Hepatopancreatoduodenectomy: its suitability for bile duct cancer versus gallbladder cancer

Background/Purpose We aimed to determine whether bile duct cancer (BDC) or gallbladder cancer (GBC) was a better candidate for hepatopancreatoduodenectomy (HPD). Methods Ten patients with BDC and ten with GBC were treated by HPD with major hepatectomy between 1994 and 2004 and compared, in terms of surgical outcome and survival. Results In the BDC patients, the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) stage was I in three patients; II in four; III in one; and IV in two; of the GBC patients, one was stage II; four were stage III; and five were stage IV. The reasons for choosing HPD for BDC were: superficial spreading, in three patients; intramural wide invasion, in five; and hepatoduodenal ligament (HDL) invasion, in two; and for GBC, extrahepatic bile duct invasion, in seven; and HDL invasion, in three. The morbidity and mortality rates for BDC and GBC were 40% and 60%, and 0% and 30%, respectively. All three of the GBC patients who died in hospital had undergone a right trisectionectomy with caudate lobectomy. The cumulative 5-year survival rate of the BDC patients was 64%; the 1-year survival rate for the GBC patients was only 20%, and none survived for over 2 years (P < 0.001). Of the patterns of BDC cancer invasion, the superficial-spreading type appeared to have a better prognosis than the others, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions HPD is indicated for any type of BDC, but HPD did not show any survival benefits in treating patients with GBC with obstructive jaundice.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊床胆管损伤的处理

目的探讨预防及处理腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）时胆囊床胆管（包括右肝管分支及迷走胆管）损伤的对策。方法回顾性分析1997年1月～2004年12月2032例LC中15例胆囊床胆管损伤的临床特征、处理方法及效果。结果5例为慢性结石性胆囊炎急性发作，10例为慢性结石性萎缩性胆囊炎。8例右肝管分支损伤，7例迷走胆管损伤。8例用钛夹夹闭损伤胆管，5例缝合损伤胆管，另2例由于裂口较大且靠近右肝管主干而行开腹胆管修补术。术后胆漏1例，引流5d后痊愈。随访半年～3年，平均23个月，症状消失，无黄疸及胆管炎等并发症发生。结论预防胆囊床处胆管损伤的关键是紧贴胆囊壁剥离胆囊，术中及时发现并采用恰当的处理方法可获得较好的结果。     

胆囊间置肝管十二指肠吻合术后胆汁成分的分析

目的 研究胆囊间置肝管十二指肠吻合后胆汁成分的改变对发生胆石症的影响。方法家犬１５条。对照组５条,行单纯胆囊穿刺术;实验组１０条,行胆囊间置肝管十二指肠吻合术,术后３个月再行胆囊穿刺术。术中取全部胆汁行常规检查、胆汁２及胆汁成分定量测定。结果 胆汁常规检查阴性实验组５例２出大埃希菌,５例无菌生长。实验组胆汁中总胆汁酸浓度明显增高,胆固的和总胆红素浓度降低,Ｋ＾＋、Ｎａ＾＋浓度明显降低。结论 胆囊间     

Metachronous double cancer of the gallbladder and pancreas associated with pancreaticobiliary maljunction

A 50-year-old Japanese woman complained of abdominal and back pain. Ten years previously she had undergone cholecystectomy, choledochectomy, and Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy for gallbladder cancer associated with pancreaticobiliary maljunction without bile duct dilatation. On the present admission, ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a large mass, 60 mm in size, in the pancreatic tail. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) showed obstruction of the main pancreatic duct in the tail of the pancreas and revealed that the pancreatic duct was joined to the bile duct 25 mm above the papilla of Vater. The patient underwent distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy, left adrenalectomy, and partial gastrectomy. Histological examination revealed moderately differentiated ductal adenocarcinoma that had invaded to the proper muscle of the stomach. Double cancer of the gallbladder and pancreas in a patient with pancreaticobiliary maljunction is rare. Although the etiology of cancer of the pancreas associated with pancreaticobiliary maljunction is unclear, we should pay close attention to the pancreas as well as the biliary tract during the long-term follow-up of patients with pancreaticobiliary maljunction after they have undergone a choledochojejunostomy.     

