甲状腺髓样癌临床诊疗方案分析

目的:探讨影响甲状腺髓样癌（medullary thyroid carcinoma,MTC）治疗方案制订与转归的关键要素。方法:回顾性分析2007年4月至2020年3月湖南省人民医院乳甲外科收治的23例MTC患者病例资料、典型病例的临床特点及生存随访结果,结合ATA等指南对MTC治疗方案和转归进行分析。结果:23例MT...     

Synchronous multifocal medullary and papillary thyroid microcarcinoma detected by elastography

INTRODUCTION

A few cases of concomitant medullary and papillary carcinoma in the same thyroid nodule have been described in the literature. However, the presence of multiple foci of both types of malignancy in the same gland is very rare.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 39 year-old female with multiple thyroid nodules, elevated serum calcitonin levels and elastographic findings suggestive of thyroid malignancy, underwent total thyroidectomy and central neck dissection. Histology revealed the presence of one focus of medullary and one focus of papillary carcinoma on each thyroid lobe. Subsequently, the patient underwent treatment with radioactive iodine.

DISCUSSION

This is the third case of synchronous multifocal medullary and papillary thyroid carcinoma reported in the literature. Several theories for the simultaneous development of these malignant entities have been proposed.

CONCLUSION

Ultrasound elastography can be a useful, noninvasive tool in the assessment of thyroid nodules.     

Mandibular metastasis revealed papillary thyroid carcinoma: Rare case

IntroductionPapillary carcinoma is the most frequent differentiated malignant thyroid neoplasm, Metastasis occurs frequently in regional lymph nodes and mandibular metastasis are very rare and most are secondary to follicular carcinomas due to their blood diffusion, The mandibular metastasis of papillary carcinoma is exceptional.Case reportWe report a rare case of mandibular metastasis revealing papillary thyroid carcinoma in a 52-year-old patient, with a review of the literature on clinical features, radiological aspect, and treatment options.Discussion conclusionMandibular metastasis of thyroid cancer are rare and the initial metastases revealing papillary carcinoma are exceptional, few cases are reported in the literature, and due to their rarities and relative lack of data on their management, There is no clearly defined processing algorithm.     

多灶性甲状腺乳头状癌的生物学特性及治疗分析

目的 探讨多灶性甲状腺乳头状癌的临床特性及治疗.方法 回顾性分析1995-1997年间在天津市肿瘤医院手术治疗并经病理证实的86例多灶性甲状腺乳头状癌的临床资料,研究其临床生物学特征.结果 多灶性甲状腺乳头状癌者共86例,占同期甲状腺乳头状癌的23.4%.病灶位于单侧12例,位于双侧74例;颈部淋巴结转移51例(59.3%);病灶中含微小癌者46例(53.5%);合并桥本甲状腺炎者23例(26.7%);周围组织侵犯19例(22.1%);发生远处转移者1例(1.2%);10年生存率95.3%.美国癌症联合会(AJCC)分期与预后相关(x2=63.395,P=0.000).结论 多灶性甲状腺乳头状癌多发生于双侧甲状腺,病灶中含微小癌者及合并桥本甲状腺炎者较多,AJCC分期是多灶性甲状腺乳头状癌的重要预后因素.     

甲状腺髓样癌的超声特征分析

目的:总结甲状腺髓样癌（medullary thyroid cancer, MTC）的超声特征并分析其对MTC诊断的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析2013年4月至2018年11月郑州大学第一附属医院甲状腺外科收治并经手术确诊的91例MTC患者（共103个结节）,其中男36例,女55例,收集其术前超声影像学特征及血清降钙素水...     

Thyroglobulin antibodies as a potential predictive marker of papillary thyroid carcinoma in patients with indeterminate cytology

Backround

We investigated the efficacy of thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) in detecting malignancy in indeterminate thyroid nodules and evaluated the possible association between TgAb and autoimmunity in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).

Methods

This retrospective, nonrandomized study included 1,646 patients who had undergone preoperative fine-needle aspiration biopsy to evaluate their thyroid nodules, and then standard total thyroidectomy. Of 194 patients (11.8%) with indeterminate nodules, 61 (31.4%) had PTC and 133 (68.6%) had benign nodules at the final histologic examination.

