高血压合并慢性肾脏病患者的动态血压分析

目的 探讨原发性高血压合并慢性肾功能不全后动态血压的变化特点.方法 对28例单纯原发性高血压患者(A组)和25例合并慢性肾脏功能不全的高血压患者(B组)进行动态血压监测.结果 ①血压比较:24 h舒张压B组高于A组[(80.9±13.4)mm Hg比(70.3±15.6)mm Hg,P＜0.05)];B组夜间的收缩压与舒张压均高于A组[(160.2±17.8)mm Hg比(140.3±25.9)mm Hg和(82.6±16.1)姗Hg比(68.8±20.2)mm Hg,P＜0.01].②血压变异性比较:B组24 h收缩压变异性和舒张压变异性均高于A组[(13.5±3.9)mm Hg比(11.3±2.1)mm Hg和(9.2±1.2)mm Hg比(8.3±1.8)mm Hg,P＜0.05],B组夜间的收缩压与舒张压变异性均高于A组[(14.9±3.3)mm Hg比(9.3±2.1)mm Hg和(9.7±2.4)mm Hg比(8.0±2.2)mm Hg,P＜0.01)].③血压趋势比较:A组血压趋势以非勺型为多,占64.3%(18/28),反勺型占10.7%(3/28);而B组反勺型占48.0%(12/25),非勺型占40.0%(10/25).结论 肾性因素参与的高血压患者血压趋势紊乱,夜间血压及变异性明显增加,均可成为肾功能继续恶化和心脑血管事件发生的重要因素.     

Use of moxonidine in elderly patients with resistant hypertension

BACKGROUND: Treatment of hypertension in the elderly people reduces the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Effective treatment often will require the use of two or more antihypertensive agents. Elderly people are at increased risk of adverse events from medication because of physiological changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, polypharmacy and drug interactions. They might not tolerate conventional add-on regimens of antihypertensives as a result. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the use of the I1-imidazoline receptor agonist moxonidine as an 'add-on' agent in elderly patients with resistant hypertension. METHODS: We investigated the safety and efficacy of moxonidine (200-400 microg) in a group of elderly patients whose blood pressure (BP) control remained poor despite treatment with two or more antihypertensives. BP was assessed by ambulatory BP monitoring with Spacelabs oscillometric equipment (Model 90207) before and after 6 weeks of treatment with moxonidine used as an 'add-on' agent with the patients normal medication. RESULTS: Following treatment with moxonidine, the mean daytime systolic BP fell from 169.2 to 153.8 mmHg, a significant reduction of 15.4 +/- 8.9 mmHg (P = 0.003). The mean daytime diastolic BP fell from 91.6 to 84.2 mmHg, a reduction of 7.4 +/- 5.8 mmHg (P = 0.017). For the night-time readings, the systolic BP fell from 151.1 to 141.2 mmHg, a reduction of 9.3 +/- 9.3 mmHg (P = 0.05). The corresponding diastolic fall in BP was not significant (77.9-74.7 mmHg). The 24 h-readings showed a significant reduction in the mean systolic BP from 163.0 to 148.6 mmHg (P = 0.004). The mean diastolic BP also fell significantly from 87.2 to 80.2 mmHg (P = 0.013). Clinical BP readings also showed a significant reduction from 195.9 +/- 19.6 to 174 +/- 17.8 mmHg (P = 0.002) and 103.6 +/- 9.5 to 99.0 +/- 12.4 mmHg (P = 0.013) for systolic and diastolic readings respectively. Moxonidine was well tolerated in 11 of the14 patients. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that moxonidine might have a place as an 'add-on' treatment in elderly patients whose hypertension is poorly controlled despite treatment with two or more antihypertensive agents.     

Differential time effect profiles of amlodipine, as compared to valsartan, revealed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, self blood pressure measurements and dose omission protocol