腹腔镜联合内镜技术治疗胆囊结石合并胆管结石的临床研究

目的 探讨腹腔镜联合内镜技术在治疗胆囊结石合并胆管结石中的临床应用价值。方法 对2000-2005年应用腹腔镜联合十二指肠镜和纤雏胆道镜治疗的118例胆囊结石合并肝内外胆管结石病人行回顾性分析。其中胆囊结石合并胆总管结石102例，胆囊结石合并胆总管结石和左肝管结石16例。手术方式包括腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）联合经内镜括约肌切开术（EST）（49例）、LC联合胆道镜胆道棵查术（62例）、LC联合腹腔镜下左肝叶切除和胆道镜胆管棵壶术（7例）。结果96例病人术后得到随访和定期复查。影像学检查提示无残留结石。术后无严重并发症。4例接受LC结合胆道镜胆道棵查术的病人，中转开腹手术，其中2例由于存在离位胆管狭窄。1例由于肝门部严重粘连水肿，1例由于不易控制的动脉性出血。结论腹腔镜联合内镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆管结石安全、可行、疗效良好，应该在胆系结石病的治疗中得到推广应用。     

ERCP与腹腔镜胆总管探查治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的比较

目的比较ERCP与腹腔镜胆总管探查(LCBDE)治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的优、缺点。 方法回顾分析2010年4月至2015年4月5年间诊治的197例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者。 结果ERCP组(99例)中有6例患者手术失败,32例合并胰腺炎,1例出现十二指肠壁穿孔。3例患者术后出现胆总管结石复发。LCBDE组(98例)中无手术失败,8例放置T管,无胆总管结石复发,无严重并发症。LCBDE组术后平均住院时间和平均住院费用均低于ERCP组[(5±2) d vs (3±1)d, (2.23±0.85)万元 vs (1.73±0.43)万元]。 结论ERCP＋EST和LCBDE对于胆囊结石合并胆总管结石都是行之有效的处理方法,对于大多数患者应首选LCBDE,对于特殊患者可选择ERCP＋EST＋LC方案。     

胆囊癌合并肝门胆管侵犯的手术治疗体会

目的探讨胆囊癌合并肝门胆管侵犯手术治疗需注意的问题.方法回顾性分析22例手术治疗病人的术前发现和手术情况,比较切除与未切除受累胆管组术后生存时间.结果手术证实全组均有明确胆管侵犯.未切除胆管者病情无实质性改善,切除胆管组术后生存时间较长(P＜0.01),但仍存在"扩大的姑息性切除”的情况;胰后淋巴结清扫不彻底是妨碍实现临床根治的最主要原因.结论对胆囊癌合并肝门胆管侵犯者可根据有无肝门横沟处肝实质浸润、左右肝管是否显像、门静脉主干及左右支有无受累决定是否施行扩大根治切除;对适合手术切除的晚期胆囊癌宜将淋巴清扫扩大至第3站,以求达到真正意义上的临床根治.     

国内胆囊、胆道肿瘤文献期刊分布调查分析

目的 为教学、医疗、科研人员迅速获取、利用国内期刊有关胆囊、胆道肿瘤的文献,找出核心期刊,同时也为各级图书信息部门选购该专业期刊提供依据.方法 利用国内权威数据库<中国期刊全文数据库>,采用文献计量学方法 对2004-2006年登载胆囊、胆道肿瘤的1278篇文献进行调查分析.结果 2004-2006年载文量在7篇以上的期刊有48种,载文量达777篇.结论 18种期刊载文量共512篇,为核心期刊.<中华肝胆外科杂志>、<中华实验外科杂志>、<中国普通外科杂志>载文量共计156篇,是首选核心期刊.     

