例患者心动过速复发,二次消融成功;1例患者出现持续性心房颤动伴RR长间歇,植入永久性起搏器。结论:先天性心脏病术后心房内折返性心动过速常常为下腔静脉口-三尖瓣环峡部心房扑动,导管消融具有较高的疗效和安全性。     

儿童室间隔修补术后远期心房内折返性心动过速的消融

目的报道儿童先天性心脏病室间隔缺损（VSD）术后远期出现的心房内折返性心动过速（IART）的电生理标测及导管消融疗效。方法8例患儿（男、女各4例）,平均年龄（7．1±4．1）岁,VSD术后1～5年发生持续性IART,8例均有左心室扩大,其中5例合并慢性心力衰竭。行心房电生理标测,部分应用三维标测（EnSiteNavX）技术,标测折返环的关键峡部并行导管消融。结果8例均自发IART,折返环关键部位分布：6例位于三尖瓣环峡部,1例于右心房界嵴至下腔静脉间,1例于三尖瓣环9点位置至界嵴问。所有（100％）患儿手术即刻成功,无并发症。平均随访（25．2±16．5）个月,2例复发,其中1例再次消融成功,总成功率7／8（87．5％）。左心室人小及射血分数均明显好转。结论儿童VSD术后IART机制多为三尖瓣环一下腔静脉峡部依赖型心房扑动,可经导管消融治愈或明显改善。三维标测技术能准确快速定位折返环的电生理峡部并指导消融,显著减少曝光时间。     

导管射频消融治疗先天性心脏病外科术后房性心动过速分析

目的总结先天性心脏病(简称先心病)患者外科术后房性心动过速(简称房速)的电生理机制、导管射频消融方法及结果。方法入选先心病外科术后房速患者,首先行电生理检查明确房速起源心腔。之后在三维标测系统(CARTO或EnSite-NavX)指导下行靶心腔的电解剖标测,明确房速机制后对大折返关键峡部或局灶房速的最早激动点进行消融。结果共入选26例,诱发出30种心动过速,其中单纯为三尖瓣峡部依赖性心房扑动(简称房扑)13例;单纯右房疤痕折返房速4例;右房疤痕房速合并房扑6例,其中3例为两者同时存在形成"8"字折返,3例为两者先后出现;单纯局灶性房速2例;合并有疤痕折返及局灶两种机制的1例。首次消融手术成功率96.2%(25/26),随访(38±23)个月,有6例患者复发。共经三次消融后,总体手术成功率88.4%(23/26)。结论先心病外科术后的房速以三尖瓣环大折返房扑最为常见,其次为游离壁大折返;总体而言,射频消融成功率较高。     

房间隔缺损外科修补术后房性心律失常电解剖机制和射频消融

目的:探讨房间隔缺损(ASD)外科修补术后形成房性心动过速(房速)的心脏电生理机制。方法:回顾性分析因ASD术后房速于我院行导管射频消融治疗患者20例,在心动过速时电解剖标测右心房,根据激动标测及电压标测结果指导消融。结果:入选患者共诱发20种心动过速。8例患者为三尖瓣环峡部依赖房速,10例为同时围绕三尖瓣环及右房游离瘢痕的8字型折返,2例为围绕右房游离壁瘢痕顺钟向折返房速。对所有右房游离壁或前壁瘢痕至下腔静脉距离进行测量,双环折返及围绕三尖瓣环单环折返分别为(31±4)mm和(14±2)mm,前者明显高于后者。所有入选患者首次射频消融术成功率为100%,随访(25±14)个月,2例复发。结论:ASD术后患者间隔部位起源房速发生比例低。90%均为三尖瓣环相关房速。游离壁瘢痕至下腔静脉的不连续性为双环大折返房速提供了电解剖基础。     