Amlodipine and valsartan are once-daily antihypertensive agents. To date, no comparison between these agents given as monotherapies was reported. This study was aimed to evaluate the therapeutic coverage and safety of amlodipine and valsartan in mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients. Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, comparative study. After a 4-week placebo wash-out period, 246 outpatients with office diastolic blood pressure 95 < or = DBP < or =110 mmHg and systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 180 mmHg, in addition to a mean daytime SBP and/or DBP > 135/85 mmHg on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), were randomly allocated to once-daily amlodipine 5-10 mg or valsartan 40-80 mg, for 12 weeks. In a subgroup of patients, 48-h ABPM were performed at the end of the treatment period. Dose omission was simulated by a single-blind placebo dosing. The primary efficacy end-point was the 24-h trough office BP after 12 weeks of active therapy. The reductions in 24-h trough BP were more pronounced in amlodipine compared with valsartan group as well in office [SBP: -17.8 +/- 10.9 vs. -14.6 +/- 11.2, P = 0.025, DBP: -12.7 +/- 7.2 vs. -10.9 +/- 7.8 mmHg, P = 0.06) as in ambulatory BP (SBP/DBP: -13.0 +/- 13.7/-10.8 +/- 9.1 vs. -7.2 +/- 19.4/-4.9 +/- 13.4 mmHg, P < 0.05). Forty-eight hours after the last active dose, the slope of the morning BP surge (4-9 h) was less steep with amlodipine vs. valsartan [DBP (P < 0.04), SBP (n.s.)]. Ankle edema were more often reported in amlodipine group. These results suggest a superior BP lowering and a longer duration of action with amlodipine compared with valsartan.     

慢性肾脏病非透析患者血压昼夜节律与甲状旁腺素关系的研究

目的 观察慢性肾脏病非透析患者24小时血压动态变化,探讨血压昼夜节律异常与甲状旁腺素的关系.方法 随机选择承德市中心医院肾内科非透析的慢性肾脏病患者130例.动态血压监测采用携带式动态血压检测仪进行检测及数据分析.24小时平均血压≥130/80 mmHg(1 mmHg＝0.133 kPa)为高血压组102例,＜130/80mmHg为正常血压组28例.同时检测血常规及血肌酐、尿素、血钙、血磷、甲状旁腺素、白蛋白等生化指标.结果 正常血压组夜间收缩压下降率、夜间舒张压下降率、杓型血压比例[M(QR)]分别为6.8(7.3)％、7.3(7.5)％、8(28.6)％,高血压组夜间收缩压下降率、夜间舒张压下降率、杓型血压比例分别为4.2(9.0)％、1.7(7.1)％、25(24.5)％,两组间夜间舒张压下降率差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.01),但夜间收缩压下降率和杓型血压比例在两组间的差异无统计学意义.在高血压组平均舒张压≥90 mmHg的63例患者中夜间收缩压下降率为5.4(10.5)％,血全段甲状旁腺激素为(168.12±113.87) ng/L,两者呈负相关(r=-0.414,P＜0.05).在正常血压组28例中,夜间收缩压下降率和夜间舒张压下降率均和年龄呈负相关(r =-0.690,r=-0.631,均P＜0.01).在高血压组102例中,夜间舒张压下降率和重组人红细胞生成素用量呈负相关(r＝-0.430,P＜0.05).结论 慢性肾脏病非透析患者血压节律异常与血甲状旁腺素呈负相关;还与年龄、重组人红细胞生成素用量等因素有关.     

ABPM comparison of the anti-hypertensive profiles of telmisartan and enalapril in patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension

In this multicentre, prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint (PROBE) study, the efficacy of 12 weeks' treatment with once-daily telmisartan 40-80 mg and enalapril 10-20 mg was evaluated using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in 522 patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. Patients were titrated to the higher dose of study drug at week 6 if mean seated diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was > or = 90 mmHg. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in ambulatory DBP in the last 6 h of the 24-h dosing interval after 12 weeks' treatment. Telmisartan and enalapril produced similar reductions from baseline in DBP and systolic blood pressure (SBP) over all ABPM periods evaluated (last 6 h, 24-h, daytime and night-time). Telmisartan produced a significantly greater reduction in mean seated trough DBP, measured unblinded with an automated ABPM device in the clinic, amounting to a difference of -2.02 mmHg (P < 0.01). A significantly greater proportion of patients achieved a seated diastolic response with telmisartan than enalapril (59% versus 50%; P < 0.05), also measured with the same ABPM device. Both treatments were well tolerated. Compared with telmisartan, enalapril was associated with a higher incidence of cough (8.9% versus 0.8%) and hypotension (3.9% versus 1.1%). Therefore, telmisartan may provide better long-term compliance and, consequently, better blood pressure control than enalapril.     