Synchronous double cancer of the common bile duct

Synchronous double cancer of the common bile duct is exceptional and only one reported case was found in the literature. We report a case in which the diagnosis of the double tumor was missed by computed tomography scan, magnetic resonance imaging, and endoscopic ultrasonography. The diagnosis of the distal tumor was made only during surgery. There was no communication in either the mucosal layer or the subepithelial layer between the 2 cancers without periductal lymphatic spread, thus suggesting that they are primary.     

术中胆囊与胆总管胆汁同步细菌培养对比研究

目的　了解胆石病病人胆道不同部位内胆汁的细菌学特点和药敏情况 ,指导术后抗生素应用。方法　 5 6例胆囊切除胆总管探查术病人同步作胆囊内胆汁和胆总管内胆汁细菌培养和药敏。结果　胆囊和胆总管内胆汁培养按双阳性率排列依次为急性化脓性胆管炎 (1 0 0 % )、胆源性胰腺炎 (5 7.1 % )、急性胆囊炎胆囊结石伴阻塞性黄疸 (5 0 % )、急性胆囊炎 (5 0 % )、慢性胆囊炎胆囊结石伴胆总管扩张 (35 .7% )。其中急性化脓性胆管炎、胆源性胰腺炎、急性胆囊炎胆囊结石伴阻塞性黄疸双阳性病例中各有 1例胆囊和胆总管内胆汁培养菌种不同。结论　胆石病病人不同部位胆汁内菌种大多数相同但存在差异 ,其药敏也有所不同。我们建议胆囊切除胆总管探查术 ,尤其在急性期并伴有黄疸病例中应同步培养胆囊和胆总管内胆汁 ,其对术后抗生素应用有指导作用     

Double cancer of the cystic duct and gallbladder associated with low junction of the cystic duct

We report a case of double cancer of the cystic duct and gallbladder associated with low junction of the cystic duct. A 73-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital complaining of upper abdominal pain. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography showed a stenotic lesion in the lower common bile duct and no visualization of the cystic duct or gallbladder. Enhanced computed tomography revealed a heterogeneously enhanced tumorous lesion around the lower bile duct in the pancreatic head. A diagnosis of cancer arising from the cystic duct that entered the lower part of the common hepatic duct was made by intraductal ultrasonography, which showed an intraluminal protruding lesion in the cystic duct. Isolated gallbladder cancer was also diagnosed, by abdominal computed tomography. She underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy with dissection of regional lymph nodes. Histological examination revealed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the cystic duct and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. Double cancer of the cystic duct and gallbladder is extremely rare, and this case also suggests a relationship between a low junction of the cystic duct and neoplasm in the biliary tract.     

A gallbladder flap for reconstruction of the common bile duct. An experimental study on pigs

Background/Purpose In this article we investigate whether a gallbladder flap could be used for reconstruction of the common bile duct (CBD), thereby providing drainage via an intact sphincter of Oddi.Methods Eight LWD pigs were used for the experiments. The gallbladder was dissected from its fossa, care being taken not to damage its vessels. The CBD was then displayed and approximately 5mm resected. In two pigs a tube, and in six pigs a sphere, was constructed from the gallbladder falp. Anastomoses wre constructed between the gallbladder flap and the CBD. Blood samples were drawn and on day 10 a laparotomy and an intraoperative cholangiography was performed.Results No pigs showed any sign of biliary leakage and standard liver parameters were not affected by surgery. In the two pigs who had a tube constructed, cholangiography showed extrahepatic stenosis and intrahepatic biliary dilatation. In the six pigs who had a sphere constructed, cholangiography was without any sign of extrahepatic stenosis or intrahepatic dilatation.Conclusion Reconstruction of the CBD by way of a gallbladder flap seems to be a safe procedure to accomplish biliary drainage. This procedure could be of clinical significance for reconstruction of the CBD after resections for benign strictures and tumors, and for reconstruction after blunt or penetrating trauma.     