Results

Univariate analysis showed that multifocality (P = .002), bilaterality (P = .003), lymph-node metastasis (P = .030), and capsule penetration (P = .003) were significantly associated with positive TgAb in patients with indeterminate cytology and histopathologic diagnosis of PTC. The multivariate analysis showed that TgAb positivity (P < .001) and preoperative thyroid-stimulating hormone levels (P = .022) were independent predictive factor for PTC diagnosis in patients with indeterminate cytology.

Conclusions

Preoperative TgAb could be a marker for PTC in patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules, increasing diagnostic accuracy. TgAb positivity could also influence the clinical assessment and subsequent selection of total thyroidectomy.     

Skip metastases in medullary thyroid carcinoma: A single-center experience

PURPOSE: Total thyroidectomy (TT) with level VI and VII central neck dissection is the initial treatment for medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) without identifiable neck metastasis. Level II to V lateral neck dissection is performed if neck metastasis is present or suspected. We conducted this study to identify the frequency and clinical determinants of skip neck metastasis in MTC. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 32 patients who underwent TT and bilateral neck dissection for MTC. The clinical features were correlated with pN status in the central versus lateral compartments of the neck. RESULTS: Neck lymph node metastasis (pN+) was found in 20 patients (62.5%) and skip metastases were found in 7 (35%) patients. The sensitivity of the pN status of the central compartment of the neck to predict the pN status of the lateral compartment of the neck was 53.8% and specificity was 63.2%. We found pN+ in 90% of the patients with lymph nodes >15 mm in diameter versus 50% in those with lymph nodes <15 mm in diameter. CONCLUSIONS: There is skip metastasis in MTC. It is unsafe to use the lymph node status of the central compartment of the neck to define the pN status of the lateral neck. A lymph node greater than 15 mm in diameter is related to pN status.     

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid: Prognostic factors and treatment recommendations

Background: Because medullary thyroid carcinoma accounts for only 7% of all thyroid malignancies, data to support treatment strategies are scarce. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed treatment and outcome in 34 patients with MTC treated at Roswell Park between 1961 and 1995. Univariate analysis was performed using the variables age, sex, tumor size, N stage, and M stage. Results: Median survival was 4.7 years, with 51% and 32% of patients alive at 5 and 15 years, respectively. Nodal metastases were seen in 76% and distant metastases in 67% of all patients. More than 60% of the patients with nodal metastases survived longer than 10 years. Once diagnosed with distant metastases, 90% of the patients died within 5 years. Local failure rate with lobectomy was 44%, compared to 10% after total thyroidectomy (P<.02). Age, extrathyroid extension, and M stage portend a poor outcome. Nodal status had no statistically significant impact on survival. Conclusion: Survival with tumors confined to the thyroid gland is independent of nodal status. Long-term survival in patients with distant metastases is rare. This study underscores the role of total thyroidectomy in the initial treatment and the need to develop effective adjuvant therapy for MTC.Presented at the 50th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Chicago, Illinois, March 20–23, 1997.     

甲状腺峡部乳头状癌手术方式分析

目的：探讨甲状腺峡部乳头状癌的手术方式。方法以2012年1月～2014年1月我院收治的52例甲状腺峡部乳头状癌患者为研究对象,A 组36例采取患侧腺叶和峡部切除术,B 组16例采取全甲状腺切除,两组均行中央区淋巴结清扫,比较两组手术方式的临床效果。结果 A 组的手术时间（132.5±22.5）min,甲状腺功能低下发生率0,B 组的手术时间（162.5±28.5）min,甲状腺功能低下发生率100％,上述差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）,两组的术后出血、喉返神经损伤、喉上神经损伤发生率和术后复发率比较差异无统计学意义（P ＞0.05）。结论患侧腺叶和峡部切除术对甲状腺峡部乳头状癌治疗效果更佳,值得临床借鉴。     

甲状腺结节患者常规行血清降钙素检查对早期发现甲状腺髓样癌的临床价值

目的:探讨甲状腺结节患者血清降钙素(Ct)检测对甲状腺髓样癌(MTC)的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析2016年10月—2017年8月1922例因甲状腺结节就诊于郑州大学第一附属医院甲状腺外科并行手术治疗的患者资料。所有患者术前均常规行血清Ct检测,术后均有明确的常规病理结果。分析Ct水平与MTC的关系、用受试者工作特征曲线分析Ct对MTC的诊断效能。结果:在1922例甲状腺结节患者中,新发现的MTC患者有12例(0.62%)。在术前血清Ct值为10~100pg/mL的155例、100~500pg/mL的12例和500pg/mL的10例中,术后确诊为MTC的分别为1例(0.65%)、1例(8.33%)和9例(90.00%)。在血清Ct500pg/mL的9例MTC患者中,有8例(88.89%)出现了不同程度的颈部淋巴结转移。血清Ct诊断MTC的截断值为258.5pg/mL,敏感性为90.91%,特异性为96.99%。结论:术前常规检测血清Ct有助于MTC的早期诊断,对患者接受彻底的手术治疗,避免二次手术有十分重要的意义。     