24-h Systolic blood pressure and heart rate recordings in lean and obese adolescents

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the hypothesis that differences in day and night-time systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) recordings were smaller in obese versus lean children and adolescents, and whether measurements obtained during a school week or during weekends or holidays influenced these nocturnal falls. We also wanted to determine whether the results were influenced by gender. METHODS: Ambulatory 24-h BP and HR measurements were performed in 80 subjects, 51 girls and 29 boys. Lean (n = 25) and obese (n = 55) subjects were classified according to body mass index (BMI)-standard deviation (SD) criteria. Forty-eight subjects had their 24-h recordings performed during a school week and 32 during leisure time. RESULTS: The SBP nocturnal dipping response was less pronounced in obese subjects (16.2 +/- 6.3 mmHg) compared with lean controls (21.1 +/- 5.7 mmHg) (P < 0.01) of which the girls constituted most of the difference. HR change between day and night was similar in both groups being approximately 15 b/min. A small but statistical negative correlation was observed between BMI-SD and nocturnal fall in SBP (r = -0.3, P = 0.0065). In all subjects, regardless of BMI-SD, daytime SBP was higher when readings were obtained during a school week (123 +/- 7 mmHg) than during weekends or holidays (119 +/- 7 mmHg) (P = 0.029). CONCLUSION: Obese children and adolescents showed smaller nocturnal falls in SBP compared with lean subjects. This pattern may cause increased cardiovascular loading; thus, it may reflect an early sign of high blood pressure development and adds to cardiovascular risk in young obese individuals.     

A placebo-controlled comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of candesartan cilexetil, 8 mg, and losartan, 50 mg, as monotherapy in patients with essential hypertension, using 36-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

This double-blind, randomised, controlled study compared the efficacy of candesartan cilexetil 8 mg (n = 87) and losartan 50 mg (n = 89), once daily for 6 weeks, relative to placebo (n = 80) in patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension (diastolic blood pressure (DBP): 95-115 mmHg). Ambulatory BP measurements were done every 15 min over 36 h. At the end of the 6-week treatment, the mean change in DBP between the baseline and the 0-24-h period after the last dose of study medication was greater in patients receiving candesartan cilexetil 8 mg (-7.3 mmHg +/- 6.9 mmHg) compared with losartan 50 mg (-5.1 mmHg +/- 4.9 mmHg) (p < 0.05) or placebo (0.3 mmHg +/- 6.5 mmHg) (p < 0.001). The mean change in systolic BP (SBP) during this time was greater in patients receiving candesartan cilexetil 8 mg (-10.8 mmHg +/- 11.3 mmHg), or losartan 50 mg (-8.8 mmHg +/- 8.9 mmHg) than placebo (1.2 mmHg +/- 9.9 mmHg) (p < 0.001). Candesartan cilexetil 8 mg was associated with a greater reduction in DBP and SBP, relative to placebo, when compared with losartan 50 mg, during both daytime and night-time, and between 12 and 24 h after dosing (p < 0.001). Both active treatments were well tolerated. In patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension, candesartan cilexetil 8 mg therefore had greater, more consistent antihypertensive efficacy throughout the day and the night, and long-lasting efficacy after the last dose, compared with losartan 50 mg. This greater efficacy is maintained with an excellent tolerability associated with members of the angiotensin Il type 1-receptor blocker class.     

Usefulness of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Pregnancy in type 1 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of developing pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has been used to screen for preeclampsia in nondiabetic pregnancy. To date, there are no data regarding ABPM during pregnancy in normotensive type 1 diabetic women. This study sought to establish blood pressure (BP) profiles for pregnant type 1 diabetic women using ABPM and determine whether the BP pattern can define a population at risk for developing PIH. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: ABPM was carried out for one 24-h period during each trimester--in the first trimester between weeks 7 and 12, in the second trimester between weeks 20 and 24, and in the third trimester between weeks 30 and 34--in 22 normotensive pregnant type 1 diabetic and 10 pregnant nondiabetic women. RESULTS: The incidence of PIH was fourfold greater in type 1 diabetic women than in control subjects. Diabetic women showed higher daily diastolic BP in the third trimester compared with nondiabetic pregnant women. Diabetic women who developed PIH in the third trimester showed significantly higher BP profiles throughout gestation than those who remained normotensive. Receiver operator characteristics curves for nighttime systolic BP showed the best predictive capacity for PIH, with a cutoff > 105 mmHg (85% sensitivity and 92% specificity). CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms the early increase of BP in patients who will develop PIH and suggests that nighttime systolic BP >105 mmHg in the second trimester is a useful predictor of PIH. ABPM may be useful in screening for PIH in pregnant diabetic women.     

