Pharmacokinetics and comparative bioavailability of two fenofibrate capsule formulations in healthy volunteers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of fenofibric acid, the main metabolite of fenofibrate (CAS 49562-28-9), and to assess the average bioequivalence of two immediate release formulations of 200 mg fenofibrate capsules in 24 healthy volunteers. The relative bioavailability of the test (generic) product Lipivim with respect to the reference product was determined in a single dose, randomized, crossover study. Only the concentrations of fenofibric acid could be used for bioequivalence determination, because the concentrations of the parent drug were too low to be accurately measured in the biological matrix. The mean values for the Cmax were 3.08 (+/- 1.69) microg/ml for the test and 3.05 (+/- 1.79) microg/ml for the reference product. The mean values for the AUC(0-infinity) were 94.5 (+/- 41.5) microg/ml h for the test and 88.2 (+/- 41.4) microg/ml h for thereference, respectively. The 90% confidence intervals for test/reference mean ratios of the plasma pharmacokinetic variables Cmax, AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-infinity) lie within the conventional bioequivalence range of 80-125% (Schuirman test). The difference between Tmax of the test and reference products was statistically non-significant (Friedman test). The test product is therefore bioequivalent to the reference product with respect to the rate and extent of fenofibric acid pharmacokinetics.     

Comparative bioavailability of two cetirizine tablet formulations in Indonesian healthy volunteers

AIM: To compare the bioavailability of two cetirizine tablet (10 mg) formulations (ZyrtecA from UCB Pharma, Spain as a reference formulation and RyvelA from Novell Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Indonesia as a test formulation). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted according to an open, randomized, two-period crossover design with a 1-week washout period. Eighteen volunteers participated and all completed the study successfully. Blood samples were obtained prior to dosing and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 24 and 30 hours after drug administration. Plasma concentrations of cetirizine were monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography over a period of 30 hours after administration. The pharmacokinetics parameter AUC(0-30h), AUC(0-infinity) and C(max) were tested for bioequivalence after log-transformation of data and ratios of t(max) were evaluated non-parametrically. RESULT: The point estimates and 90% confidence intervals for AUC(0-30h), AUC(0-infinity) and C(max) were 108.23% (101.90 a 114.95%), 108.11% (101.91 a 114.68%) and 99.71% (90.18 a 110.25%), respectively, satisfying the bioequivalence criteria of the European Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products an the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that two medications of cetirizine are bioequivalent and, thus, may be prescribed interchangeably.     

Comparative bioavailability study with two gemfibrozil tablet formulations in healthy volunteers

OBJECTIVE: To assess the bioequivalence of gemfibrozil (CAS 25812-30-0) 900 mg tablet formulation from EMS Farmaceutica as test formulation versus a 900 mg tablet formulation as reference in 36 healthy volunteers of both sexes. METHODS: The study was conducted using an open, randomized, two-period crossover design with a 1-week washout interval. Plasma samples were obtained over a 24-h period. Plasma gemfibrozil concentrations were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) with negative ion electrospray ionization using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). From the gemfibrozil plasma concentration vs time curves, the following pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained: AUClast, AUC(0-inf) and Cmax. RESULTS: The limit of quantification was 0.05 microg/mL for plasma gemfibrozil analysis. The geometric mean and respective 90% confidence interval (CI) of Test/Reference percent ratios were 90.29 (81.39-100.17) for Cmax, 96.26 (90.33-102.59) for AUClast, 96.04 (90.21-102.23) for AUC(0-24 h) and 96.62 (90.82-102.78) for AUC(0-infinity). CONCLUSION: Since the 90% CI for AUClast, AUC(0-inf) and Cmax, ratios were within the 80-125% interval proposed by the U.S. FDA, it was concluded that gemfibrozil 900 mg tablet (test formulation) was bioequivalent to the 900 mg tablet reference formulation for both rate and extent of absorption.     

