益生茵和肠易激综合征

流行病学研究表明一部分肠易激综合征(IBS)患者发生在急性肠道感染之后,也有少数研究报道小肠细菌滋生与IBS 的症状发作有一定联系,这部分患者在抗生素治疗后症状好转.这些研究提供了采用肠道菌群调节药物治疗IBS的可能性.益生菌是一类具有调整宿主肠道微生物群生态平衡而发挥生理作用的微生物制剂,已用于包括IBS在内的多种疾病的治疗,取得了一定的效果.但有关益生菌治疗IBS的研究设计还存在不少问题,难以提供益生菌治疗肠易激综合征的循证医学依据.本文从(1)正常肠道菌群和益生菌防治策略的概念、(2)益生菌用于IBS治疗的流行病学基础、(3)益生菌在IBS治疗中的应用及(4)益生菌治疗IBS的问题和展望4个方面总结了相关研究进展.     

益生菌和肠易激综合征

肠易激综合征(IBS)的发病机制主要与内脏敏感性、肠道动力异常等有关,目前证实某些益生菌可以减轻IBS腹痛、腹胀等症状.此文主要对IBS病理生理机制、益生菌对IBS的可能作用以及在IBS治疗中的应用作一综述.     

肠道菌群生态失衡与肠易激综合征

肠易激综合征(IBS)的发病机制尚未完全明了,可能与多种因素有关。IBS时存在肠道菌群生态失衡,早在20世纪80年代即已提出此种失衡可能与IBS的发生有关。新近研究发现对于感染后IBS(PI-IBS),以益生菌恢复肠道菌群正常比率可取得显著疗效,证实肠道菌群在IBS的发病机制中起重要作用。本文就肠道菌群生态失衡与IBS的关系以及相关治疗进展作一综述。     

益生菌治疗肠易激综合征的疗效和相关机制

肠易激综合征(IBS)发病与肠道菌群紊乱和结肠发酵异常相关,益生菌能有效改善IBS的临床症状,其作用机制包括调节免疫功能和肠道动力,改善肠内环境.益生菌可作为IBS治疗的有效手段.     

以肠道菌群为靶点治疗肠易激综合征的研究进展

肠易激综合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)是一种病因不明的功能性肠病,主要表现为腹痛和排便习惯的改变。肠道菌群紊乱是IBS的重要发病原因之一,通过粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)、补充益生菌、艾灸刺激调节肠道菌群和根除幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)均能对IBS的症状起到缓解作用。本文就IBS、肠道菌群紊乱和以肠道菌群为靶点治疗IBS的研究进展作一概述。     

肠道微生态与肠易激综合征:基础与临床

肠道微生态与功能性胃肠病(FGIDs)的关系已成为目前研究热点之一。最新罗马Ⅳ标准指出FGIDs不仅仅是胃肠道疾病,脑-肠互动障碍可能贯穿肠易激综合征(IBS)发病的始终。肠道微生态失衡被认为是导致脑-肠互动障碍的重要始动因素,参与构成菌群-肠-脑轴,成为新兴研究热点。尤其是在IBS的研究中,肠道微生态失衡已被证实与IBS免疫异常和临床症状相关;使用益生菌调节IBS肠道菌群取得良好成效,其他相关菌群干预策略也在不断探索中。     

乳杆菌属治疗肠易激综合征的机制

肠易激综合征(IBS)是一种常见的功能性胃肠病,其病因及发病机制尚未完全明确。临床研究表明益生菌能有效治疗IBS,其中应用较多的是乳杆菌属。本文将从改善内脏高敏感性、肠道动力、调节肠道微生态平衡、改善肠道通透性、抑制炎症反应、改善精神心理异常及抑菌作用等方面对乳杆菌属治疗IBS的疗效机制作一概述。     

益生菌在肠易激综合征治疗中的作用

肠易激综合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)是一组以排便后可缓解或减轻的腹痛或腹部不适为主要症状的功能性肠道疾病.近年来,益生菌用于IBS治疗的疗效引起了人们的兴趣和重视.益生菌是指摄人一定数量,能以活菌状态到达宿主胃肠道,以治疗和预防疾病的微生物.人体内的益生菌包括乳酸杆菌属、双歧杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属等.     

肠道微生态与肠易激综合征

微生物群与宿主、环境之间的相互作用、相互协调对于维持宿主正常的生理功能起着十分重要的作用,三者关系失衡则直接或间接参与了众多疾病的发生、发展。肠易激综合征(IBS)是一种复杂的多因素功能性疾病,流行病学研究表明IBS患者多存在肠道菌群失调,益生菌的治疗也取得部分疗效,通过对正常人和IBS患者肠道菌群的比较,从小肠细菌过度生长、感染、抗生素、应激、肠道酵解异常五个方面,将近年肠道微生态与IBS关系做一综述。     

重视肠道微生态与肠易激综合征的关系

肠易激综合征（irrita blebowel syndrome,IBS）是临床上最常见的胃肠道功能性疾病之一,其发病率高,发病机制复杂,虽诊断标准不断更新,疗效却不尽如人意,近十余年来一直是消化学者研究的关注点。当前以脑一肠轴为基础,以生物-心理-社会模式来解释及治疗IBS已被广泛接受。随着炎症及肠道菌群改变在IBS发病中认识的进展,以及益生菌对多数IBS患者良好的治疗效应,人们对肠道微生态与IBS的关系也愈加重视。     