Metachronous cancer of gallbladder and pancreas with pancreatobiliary maljunction

Pancreaticobiliary maljunction is a congenital anomaly in which the junction between the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct is located outside the sphincter of Oddi. It is well known that pancreaticobiliary maljunction is frequently associated with carcinoma of thebiliary tract. We report a case of metachronous cancer of the gallbladder and pancreas associated with pancreaticobiliary maljunction and cystic dilatation of common bile duct in a 68-year-old Tunisian woman who underwent a cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. The pancreatic tumor was an adenosquamous carcinoma. Pancreaticobiliary maljunction allows for pancreatobiliary or biliopancreatic reflux which may induce biliary tract carcinoma. Few cases of multifocal cancer associated with this anomaly have been reported. The association with pancreatic carcinoma remains rare. Close attention should be given to both the biliary tract system and pancreas during the long-term follow-up of patients with pancreaticobiliary maljunction, especially after they have undergone a choledochojejunostomy.     

Ultrasound in the diagnosis of roundworms in gallbladder and common bile duct

Summary Four patients who complained of symptoms and signs compatible with biliary tract disease and in whom the diagnosis of gallbladder (three cases) and common bile duct ascariasis (one case) was made sonographically are reported.In two patients with gallbladder ascariasis, cholecystectomy corroborated the presence of the roundworms, and was curative. The third patient was a pregnant woman (32nd gestational week) who took piperazine citrate, and a second sonogram performed 29 days later was completely normal. The fourth patient with common bile duct ascariasis underwent choledochotomy with extraction of one ascaris lumbricoides from the common duct, and a T tube was left in place for 15 days. All patients received antiparasitics and had a favorable outcome.Ultrasonography is an important noninvasive diagnostic procedure in the work-up of these patients, who usually describe a clinical picture suggesting gallstone disease: this is especially true in the presence of pregnancy.     

胆囊床胆管的损伤与处理对策

目的　提高对胆囊床胆管及其损伤的认识和处理对策。方法　回顾性分析了胆囊切除后胆囊床胆管损伤 37例的诊治情况。结果　 37例中 ,证实为Luschka胆管 17例、胆囊肝管 4例、右前叶肝管及其分支 3例 ;其余 13例仅发现胆瘘而未见损伤胆管。本组 30例经胆瘘处缝合引流或单纯引流治愈 ,4例未置引流者因局限性胆汁积聚经皮置管或穿刺引流治愈 ,另 3例因病情恶化而再次剖腹手术。结论　胆囊切除时易致胆囊床胆管损伤 ,术中仔细检查裸露胆囊床有无胆瘘应列为常规步骤 ,一旦发现有胆瘘 ,不论对胆漏处如何处理均应放置引流     

An angulated common bile duct predisposes to recurrent symptomatic bile duct stones after endoscopic stone extraction

Background Endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone extraction are standard procedures for the removal of bile duct stones. Stone recurrence can, however, occur in up to 25% of cases. Risk factors have been poorly defined, but are believed to be related to bile stasis. This study investigated whether an angulated common bile duct (CBD) that may predispose to bile stasis influences symptomatic stone recurrence after successful endoscopic therapy. Methods This study included 232 consecutive patients (mean age, 64.1 years; 86 men) who had undergone therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for bile duct stones. Data from the follow-up period (36 ± 17 months) were obtained from medical records and patient questioning. Common bile duct angulation and diameter were measured from the cholangiogram after stone removal. Results Symptomatic bile duct stones recurred in 16% of the patients (36/232). Three independent risk factors were identified by multivariate analysis: an angulated CBD (angle, ≤145°; relative risk [RR], 5.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2–12.5; p = 0.0002), a dilated CBD (diameter, ≥13 mm; RR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2–5.7; p = 0.017), and a previous open cholecystectomy (RR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3–5.9; p = 0.0117). Gender, age, urgency of procedure, or a periampullary diverticulum did not influence the recurrence rate. Conclusions Angulation of the CBD (≤145°) on endoscopic cholangiography, a dilated CBD, and a previous open cholecystectomy are independent risk factors for symptomatic recurrence of bile duct stones. The findings support the role of bile stasis in stone recurrence. Further studies using these data prospectively to identify high-risk patients are warranted. Part of this work was presented at the Digestive Disease Week in New Orleans, 16–20 May 2004, and published in abstract form in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2004;59: AB197     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术的临床应用