Comparative bioavailability study with two chlorpropamide tablet formulations in healthy volunteers

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was the assessment of the bioequivalence of two formulations (250 mg tablet) of chlorpropamide (CAS 94-20-2) in 36 healthy volunteers of both sexes. METHODS: The study was conducted using an open, randomized, two-period crossover design with a 3-week washout interval. Plasma samples were obtained over a 72-h period. Plasma chlorpropamide concentrations were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) with positive ion electrospray ionization using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). From the chlorpropamide plasma concentration vs time curves, the following pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained: AUC(0-72h), AUC(inf) and C(max). RESULTS: The limit of quantification was 0.1 microg/mL for plasma chlorpropamide analysis. The geometric mean and respective 90 % confidence interval (CI) of Test/ Reference percent ratios were 93.99% (87.11%-101.41%) for C(max), 92.45% (85.96%-99.44%) for AUC(0-72h) and 90.30% (83.35%-97.82%) for AUC(0-inf). CONCLUSION: Since the 90 % CI for AUC(0-72h), AUC(0-inf) and C(max) ratios were within the 80-125%interval proposed by the US FDA, it was concluded that chlorpropamide 250 mg tablet (test formulation) was bioequivalent to the reference 250 mg tablet for of both the rate and extent of absorption.     

Comparative bioavailability study of two phenoxymethylpenicillin potassium tablet formulations in healthy volunteers

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of 2 phenoxymethylpenicillin 500,000 UI tablet formulations in healthy human volunteers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted using an open, randomized crossover design with a 7-day washout interval. A single dose of each formulation was administered to 26 healthy volunteers as assessed by clinical and laboratory test evaluations. The plasma samples were obtained over an 8-h interval and phenoxymethylpenicillin concentrations were quantified by a suitable and validated HPLC-UV method with detection at 220 nm. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate measurement were taken pre dose and at intervals up to 8 h. RESULTS: Tolerance of both products was adequate. The mean of Meracilina/Pen-Ve-Oral 500,000 UI% geometric mean was 99.89% for AUC0-t, 100.86% for AUC0-infinity and 101.11% for Cmax. The 90% confidence intervals were 94.62 - 105.46%, 95.22 - 106.83% and 98.61 - 103.87%, respectively. The mean recovery of phenoxymethylpenicillin was 94.8%, while the retention time observed for phenoxymethylpenicillin and phenytoin (internal standard) was 4 and 10 min, respectively. The limit of quantification was 0.10 mg/l. CONCLUSION: Since the 90% CI for AUC0-t, AUC0-infinity and Cmax ratios were all within the 80 - 125% interval proposed by the US FDA and accepted by ANVISA, it was concluded that the Meracilina formulation (manufactured by AchA(c) S.A.) is bioequivalent to Pen-Ve-Oral (manufactured by Eurofarma) for both the rate and the extent of bioavailability.     

Relative bioavailability study of two nifedipine tablet formulations in healthy male volunteers

OBJECTIVE: To assess the bioequivalence of two oral formulations containing 10 mg of nifedipine. The test preparation were Macorel tablets, the reference preparation were Adalat tablets. SUBJECTS, MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was designed as a single-dose, three-period crossover randomized design to 18 non-smoker, healthy male volunteers under fasting conditions. Seventeen volunteers completed the study. Plasma samples were analyzed for nifedipine by HPLC after solid-phase extraction. The pharmacokinetic parameters used to assess the bioequivalence of the two formulations were AUC(0-infinite) and AUC(0-t) for the extent of absorption and Cmax and Tmax for the rate of absorption. Statistical comparisons of AUC(0-infinite) AUC(0-t), and Cmax data were evaluated after logarithmic transformation by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and differences of Tmax were tested non-parametricaly. RESULTS: Point estimates (90% confidence intervals) of the test/reference ratios were 97.4% (87.6%-108.3%) for AUC(0-infinite) 97.0% (85.6%-110.1%) for AUC0-t, and 107.7% (89.1%-130.7%) for Cmax. No statistically significant difference was found for Tmax and elimination half-life values. CONCLUSION: Therefore, in accordance with the European Union bioequivalence requirements, the test and reference nifedipine preparations are bioequivalent for both the extent and the rate of absorption.     

佐米曲普坦片剂在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的研究佐米曲普坦片在中国健康志愿者体内的药代动力学及相对生 物利用度。方法用双周期随机交叉自身对照方法,18名健康男性志愿者单 剂量口服试验制剂或参比制剂各5 mg,用高效液相色谱／质谱连用法测定血药 浓度。结果试验及参比的佐米曲普坦片剂Cmax分别(9．92±2．62)和(9．99± 3．22)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1．78±1．24)和(2．14±1．74)h;t1／2分别为(3．51 ±0．52)和(3．33±1．17)h;AUC0-tn分别为(53．51±18．25)和(54．24±18．00) ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(56．573±19．738)和(57．549±17．685)ng·h· mL-1;佐米曲普坦片剂的相对生物利用度F0-tn、F0-∞分别为(100．80± 20．40)％,(98．98±17．78)％。结论试验制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