重视黏膜低度炎症在肠易激综合征发病机制中的作用

研究发现一些肠易激综合征（IBS）患者结肠和回肠黏膜中存在低度炎症，急性肠道感染、遗传因素、食物过敏、肠道菌群改变、社会心理因素等可能触发肠道低度炎症的发生，并使之持续存在。这种低度炎症可导致胃肠运动功能紊乱．激活内脏感觉系统，可能在IBS的发病机制中起一定作用，应予重视；     

感染后肠易激综合征研究现状

肠易激综合征（IBS）是最常见的功能性胃肠病之一,已有研究证据表明其可能是多种因素共同作用的结果,包括遗传和环境因素、胃肠动力改变、内脏高敏感、肠道感染和炎症、慢性应激、肠道细菌过度生长和脑-肠轴功能紊乱等。部分患者在急性肠道感染恢复后仍存在腹痛、腹部不适、腹泻等症状,即感染后肠易激综合征（PI-IBS）,是近年功能性胃肠病的研究热点。本文就PI-IBS的定义、流行病学、发病机制、动物模型、临床特征、诊断和治疗等研究现状作一概述。     

Interactions between commensal bacteria and gut sensorimotor function in health and disease

Commensal bacteria inhabiting the human intestine (i.e., intestinal microflora) participate in the development and maintenance of gut sensory and motor functions, including the promotion of intestinal propulsive activity. On the other hand, intestinal motility represents one of the major control systems of gut microflora, through the sweeping of excessive bacteria from the lumen. There is emerging evidence indicating that changes in this bidirectional interplay contribute to the pathogenesis of gut diseases, such as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Recent interest has also been directed to the potential role of intestinal microflora in the pathogenesis of the irritable bowel syndrome. Although the status of intestinal microflora in the irritable bowel syndrome remains unsettled, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (as detected with breath testing) and increased fermentation of foods with gas production, provide indirect evidence that microflora may contribute to symptom generation in irritable bowel syndrome. The potential benefit of antibiotic and probiotic therapy is currently under investigation and opens new perspectives in irritable bowel syndrome treatment.     

New insights into the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome.

The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome is complex and still incompletely known. Potential pathogenetic factors include genes, infectious events, psychological symptoms and other loosely defined environmental factors. Both alterations at the central and peripheral level are thought to contribute to the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, including psychosocial factors, abnormal gastrointestinal motility and secretion, and visceral hypersensitivity. Today irritable bowel syndrome is viewed upon as a disorder of dysregulation of the so-called brain-gut axis, involving abnormal function in the enteric, autonomic and/or central nervous systems, with peripheral abnormalities probably dominating in some patients and disturbed central processing of signals from the periphery in others. Lines of evidence also suggest that inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract may be of great importance in at least subgroups of irritable bowel syndrome patients. To conclude, a complex picture of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome is emerging, with interactions between several different alterations resulting in the divergent symptom pattern in these patients.     

5-羟色胺信号系统在炎症性肠病发病机制中的地位

炎症性肠病(IBD)患者较易出现功能性肠道症状,这些症状往往与肠道活动性炎症关系不大,却与肠功能紊乱有关,说明IBD的发病在某些方面与肠易激综合征(IBS)相似。5-羟色胺(5-HT)信号系统异常可致胃肠动力、分泌功能异常和内脏高敏感性,与多种功能性胃肠病密切相关。而IBD的发病机制中亦存在功能性因素,提示IBD与IBS可能存在某些分子水平的联系,有必要对5-HT信号系统在IBD发病机制中的作用进行研究。     

More accurate diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome by the use of ''non-colonic'' symptomatology.

The criteria now used in an attempt to distinguish irritable bowel syndrome from organic gastrointestinal disease rely almost entirely on symptoms of colonic origin. 'Non-colonic' symptoms, however, arising either from elsewhere in the gut or of a more general nature, are common in irritable bowel syndrome and may have even better diagnostic potential. The prevalence of these non-colonic features was assessed in 107 patients with the irritable bowel syndrome and 295 subjects with other gut disorders. Gastrointestinal type non-colonic symptoms are useful in differentiating irritable bowel syndrome from inflammatory bowel disease but, with the exception of early satiety, are not helpful when there is gastro-oesophageal or biliary disease. More general 'non-colonic' features, such as lethargy and backache, are much commoner in irritable bowel syndrome than in all the organic gastrointestinal diseases studied and have good discriminant function. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified certain features that had a particularly significant independent risk for irritable bowel syndrome. Those were lethargy (relative risk 6.7), incomplete evacuation (RR 5.2), age under 40 (RR 2.1), backache (RR 2.0), early satiety (RR 1.8), and frequency of micturition (RR 1.8). These relative risks can be multiplied together to give an overall risk when more than one of these features is present in a patient. Until a diagnostic test is available more confident diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome can be achieved by identifying symptoms that have good discriminant function. The results of this study indicate that the non-colonic features of irritable bowel syndrome may be especially valuable in this respect.     

Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome.

After acute bacterial gastroenteritis, up to one-third of patients will have prolonged gastrointestinal complaints, and a portion of those affected will meet the diagnostic criteria for postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. After resolution of the acute infection, patients with postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome appear to have chronic mucosal immunologic dysregulation with altered intestinal permeability and motility that can lead to persistent intestinal symptoms. Both host- and pathogen-related factors, such as preexisting psychological disorders and duration of initial infection, have been associated with an increased risk for the development of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Current treatments for postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome are typically targeted at specific symptoms, although studies evaluating therapies directed at preventing or reducing the duration of the initial infection are ongoing.     

Enhanced perception of physiological intestinal motility in the irritable bowel syndrome

An increased awareness of intestinal distention or contraction is implicated in the pathogenesis of the irritable bowel syndrome. This study aimed to test this hypothesis in 20 patients with the irritable bowel syndrome and 10 controls by relating the reporting of abdominal sensations to the occurrence of the duodenal phase 3 activity front of the migrating motor complex. During prolonged recordings of interdigestive small bowel motility, subjects were asked to report any episodes of abdominal sensation they experienced. Diurnally, the rate of occurrence of abdominal sensation was significantly greater in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome than in controls (P less than 0.001); such episodes were coincident with a duodenal activity front in 9 patients with the irritable bowel syndrome and in 1 control (P less than .05). Moreover, the rate of occurrence of episodes of sensation was greater (P less than 0.01) during diurnal phase 3 activity than during diurnal phase 2 activity. When episodes were coincident with duodenal phase 3 activity, these activity fronts were of significantly greater amplitude (irritable bowel syndrome: median, 23 mm Hg) than "noncoincident" activity fronts (median, 17 mm Hg; P less than 0.05) in both patients and controls. These data strongly suggest that certain physiological small bowel motor events, if of sufficient contraction amplitude, are able to be perceived by a greater proportion of irritable bowel syndrome patients and with greater frequency than by healthy subjects. The authors conclude that the threshold for perception of intestinal contraction is lower than normal in at least some patients with the irritable bowel syndrome.     

Irritable bowel syndrome, chronic pelvic inflammatory disease and endometriosis: a comparison of symptomatology

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Both irritable bowel syndrome and some gynaecological diseases can give rise to lower abdominal pain, which may result in diagnostic confusion. Disorders such as endometriosis and chronic pelvic inflammatory disease can be diagnosed definitively only by laparoscopy, which is seldom undertaken in the gastroenterological setting. It was the aim of this study to compare the symptomatology of irritable bowel syndrome with that of laparoscopically confirmed chronic pelvic inflammatory disease and endometriosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A symptom questionnaire was administered to 50 women with irritable bowel syndrome and 51 gynaecological patients (30 patients with endometriosis, 21 patients with chronic pelvic inflammatory disease). As the symptoms of the two gynaecological conditions were so similar, the groups were combined for the purposes of comparison with irritable bowel syndrome. RESULTS: Patients with irritable bowel syndrome suffered significantly more upper abdominal pain, colicky pain and exacerbation of pain by food or stress. They also experienced more disturbance of bowel habit, distension and nausea. In contrast, the only gynaecological features that were more common in the gynaecological patients were intermenstrual bleeding, premenstrual exacerbation of pain and forniceal tenderness. CONCLUSION: The presence of gastrointestinal symptomatology, especially bowel dysfunction, in a woman with lower abdominal pain is suggestive of irritable bowel syndrome. However, the history may not be so helpful in detecting gynaecological disease.     

What do patients with irritable bowel syndrome dream about? A comparison with inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND: It is a common experience for people to dream of events about which they are either anxious or concerned. We therefore hypothesised that the dreams of patients with irritable bowel syndrome may reflect their worries about their problem especially as hospital out-patients with this disorder tend to exhibit some anxiety. In addition, dreaming about, for instance bowels, in patients with irritable bowel syndrome in excess of that observed in other gastrointestinal disorders may be of importance. AIM: To establish whether patients with irritable bowel syndrome dream about bowel-related issues more than controls or patients with inflammatory bowel disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 57 patients with irritable bowel syndrome and 57 patients with inflammatory bowel disease were compared with 60 healthy controls. All subjects completed a structured questionnaire concerning sleeping habits and dream characteristics as well as an assessment of anxiety and depression. RESULTS: There were no differences in the sleeping habits between any of the groups. However, significantly more patients with irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease dreamt about their bowels (22% inflammatory bowel disease patients, 18% irritable bowel syndrome patients vs 3% of controls, p < 0.05 inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome vs controls) and soiling themselves (16% of inflammatory bowel disease patients, 14% of irritable bowel syndrome patients vs 2% of controls; p < 0.05 inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome vs controls) than controls. CONCLUSION: Chronic gastrointestinal disorders, of both a functional and organic nature, may influence the nature of dreams. In those patients who dream about their symptoms, it would be interesting to know whether this affects the course of their disease, either positively or negatively, in any way.