先天性心脏病外科手术后切口性房性心动过速三维电磁导管标测及射频消融

目的；探讨天先性心脏病外科手术后切口性房性心动过速（房速）三维电磁导管（即Carto)标测特点及射频消融价值。方法：5例切口性房速患者，应用Carto系统标则右心房，实时重建心腔三维电解剖图，标识瘢痕区，观察电热图，传导图，于折返所经过的关键峡部位线性消融，结果：4例房速呈持续性，1例（三房心）术中不能诱发，电势图示低电压区主要分布于右房游离壁，在右房中侧壁下侧壁分别标测到瘢痕区1（S1）和瘢痕区2（S2）。4例持续性房速发生机理与折返有关，折返环位于低电压区，中心解剖障碍区均为中侧壁瘢痕区1，3例折返经过S1－S2，1例经过S1－三尖瓣环之间的关键峡部，于上述关键峡部消融，均获成功，三房心患者（未诱导心动过速）于S1－S及三尖瓣环－下腔静脉之间行线性消融，无并发症，随访2－24个月，其中1例（三房心）于术后1个月出现不典型心房扑动，结论：提示先天性心脏病术后房速的发生机理与折返有关，应用Carto系统标测可清楚地显示折返途径，消融折返所经过的关键峡部可望达到根治目的。     

Verification of Linear Lesions Using a Noncontact Multielectrode Array Catheter versus Conventional Contact Mapping Techniques

INTRODUCTION: Creation of linear lesions is an established ablation goal. Verification of complete conduction block at the ablation line is required to determine ablation success. Conventional mapping techniques are sequential endocardial activation mapping and documentation of double potentials. Recently, a noncontact multielectrode array catheter was developed that allows instantaneous three-dimensional mapping by simultaneous reconstruction of > 3,000 electrograms. In this study, we prospectively compared the accuracy of noncontact mapping to identify discontinuities in linear lesions and to verify a conduction block with that of conventional mapping techniques. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 12 patients with atrial flutter, radiofrequency pulses were applied between the tricuspid annulus and either the inferior vena cava or the eustachian ridge. Following each application, pulse propagation at the ablation line was determined during pacing by conventional mapping techniques. The findings were compared to high-density isopotential mapping using the noncontact multielectrode array catheter. It was found that noncontact mapping reliably distinguished conduction delays from a conduction block as defined by contact mapping. In addition, noncontact mapping instantaneously identified the area where a discontinuity in the line of block was present. In these patients, complete conduction block was achieved by radiofrequency pulses guided by the noncontact mapping system. CONCLUSION: Noncontact mapping is highly accurate in distinguishing conduction delays from a complete conduction block. By providing an instantaneous high-density propagation vector at all sites along the ablation line, three-dimensional isopotential mapping is helpful in localizing discontinuities of linear lesions and, thus, may facilitate the creation of a complete conduction block.     

Halo电极远端电位方向逆转作为典型心房扑动消融终点标准的观察

目的探讨一种通过Halo电极远端电位方向发生逆转来判断典型心房扑动(简称房扑)三尖瓣环峡部线性消融成功的方法。方法 20例典型房扑患者接受射频消融治疗,将Halo电极经右股静脉置于三尖瓣环上,从远端电极至近段电极呈顺时针方向。于窦性心律下,行三尖瓣环至下腔静脉之间线性消融,与此同时,于冠状窦口行S1S1500ms起搏。消融过程中,Halo电极标测显示远端电极及近端电极呈双向传导。以Halo电极远端电位方向逆转作为消融成功终点。结果 20例均消融成功,无消融并发症发生。消融后,反复电刺激未诱发房扑。术后随访6个月,未见房扑复发。结论冠状窦口起搏刺激下,Halo电极远端电位方向出现逆转可作为典型房扑三尖瓣环峡部线性消融成功的可靠指标。     

Right septal macroreentrant tachycardia late after mitral valve repair: Importance of surgical access approach