Comparative bioavailability of two sertraline tablet formulations after single-dose administration in healthy Thai volunteers

OBJECTIVE: To compare the bioavailability of two sertraline tablet (50 mg) formulations (Serlift from Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd., Gurgaon Haryana, India, as a test formulation and Zoloft from Pfizer Australia Pty Ltd., West Ryde, New South Wales, Australia, as a reference formulation) in 24 healthy Thai male volunteers under fasting condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized, 2-treatment, 2-period, 2-sequence, single-dose, crossover study with a washout period of 3 weeks, was conducted in 24 healthy Thai male volunteers. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours following drug administration. Plasma concentrations of sertraline were determined using validated LC-MS/MS method. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetics and statistical analyses were performed using SAS software for Windows, release 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). RESULTS: The ratio of least square means and the 90% confidence intervals (CI) of the log-transformed data were 0.9950 (0.9111-1.0866) for Cmax, 1.0153 (0.9576-1.0764) for AUC(0-t) and 1.0110 (0.9510-1.0747) for AUC(0-infinity). In addition, the median tmax values for the test and reference formulations were similar (5.00 h). The 90% CI for Cmax, AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-infinity) were within the 0.8-1.25 interval of the US-FDA. CONCLUSIONS: The test formulation (Serlift, Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd., Gurgaon, Haryana, India) is bioequivalent to the reference formulation (Zoloft, Pfizer Australia Pty Ltd., West Ryde, New South Wales, Australia) both in terms of rate and extent of absorption after single-dose administration under fasting condition.     

西布曲明片在健康人体中的药代动力学与相对生物利用度

目的研究国产盐酸西布曲明片（减肥药）在健康人体的药代动力学，并评价2种制剂的生物等效性。方法用双交叉试验设计，20名健康志愿者口服国产西布曲明片剂和参比胶囊15mg，服药后0～72h内，按规定时间取血。用高效液相色谱-质谱法测定血浆中西布曲明主要代谢物N-双脱甲基西布曲明的浓度。计算主要药代动力学参数，判断其生物等效性。结果单次口服国产西布曲明片和参比胶囊后的主要药代动力学参数：AUC0-∞分别为（146．44±36．19），（155．08±46．22）h·ng·mL^-1；AUC0-71分别为（130．32±32．75），（139．41±43．50）h·ng·mL^-1；tmax分别为（3．08±1．36），（3．18±1．15）h；Cmax分别为（6．38±2．07），（6．92±2．48）ng·mL^-1；t1／2分另0为（23．15±4．68），（22．17±3．70）h；西布曲明片剂的相对生物利用度F0-n为（96．24±16．74）％。结论国产西布曲明片剂与参比胶囊具有生物等效性。     

美洛昔康片的人体药物动力学及生物利用度

目的 :研究美洛昔康片的药物动力学及相对生物利用度。方法 :采用随机交叉试验设计 ,2 0名男性健康志愿者单剂量口服试验品与参比品 15mg ,以HPLC法测定血药浓度。结果 :试验品和参比品的AUC0→t分别为 (5 2 85± 12 18) ,(5 7 10±15 5 5 )h·μg·mL-1;AUC0→∞ 分别为 (5 7 90± 14 0 3) ,(6 3 98± 19 94)h·μg·mL-1;cmax分别为 (1 493± 0 338) ,(1 6 82± 0 399) μg·mL-1;tmax分别为 (5 6 5± 3 17) ,(4 6 0± 1 82 )h ;T1/ 2 分别为 (2 6 2 9± 4 37) ,(2 8 0 3± 6 75 )h。 2种美洛昔康片的主要动力学参数 :AUC0→t,AUC0→∞ ,cmax,tmax和T1/ 2 经方差分析显示均无统计学差异 (P >0 0 5 )。AUC经双单侧t检验证明 ,试验品与参比品生物等效 ,试验品的相对生物利用度为 (94 46± 14 6 0 ) % (n =2 0 )。结论 :2种药品具有生物等效性     