Similarity in amplitude of the nocturnal fall in blood pressure in old and young patients with essential hypertension

The influence of age on the nocturnal fall in blood pressure (BP) was examined in essential hypertensive patients as well as normal subjects. BP was monitored every 5 min for 24 hr by means of a finger volume oscillometric device. Average daytime BP was similar in the 3 age groups [young: less than 40 (years), n = 49, average daytime systolic BP (ASBP) = 132 +/- 20 mmHg, average daytime diastolic BP (ADBP) = 82 +/- 17 mmHg; adult: 40 less than or equal to less than 60, n = 110, ASBP = 127 +/- 19 mmHg, ADBP = 86 +/- 13 mmHg; old: 60 less than or equal to, n = 33, ASBP = 131 +/- 17 mmHg. ADBP = 83 +/- 11, mean +/- S.D.]. The nocturnal fall in BP was observed in all age groups and its amplitude (delta BP = average daytime BP - average nighttime BP) in the old patients (delta SBP = 13 +/- 11 mmHg, delta DBP = 10 + 8 mmHg) was similar to that in the young patients (delta SBP = 11 +/- 8 mmHg, delta DBP = 10 +/- 8 mmHg). The results suggests that information on the nocturnal behavior of BP is valuable in treating aged essential hypertensives to prevent cerebral and/or myocardial ischemia during sleep.     

Circadian blood pressure during the early course of type 1 diabetes. Analysis of 1,011 ambulatory blood pressure recordings in 354 adolescents and young adults.

OBJECTIVE: Little information is available on the early course of hypertension in type 1 diabetes. The aim of our study, therefore, was to document circadian blood pressure profiles in patients with a diabetes duration of up to 20 years and relate daytime and nighttime blood pressure to duration of diabetes, BMI, insulin therapy, and HbA1c. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Ambulatory profiles of 24-h blood pressure were recorded in 354 pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes (age 14.6 +/- 4.2 years, duration of diabetes 5.6 +/- 5.0 years, follow-up for up to 9 years). A total of 1,011 profiles were available for analysis from patients not receiving antihypertensive medication. RESULTS: Although daytime mean systolic pressure was significantly elevated in diabetic subjects (+3.1 mmHg; P < 0.0001), daytime diastolic pressure was not different from from the height- and sex-adjusted normal range (+0.1 mmHg, NS). In contrast, both systolic and diastolic nighttime values were clearly elevated (+7.2 and +4.2 mmHg; P < 0.0001), and nocturnal dipping was reduced (P < 0.0001). Systolic blood pressure was related to overweight in all patients, while diastolic blood pressure was related to metabolic control in young adults. Blood pressure variability was significantly lower in girls compared with boys (P < 0.01). During follow-up, no increase of blood pressure was noted; however, diastolic nocturnal dipping decreased significantly (P < 0.03). Mean daytime blood pressure was significantly related to office blood pressure (r = +0.54 for systolic and r = +0.40 for diastolic pressure); however, hypertension was confirmed by ambulatory blood pressure measurement in only 32% of patients with elevated office blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: During the early course of type 1 diabetes, daytime blood pressure is higher compared with that of healthy control subjects. The elevation of nocturnal values is even more pronounced and nocturnal dipping is reduced. The frequency of white-coat hypertension is high among adolescents with diabetes, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring avoids unnecessary antihypertensive treatment.     

Effect of losartan plus hydrochlorothiazide on nitric oxide status in 'nondipper' hypertensive patients

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of losartan (100 mg) plus hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ; 25 mg) on nitric oxide (NO) production and blood pressure (BP) in "nondipper" severe hypertensive patients. Twelve hypertensive "nondipper patients" (6 of each gender) with sitting systolic/diastolic BP of 188.0 +/- 5.2/116.2 +/- 1.2 mm Hg were studied by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) after daily administration of 100 mg losartan plus 25 mg HCTZ for a period of 12 weeks. Office and mean 24-hour, as well as mean awake- and sleep-time systolic/diastolic BP, serum NO levels, and urinary excretion of NO were measured after the placebo period (3 weeks) and after 12 weeks of therapy. At the end of the 12-week treatment period, the mean 24-hour systolic/diastolic BP decreased significantly from 158.6 +/- 4.7/102.2 +/- 2.6 mm Hg (placebo period) to 140.3 +/- 4.8/90.9 +/- 3.3 mm Hg (P = 0.001/< or = 0.002). The mean BP (systolic/diastolic) during the waking period was reduced from 159.3 +/- 4.4/103.0 +/- 2.5 mm Hg to 135.0 +/- 4.4/88.2 +/- 3.1 (P < or = 0.007/P < or = 0.002), whereas the mean BP (systolic/diastolic) during the sleeping hours changed from 154.9 +/- 5.3/98.9 +/- 3.1 to 140.9 +/- 4.6 (P = 0.035)/91.7 +/- 3.2 mm Hg (P = 0.035/P = 0.051). Serum NO levels increased from 40.89 +/- 5.69 microM/L (placebo period) to 67.35 +/- 6.96 microM/L (posttreatment; P < or = 0.007), whereas the 24-hour urinary NO excretion did not change significantly (69.71 +/- 3.68 microM/L [placebo period] vs 79.64 +/- 4.25 microM/L [posttreatment]; P < or = 0.16). Urinary clearance of NO also did not change. Serum NO levels increased significantly without a significant change in urinary NO excretion. BP was significantly reduced but without modifying the nondipper pattern in these patients.     