BACKGROUND: Reentrant atrial tachycardias may occur after mitral valve surgery. These usually involve the left atrium or the lateral wall of the right atrium around the atriotomy scar. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test whether ablation could eliminate atrial tachycardia after mitral valve repair. METHODS: Three patients (two men, one woman; mean age 57 +/- 12 years) were studied 48 +/- 38 months after mitral valve repair. In all cases, the surgical approach involved a transseptal incision. Tachycardia mapping was performed using multipolar catheters and the three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping system. The mean flutter cycle length was 313 +/- 21 ms. All patients had dual-loop reentry with one circuit around a septal scar and the other circuit around the tricuspid annulus. RESULTS: Successful radiofrequency ablation of the septal circuit was performed between the scar and the superior tricuspid annulus in all three cases. CONCLUSION: After mitral valve repair using a transseptal incision, dual-loop reentry may occur around the septal scar and the tricuspid annulus. Successful ablation may be achieved with an ablation line between the scar and the tricuspid annulus.     

非接触标测系统用于典型心房扑动的右房标测和导航消融

应用非接触标测系统实施典型心房扑动 (AFL)的右房 (RA)全心腔标测和导航射频消融。 6例典型AFL ,男 5例、女 1例 ,年龄 5 6 .2± 15 .3(35～ 76 )岁。常规放置冠状静脉窦和His束电极 ,将标测球囊置于RA中下部 ,构建RA心内膜模型 ,分别于低位RA和冠状窦口 (CSO)S1S16 0 0ms起搏观察峡部传导 ,诱发并标测AFL的激动顺序和折返路径。 1例为顺钟向AFL ,4例为逆钟向AFL ,1例未能诱发AFL。AFL周期 2 0 7± 34ms,非接触标测可显示整个折返环路、激动顺序和缓慢传导区。AFL的激动可以穿过界嵴上部并且传导相对缓慢 ,提示RA平滑部是折返环的一部分。后位峡部线性消融在导航系统指导下进行 ,无需X线透视。消融完成后重复上述起搏验证峡部双向传导阻滞。除 1例术中出现心房颤动 (AF)外 ,其余病例即刻均达到峡部双向阻滞 ,未出现其他并发症 ,随访 8.1± 6 .7(3～15 )个月未见复发。非接触标测系统可安全、有效和直观地实现典型AFL的右房全心腔标测并导航消融 ,验证峡部双向阻滞 ,减少X线曝光时间和无效放电次数。界嵴在典型AFL时具备传导功能 ,RA平滑部和粗糙部共同参与折返环的组成。     

A Case of Catheter Ablation of Accessory Atrioventricular Connection Between the Right Atrial Appendage and Right Ventricle Guided by a Three-Dimensional Electroanatomic Mapping System

A 12-year-old girl was referred to our institution because of frequent episodes of AV reciprocating tachycardia. Ventriculoatrial and AV intervals were relatively long along the tricuspid annulus. Earliest retrograde atrial activation was recorded at the mid-portion of the right atrial appendage, 7 mm from the tricuspid annulus. The CARTO electroanatomic mapping system was very useful for providing accurate spatial orientation of the accessory connection. Complete ablation of this connection required multiple radiofrequency energy applications over an extensive area because of the multicomponent structure of the connection.     

Treatment of atrial fibrillation by catheter ablation of conduction gaps in the crista terminalis and cavotricuspid isthmus of the right atrium

A 74-year-old man with atrial fibrillation (AF) underwent electrophysiologic study and catheter ablation with a noncontact mapping system. AF was induced by coronary sinus pacing, and noncontact mapping showed ever-changing movement of multiple wavefronts with one dominant reentrant circuit around the tricuspid annulus, splitting wavefront conduction through the gaps in the crista terminalis, and then fusion and stasis of wavefronts. After creation of bidirectional conduction block over crista terminalis gaps and the cavotricuspid isthmus, AF or atrial flutter was noninducible. No further AF recurrence was noted during 6-month follow-up.     