目的:总结腹腔镜胆总管切开探查取石术(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE)的临床价值及手术方法。方法:回顾分析2007年3月至2010年8月为85例胆管结石患者行LCBDE的临床资料。术中联合应用胆道镜、输尿管硬镜及气压弹道碎石设备、L形腹腔镜胆道取石钳取石。结果:85例手术均获成功。78例经胆总管探查取石;7例经胆囊管胆总管探查取石。73例使用L形腹腔镜胆道取石钳取结石;12例使用输尿管硬镜气压弹道碎石设备碎石;6例为肝内胆管结石。62例放置T管引流,23例一期缝合胆总管。结论:腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术微创、安全、有效。联合应用胆道镜、输尿管硬镜及气压弹道碎石设备、L形腹腔镜胆道取石钳操作简捷、有效。     

远端胆管癌切除患者术后生存的影响因素分析

目的 研究影响远端胆管癌手术预后的因素,为远端胆管癌手术方式的选择和治疗提供依据.方法 对北京世纪坛医院、北京大学人民医院和北京大学第一医院1995-2009年具有完整随访资料的103例远端胆管癌病例进行回顾性分析,应用Kaplan-Meier单因素分析法和Cox比例风险模型多因素分析法对10个可能对预后产生影响的因素进行分析.结果 1、3、5年总体生存率分别为72%、41%和25%,中位生存期为24.13个月;单因素方差分析结果表明手术方式、淋巴结转移、TNM分期和切缘情况与远端胆管癌术后生存有关;Cox比例风险模型多因素分析结果表明切缘情况、淋巴结转移和TNM分期是影响远端胆管癌切除术后预后的独立因素.结论 切缘情况、淋巴结转移和TNM分期为远端胆管癌切除术后有关生存影响的独立因素,胰十二指肠切除术为远端胆管癌首选的手术方式.     

远端胆管癌切除患者术后生存的影响因素分析

目的 研究影响远端胆管癌手术预后的因素,为远端胆管癌手术方式的选择和治疗提供依据.方法 对北京世纪坛医院、北京大学人民医院和北京大学第一医院1995-2009年具有完整随访资料的103例远端胆管癌病例进行回顾性分析,应用Kaplan-Meier单因素分析法和Cox比例风险模型多因素分析法对10个可能对预后产生影响的因素进行分析.结果 1、3、5年总体生存率分别为72%、41%和25%,中位生存期为24.13个月;单因素方差分析结果表明手术方式、淋巴结转移、TNM分期和切缘情况与远端胆管癌术后生存有关;Cox比例风险模型多因素分析结果表明切缘情况、淋巴结转移和TNM分期是影响远端胆管癌切除术后预后的独立因素.结论 切缘情况、淋巴结转移和TNM分期为远端胆管癌切除术后有关生存影响的独立因素,胰十二指肠切除术为远端胆管癌首选的手术方式.     

Strategies for the prevention of laparoscopic common bile duct injuries

Summary There have been many recent reports regarding the safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Common bile duct injury is considered the most significant complication. Regional tertiary centers are reporting a dramatic increase in the number of referrals for management of injuries to the common bile duct following laparoscopic cholecystectomy [22]. The high incidence of injuries has been attributed to problems inherent to the laparoscopic technique or to such secondary factors as inexperience, inadequate instruction, insufficient caution, or patient selection. In response to these numerous reports, the New York State Department of Health has recently implemented credentialing and privileging guidelines for laparoscopic surgery [11]. The purpose of this review is to assimilate the current literature on when and why common bile duct injuries occur in order to present possible strategies for their prevention.