格列齐特缓释片药物动力学及人体相对生物利用度研究

目的:建立人血浆中格列齐特浓度的LC/MS/MS测定方法,并研究两种格列齐特缓释片的药动学及人体相对生物利用度.方法:采用随机双交叉试验方法,测定18例健康男性志愿者单剂量以及多剂量口服格列齐特缓释片后的血药浓度,并对受试制剂与参比制剂的生物等效性进行评价.结果:单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂的Tmax分别为(6.44±1.42)和(6.44±1.15)h;Cmax分别为(730±136)和(735±155)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为(15.4±4.48)和(14.5±1.91)h;Cl分别为(2.12±0.60)和(2.11±0.70)L·h-1;Vd分别为(45.0±10.2)和(44.5±15.4)L.多剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂的Tmax分别为(6.11±0.83)和(6.06±0.73)h;Cmax分别为(1 354±420)和(1 324±430)ng·mL-1;Cmin分别为(244±63.2)和(254±59.6)ng·mL-1;Cav分别为(496±182)和(505±218)ng·mL-1.结论:单剂量和多剂量口服格列齐特缓释片后,体内相对生物利用度分别为(98.3±14.3)%和(99.8±8.4)%.经方差分析和双单侧t检验,表明2种制剂在人体内生物等效.     

Pharmacokinetics of vinpocetine and its main metabolite apovincaminic acid before and after the chronic oral administration of vinpocetine to humans

The pharmacokinetics of vinpocetine (Cavinton) and of its main metabolite apovincaminic acid (AVA), has been studied in 5 healthy male volunteers after the administration of 3 x 5 and 3 x 10 daily doses of vinpocetine for seven days. The pharmacokinetic curves of both vinpocetine and AVA have been determined prior to the chronic administration and on the last day of the treatment, whereas between the 2nd and 6th days, concentration was measured once daily. On the basis of these pharmacokinetic studies it can be concluded that both vinpocetine and AVA show linear pharmacokinetics at the doses used and that there is no accumulation or autoinduction.     

艾普拉唑肠溶片在中国健康人体中药代动力学及绝对生物利用度研究

目的 采用液相色谱串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法研究艾普拉唑肠溶片在中国健康人体中的吸收特性. 方法 采用随机交叉自身对照试验设计,16名健康受试者随机等分成4组,先后口服艾普拉唑肠溶片或静脉注射艾普拉唑钠,采用UPLC-MS/MS测定血浆药物浓度.利用WinNonlin(V6.1)软件标准非房室模型方法进行药代动力学参数的计算. 结果 注射用艾普拉唑钠(10mg)的主要药代动力学参数:最大血药浓度(Cmax)为(834.3±101.2)ng/mL,消除半衰期(t1/2)为(3.4±0.9)h,表观分布容积(Vz)为(14.0±2.2)L, 0到t时间药时曲线下面积(AUC0_t)为(3520.9±915.3)ng·h/mL,血浆清除率(CL)为(3.0±0.9)L/h.艾普拉唑肠溶片(10mg)的主要药代动力学参数:Cmax为(347.9±176.3)ng/mL,t1/2为(3.5±0.8)h,Vz为(29.1±12.2)L,AUC0_t为(1970.2±834.7)ng·h/mL,CL为(5.9±2.5)L/h.与静脉给药相比,口服艾普拉唑肠溶片的绝对生物利用度为(55.2±13.9)%. 结论 艾普拉唑肠溶片生物利用度良好,适于开发.     

液质联用法研究罗红霉素在健康人体内的药代动力学及相对生物利用度

目的研究罗红霉素在健康人体内的药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法20名健康成年男性志愿者采用随机分组自身交叉对照试验设计,单剂量口服150mg罗红霉素片后,用液质联用(LC-MS)法测定血浆中药物浓度。结果罗红霉素线性范围为0.0111～11.14mg/L;提取回收率83.47%～91.68%,日内和日间精密度(RSD)均<10.0%。受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数:峰时(Tmax):(2.1±1.4)和(2.2±1.5)h;峰浓度(Cmax):(5.8±1.8)和(6.1±2.0)mg/L;曲线下面积(AUC)0￣60h:(80±28)和(84±28)mg·L-1·h-1;AUC0￣∞:(83±30)和(87±30)mg·L-1·h-1;消除半衰期(T1/2):(12.4±2.3)和(12.3±1.6)h。以AUC0￣60h计算的受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(97±13)%。结论两种制剂生物等效。     

二甲双胍片在中国健康男性志愿者中的药代动力学及其生物利用度

目的研究中国健康志愿者口服二甲双胍片的人体药代动力学和相对生物利用度.方法18名健康志愿受试者随机双交叉口服二甲双胍受试药和参比药各 1 000 mg,阳离子交换柱HPLC法测定血浆中二甲双胍浓度.结果受试药及参比药药代动力学参数分别为T1/2 2.9±0.2 与 3.0±0.5 h;Cmax 1.8±0.5 与 1.7±0.3 mg*L-1;Tmax 1.6±0.7 与 2.4±0.8 h ;AUC0～12 8.6±1.9 与 8.6±2.0 mg*h-1*L-1.受试药相对生物利用度为102±14%.结论试验药和参比药药动学参数相似,在吸收上具有生物等效性.     