Atrial tachycardia originating at the tricuspid annulus

We report a patient with re-entrant atrial tachycardia that originated at the inferolateral tricuspid annulus. Single atrial extra-stimulation reproducibly induced the atrial tachycardia with an inverse relationship between the coupling interval of extra-stimulation and the return cycle of the first tachycardia beat. A real-time three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping showed focal atrial activation spreading semi-radially from the tricuspid annulus. The tachycardia was successfully eliminated by radiofrequency ablation at the earliest atrial activation site, preceding by 27 ms the arbitrary determined onset of surface P wave. An accelerated atrial rhythm with similar P-wave morphology to that of the tachycardia was observed at the successful ablation site during radiofrequency application. The mechanism of this tachycardia seems to be due to re-entry originating in or around the possible accessory atrioventricular node without ventricular connection.     

Radiofrequency ablation of left atrial flutter mediated with double potentials in a seemingly normally structured heart

Background

Left atrial flutter (left AFL) is common in patients who undergo atrial fibrillation ablation and cardiac surgery; however, few reports describe left AFL in detail in a seemingly normally structured heart, and the mechanisms of the occurrence of such arrhythmia are still not clear. We describe left AFL in patients without prior cardiac surgery or catheter ablation and discuss the electrophysiological characteristics that may explain the preferential generation and perpetuation of such tachycardia.

Methods and results

Eleven patients with left AFL, who had no history of cardiac surgery or interventions, underwent electrophysiological studies and 3-dimensional electroanatomic mapping studies. Echocardiography revealed a relatively mild dilation of the left atrium, mild to moderate mitral regurgitation, and a normal left ventricular ejection fraction. The electroanatomic mapping during tachycardia showed a “reentrant” activation pattern in all patients. The mean tachycardia cycle length was 266 ± 17 ms. A single-loop reentrant circuit was identified in 7 patients. A counterclockwise left atrial flutter evolved around the mitral valve annulus in 6 patients. The tachycardia rotated around the left atrial anterior wall in 1 patient. Four patients exhibited a double-loop reentrant circuit with a “figure of 8” pattern reentry. Double potentials as the critical isthmus of the circuit were identified in the left atrial anterior wall near the mitral annulus which displayed a low-voltage area matched with the left atrium–aorta contiguity. The conduction velocity was significantly slower in the double-potential recording area than in the lateral mitral annulus (0.36 ± 0.03 m/s vs 0.74 ± 0.12 m/s; P < 0.05). Successful ablation around the double-potential recording site caused an interruption of the tachycardia, and remained free of recurrence during a 12-month follow-up in all patients.

Conclusion

Left AFL in patients without a history of surgery or ablation is rarely observed in clinical practice. The successful site of ablation was within the anterior wall near the mitral annulus showing the double potentials as the critical part of the reentrant circuit. This suggests that perhaps a double potential-targeted ablation may be effective for these patients.     

Radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial tachycardias related to myocardial scar or incision

Objectives Intra-atrial re-entrant tachycardias(IARTs)are common late after heart surgery.Conventional mapping and ablation is relatively difficult because of the complicated anatomy and multiple potential re-entry loops.In this study we aimed to evaluate the electrophysiological characteristics and radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial tachycardia(AT)induced by myocardial scar or incision.Methods In 6 patients(three male and three female,aged 33.3±11.8 years)who had AT related to myocardial scar or incision, electrophysiological study and radiofrequency catheter ablation(RFCA)were performed.Earliest activation combined with entrain- ment mapping was adopted to determine a critical isthmus.Results Re-entry related to the lateral atriotomy scar was inducible in 5 of 6 patients.With entrainment mapping,the PPI(post-pacing interval)-TCL(tachycardia cycle length)difference was＜30 ms when pacing at the inferior margins of the right lateral atriotomy scar.Among them,3 patients had successful linear ablation between scar area to inferior vena cava,and 2 patients between scar area to tricuspid annulus.Re-entry involving an ASD patch was demonstrated in 1 of 6 patients.PPI-TCL differences＜30 ms were observed when entraining tachycardia at sites near the septal patch.But linear ablation failed in terminating AT.There was no complication during procedure.No recurrence of AT related to incision was observed during follow-up except for the failed patient.Conclusion Under conventional electrophysiological mapping,adopting linear ablation from scar area to anatomic barrier,successful ablation can be obtained in patients with IRATs related to myocardial scar or incision.