Risk group stratification and prognostic factors in papillary carcinoma of thyroid

Background: Our understanding of the natural history of differentiated thyroid carcinoma has improved with the definition of prognostic factors. These prognostic factors have helped us identify patients in various risk groups. Methods: A retrospective review of a consecutive series of 810 previously untreated patients with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid was undertaken to analyze the prognostic factors and risk groups. There were 403 patients in the low-risk group, 313 in the intermediate group, and 94 classified in the high-risk group. Results: With a median follow-up of 20 years, 99% survival was achieved in the low-risk group, whereas only 43% survived in the high-risk group. The intermediate-risk group had a 20-year survival of 83%. The favorable prognostic factors included female sex, young age, absence of distant metastases and extrathyroidal extension of the disease, size <4 cm, and low-grade histology. Focality, presence of lymph node metastasis, and pure papillary or mixed variant had no statistical significance on prognosis. Conclusions: Based on various prognostic factors, low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups are identified. Patients in the low-risk group have excellent survival (99%). Appropriate selection of surgical and adjuvant treatment should therefore be used based on prognostic factors and risk group stratification.Presented at the 48th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, March 23–26, 1995.     

甲状腺乳头状癌潜在关键基因的生物信息学分析

背景与目的 甲状腺癌是近年来发病率增长最快的疾病,甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）是甲状腺癌最多见的一种亚型。目前,亟需寻找与PTC相关的生物标志物分子,以提高预后诊断和提供高效的治疗靶标。方法 检索并分析GEO数据库PTC相关的的微阵列数据集（GSE60542,GSE33630和GSE3467）,通过GEO数据库的GEO2R工具筛选PTC和正常甲状腺组织的差异表达基因。对差异基因行全基因组的富集分析,这些差异基因蛋白质之间的相互作用通过线上数据库工具分析,通过Cytoscape软件进行可视化处理。通过Cbioportal分析工具评估关键基因对PTC的预后价值并进一步行实验验证。结果 共鉴定62个上调和40个下调差异基因,挑选出10个具有高度连通性的关键基因,其中,KIT降低与PTC的预后不良相关（P<0.01）。通过qRT-PCR检测52例PTC组织和癌旁正常组织中KIT的表达,结果显示,KIT在癌组织中表达较癌旁正常组织显著降低（P<0.001）,KIT的表达与临床分期（P=0.008）和淋巴结转移明显相关（P=0.023）。结论 KIT在PTC组织中表达较正常甲状腺组织降低,其可能是PTC患者预后不良的关键基因,并有望成为PTC的治疗靶标和分子生物学标志物。     

甲状腺乳头状微小癌与非微小癌的超声特征

目的分析甲状腺乳头状微小癌与非微小癌的声像图特征。方法回顾性分析242例经手术病理证实的甲状腺乳头状癌患者的超声声像图特征,将其分为直径≤1cm微小癌和直径〉1cm非微小癌,对比两者在形态、纵横比、边界、回声、声晕、钙化、囊变、血流、颈部淋巴结转移及合并甲状腺疾病等方面的差异。结果242例共287个癌灶,其中39例为多灶性（39／242,16．12％）;微小癌154个,非微小癌133个。超声检出274个病灶,漏诊微小癌13个,误诊为结节性甲状腺肿或腺瘤等良性病灶42个。甲状腺乳头状微小癌与非微小癌的边界、纵横比、囊变、血流及颈部淋巴结转移率差异有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）,而在形态、钙化、声晕及合并甲状腺疾病上差异无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。结论超声在甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断中具有重要价值;甲状腺乳头状微小癌与非微小癌的超声表现具有差异。     