烟酸缓释片在人体内的药物动力学及相对生物利用度

目的 :研究烟酸缓释片在正常人体内的药物动力学和相对生物利用度。方法 :采用随机交叉自身对照试验设计 ,对18名志愿受试者多剂量分别给予国产和进口烟酸缓释片 ,用反相高效液相色谱法测定烟酸的血药浓度变化情况 ,以3P97药动学程序进行数据处理。结果 :两种制剂的药动学参数AUC0→∞ 、AUC0→τ、Tmax 和Cmax 经方差分析和生物等效性检验 ,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。国产烟酸缓释片的相对生物利用度为 (101.62±12.91) %。结论 :两种制剂为生物等效制剂。     

Relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic study of two trimetazidine modified release formulations in healthy Bangladeshi male volunteers

Trimetazidine (CAS 5011-34-7) is an effective and well-tolerated antianginal drug that possesses protective properties against ischemia-induced heart injury. The relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic characteristics of two modified release formulations of 35 mg trimetazidine, one as the test product (Metacard MR) and one as the reference product, were compared in healthy Bangladeshi male volunteers. The randomized, two-way crossover study was conducted in 24 healthy male volunteers after administration of a single 35 mg dose of each modified release formulation after 12-h overnight fasting, with a washout period of two weeks. Blood samples were collected at various time intervals following oral administration and analyzed for trimetazidine concentrations using a validated HPLC method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by a non-compartmental method. After administering a single dose of 35 mg of each trimetazidine formulation, the obtained mean (SD) values for the test and reference products were 104.78 (29.3) and 98.57 (28.7) ng/ml for Cmax; 4.00 (1.1) and 3.54 (1.32) h for t(max); 423.81 (173.9) and 410.01 (195.87) ng x h/ml for AUC0-12; and 472.51 (195.2) and 462.78 (225.13) ng x h/ml for AUC0-infinity respectively. The mean t1/2 was found 3.69 (1.1) h and 3.45 (0.72) h for test and reference products respectively. From paired t-test, no significant differences were observed (p > 0.05) for any pharmacokinetic parameters. The 90% confidence intervals of the test/reference mean ratios of the In-transformed AUC0-12, AUC0-infinity, and Cmax mean values were 106.19% (97.16%-116.06%), 104.74% (95.04%-115.42%) and 106.30% (95.23%-118.66%), respectively. The two formulations demonstrated similar bioavailability with respect to both the rate and extent of trimetazidine absorption.     

复方盐酸二甲双胍片在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的研究复方盐酸二甲双胍片在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法用交叉给药方法,22名健康受试者单次口服盐酸二甲双胍片1000mg加格列本脲片5mg(参比制剂)或复方盐酸二甲双胍片(试验制剂:盐酸二甲双胍1000mg,格列本脲5mg)。用HPLC法测定血清中盐酸二甲双胍浓度,用LC-MS方法测定血清中格列本脲浓度。用3P97程序以房室模型计算药代动力学参数。结果主要药代动力学参数,试验与参比制剂中盐酸二甲双胍的达峰时间tmax分别为(2.36±0.69),(2.41±0.70)h;Cmax分别为(1.42±0.28),(1.36±0.28)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(5.18±1.62),(6.25±1.42)h;AUC0-24分别为(10.22±1.53),(10.07±1.81)mg·h·L-1。试验制剂的相对生物利用度为(99.3±13.2)%。参比与试验制剂中格列本脲的达峰时间tmax分别为(2.70±0.60),(2.60±0.50)h;Cmax分别为(181.1±58.3),(214.3±8.01)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为(6.79±1.96),(6.67±1.92)h;AUC0-24分别为(0.99±0.28),(1.14±0.42)mg·h·L-1。试验制剂的相对生物利用度为(113.2±23.9)%。结论参比与试验制剂具有生物等效性。