Effects of α, β–blocker, arotinolol chloride, on 24–h blood pressure–difference between elderly and younger hypertensive patients

To assess the effect of age on the circadian blood pressure (BP) after an α, β–adrenergic blocker, the ambulatory BP was measured before and after arotinolol chloride administration in nine younger (mean age 491 years) and 14 older (721 years) patients with essential hypertension. After a 4–week control period, arotinolol chloride was administered twice daily (08:00 and 20:00 hours) for 8 weeks and the ambulatory BP was measured non–invasively at the end of the control and treatment period. Arotinolol significantly reduced the daytime systolic BP from 1523 to 1409 mmHg (P < 005) and night–time systolic BP from 1373 to 1223 mmHg (P < 001) in the younger hypertensive patients. In contrast, in the older group, the night–time systolic BP did not show a significant change, although the daytime systolic BP was significantly reduced from 1550 to 1422 mmHg (P < 002). Diastolic BP in both groups was significantly reduced by arotinolol during the day and night. Night–time reduction of BP was significantly less in the older group (– 86 vs –151 mmHg for the systolic pressure P < 001; – 58 vs –98 mmHg for the diastolic pressure P <001).     

Antihypertensive effect of oral potassium aspartate supplementation in mild to moderate arterial hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies showed that potassium chloride (48-120 mmol/day) supplementation reduced arterial blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to evaluate the effect of a lower dose of potassium aspartate salt on BP in individuals with essential arterial hypertension. METHODS: One hundred and four patients (65 males, age 53 +/- 12 years) with mild to moderate essential hypertension (systolic/diastolic BP 154.2/96.2 +/- 10.8/5.4 mmHg) were allocated in two comparable groups of 52 to receive or not 30 mmol/day per os of potassium aspartate supplementation for four weeks. Office and 24-h BP, as well as serum and urinary electrolytes, were measured at baseline and at the follow-up visit after four weeks. RESULTS: Office and 24-h BP did not change in the control group, while these values were significantly reduced in the potassium supplementation group. Changes in office (systolic BP: 154.4 +/- 8.2 vs. 142.2 +/- 7.6 mmHg; diastolic BP: 95.0 +/- 5.6 vs. 87.2 +/- 4.3 mmHg, P < 0.001 for both) and 24-h BP (systolic BP: 142.7 +/- 8.2 vs. 134.8 +/- 6.3 mmHg; diastolic BP: 90.8 +/- 4.4 vs. 84.6 +/- 3.8 mmHg, P < 0.001 for both) following potassium supplementation were highly significant. The changes in day time and night time BP were similar. The treated group showed significantly increased potassium serum level and 24-h urinary excretion of potassium (P < 0.01 in both cases) after four weeks, while the untreated group showed no significant changes of the same parameters. Urinary Na/K ratio decreased significantly with potassium supplementation (P < 0.001). In the treated group changes in office (r = 0.58, P < 0.001) and 24-h SBP (r = 0.51, P < 0.001), but not in DBP (r = 0.29 and r = 0.25, n.s.), correlated positively with the urinary Na/K ratio at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: A relatively low supplementation of 30 mmol/day of potassium as aspartate lowered office and 24-h ambulatory BP in subjects with mild to moderate essential hypertension. The antihypertensive effect was sustained throughout the day, and was greater in the patients with high basal urinary Na/K ratio.     