多灶性甲状腺乳头状癌168例临床研究

目的:探讨多灶性甲状腺乳头状癌的临床特征及外科治疗方式.方法:回顾分析1997年1月至2006年12月间首次手术并经病理证实的甲状腺乳头状癌648例,其中多灶病例168例.比较单灶组与多灶组及多灶组间的临床病理学差异.结果:本组多灶性甲状腺乳头状癌发生率为25.9%,其中双侧甲状腺多发病灶者117例(69.6%).多灶组在男性(P=0.004)、甲状腺癌家族史(P=0.031)、体检(P=0.000)及B超发现颈部淋巴结肿大(P=0.001)、B超提示结节钙化灶(P=0.001)、颈淋巴结转移(P=0.008)及甲状腺外侵犯(P=0.001)发生率等方面叫显高于单灶患者.而单灶组在伴有良性甲状腺疾病的比例明显高于多灶组(P=0.000).多灶性甲状腺乳头状癌病例中,男性、体检颈部淋巴结大、肿瘤位于双侧及病灶数目≥3个倾向于肿瘤较大、颈部淋巴结转移或甲状腺外侵犯的比例较高;而伴有良性甲状腺疾病的多灶性癌恶性度相对较低.本组164例(97.6%)获得随访;平均随访46.1个月(2～127个月).随访中5例死亡,1例胸部X线片怀疑肺部转移,16个月健在;6例于术后3～41个月因颈淋巴结复发再次手术;2例于术后13个月、24个月残余腺体肿瘤复发手术切除.总的1、2、5、10年生存期分别为98.2%、97.4%、96.5%、96.5%.美国癌症联合会(AJCC)分期与预后相关(X<'2=168.832,P=0.000).结论:多发病灶是甲状腺乳头状癌的临床特征之一,其生物学恶性度更高.甲状腺全切+中央区淋巴结清扫可视为标准手术方式,在外侧区出现淋巴结肿大时需加行侧方清扫.AJCC分期仍是多灶性甲状腺乳头状癌的重要预后因素.     

Isthmectomy is effective and sufficient for selected patients with the isthmus-confined solitary papillary thyroid carcinoma

BackgroundTo retrospectively analyze the outcomes of patients treated with isthmusectomy for a solitary papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) confined to the isthmus, and re-assess the role of isthmusectomy in these patients.MethodsThe medical records of 65 patients who underwent isthmusectomy for a solitary PTC confined to the isthmus at the National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College between 1985 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data, surgical procedures, pathological characteristics, stages, and outcomes were analyzed.ResultsPatients’ median age was 39 years (range, 19–63), and the majority were female (86.2% female, 13.8% male). All patients had a solitary PTC confined to the isthmus and were treated with isthmusectomy. Pretracheal lymph node dissection was performed in 34 patients, in which unilateral central neck dissection was performed in 4 patients and bilateral central neck dissection in 2 patients. Microscopic extrathyroidal extension (ETE) was observed in 23 (35.4%) patients, and macroscopic ETE was observed in 3 (4.6%) patients. Thirty-eight (58.5%) patients were stage pT1a, 19 (29.2%) patients were stage pT1b, 5 (7.7%) patients were stage pT2, and 3 (4.6%) patients were stage p3b. Fifteen (23.1%) patients were stage pN1a. Median follow-up time was 78 months (range, 12–274). Two patients experienced a recurrence and both achieved remission after re-operation. The 10-year recurrence-free survival was 92.1%. The 10-year overall survival and disease specific survival were 98.3% and 100%, respectively.ConclusionsIsthmusectomy is effective and sufficient for select patients with a solitary PTC confined to the isthmus.     

桥本氏甲状腺炎与甲状腺乳头状癌相关性研究进展

桥本氏甲状腺炎(HT)与甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)的相关性以及HT是否会促进PTC的发生发展多年来是一个有争议的话题,近年来大量研究证实HT与PTC的发生发展有着密切的关系.肿瘤的产生可以认为是肿瘤细胞本身异常的生理特性、肿瘤微环境的形成及外部环境因素影响共同作用的结果.HT被认为是一种慢性炎症反应,浸润在HT患者甲状腺...     

多灶性甲状腺乳头状癌的诊疗进展

多发病灶是甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)最重要的临床特点之一。近年来,PTC的诊疗方法愈加精细,而多灶性甲状腺乳头状癌(MPTC)的诊疗方法势必与单灶的PTC有所区别。目前,国内外学者对MPTC的研究尚不详尽。笔者从发病起源、临床特点、诊断和治疗等方面对MPTC进行综述。