强化超滤对老年维持性血液透析患者高血压的影响

目的 观察通过强化超滤以进一步降低干体质量对老年维持性血液透析患者高血压的影响.方法 老年维持性血液透析合并高血压患者34名分为对照组和超滤组.对照组维持常规血液透析及常规超滤.超滤组维持常规血液透析,并持续缓慢增加超滤量,降低干体质量.观察持续28周,比较2组患者干体质量和血压的变化. 结果 基点处2组患者干体质量基本相同[(64.81±13.26)Kg和(64.49±13.83) Kg,t=0.508,P=0.618],透析前收缩压[(155.12±13.77)mmHg和(155.47±9.92) mmHg,t=0.086,P=0.932](1mmHg=0.133Kpa)及舒张压[(78.59±11.41)mmHg和(78.71±10.96) mmHg,t=0.031,P=0.976]未见明显差异(P＞0.05).观察第28周时,2组患者干体重体质量分别为(65.56±13.75)Kg和(62.22±13.34)Kg,较前下降(0.36±1.12)Kg和(2.27±1.03)Kg,超滤组于体质量低于对照组(t=3.785,P=0.002).透析前收缩压为(155.29±12.73) mmHg和(139.82±4.14) mHg,分别和较前下降(0.53±4.57) mmHg和(14.29±10.55) mmHg,超滤组收缩压低于对照组(t=4.767,P=0.000).透析前舒张压分别为(79.12±9.84) mmHg和(68.24±3.57) mmHg,分别较前下降(0.53±4.57) mmHg和(9.00±9.46) mmHg,超滤组舒张压低于对照组(t=4.298,P=0.000). 结论 通过强化超滤降低干体质量,有利于老年维持性血液透析患者高血压的控制.     

Effects of a single bout of power exercise training on ambulatory blood pressure in older adults with hypertension: A randomized controlled crossover study

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of a single bout of power exercise training (PT) on office and ambulatory blood pressure (BP).MethodsTwenty-four older adults with essential hypertension participated in two experimental sessions in a randomized order: the PT composed of 3 sets of 8–10 repetitions in 5 power training exercises and the non-exercise control at seated rest (Con). Both experimental sessions lasted 40 min. Office BP was measured continuously for 1 h in the laboratory and 24 h BP through ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.ResultsCompared with Con, office systolic/diastolic BP decreased after PT (Systolic BP: 10 mmHg, p < 0.001; Diastolic BP: 4 mmHg, p = 0.015). A trend toward decrease (p = 0.06) was found in diastolic ambulatory BP during daytime (2 mmHg; p = 0.062) and nighttime (3 mmHg; p = 0.063) after PT. No differences were found between PT and Con sessions for systolic and mean ambulatory BP.ConclusionA single bout of PT decreases office BP but this hypotensive effect is not sustained under ambulatory conditions in older patients with essential hypertension.     

The association of peritoneal transport properties with 24-hour blood pressure levels in CAPD patients.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the effects of peritoneal transport characteristics on blood pressure (BP) parameters, measured by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), and on the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and prospective design. SETTING: Tertiary-care center. PATIENTS: 25 CAPD patients (11 male, 14 female; mean age 47 +/- 14 years) were included. Mean time on CAPD was 22.9 +/- 18 months and all patients had been dialyzed for more than 6 months. The patients were divided into high, high-average, low-average, and low transport groups according to peritoneal equilibration test results. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Daytime and nighttime systolic and diastolic BP and left ventricular mass index among the different peritoneal transport groups; changes in BP parameters before and after increase in ultrafiltration. RESULTS: On 24-hour ABPM records, 13 patients (52%) were found to be hypertensive. Both mean systolic and diastolic BP were significantly increased in high-transporter groups compared to low transporters in both daytime and nighttime BP parameters. Left ventricular mass index was higher in high transporters compared to low transporters, without reaching statistical significance: 160 +/- 23 vs 119 +/- 41 g/m2, p > 0.05. Following increase in ultrafiltration, mean systolic (145 +/- 13 vs 128 +/- 5 mmHg, p < 0.001) and diastolic (96 +/- 10 vs 81 +/- 3 mmHg, p < 0.001) BP decreased, and BP levels returned to normotensive levels in 6 (46%) of the 13 hypertensive patients, requiring discontinuation of antihypertensive drugs. CONCLUSION: Improvement in volume status resulted in a decrease in both daytime and nighttime BP. Differences in peritoneal transport properties were associated with the development of hypertension and LVH.     

Early disturbances of ambulatory blood pressure load in normotensive type I diabetic patients with microalbuminuria.

OBJECTIVE--To compare 24-h ABP in normotensive type 1 diabetic patients with and without microalbuminuria. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--The study was a retrospective comparison of cases and matched control subjects. The first phase included 35 type 1 diabetic patients, normotensive by OMS criteria. The 23 patients with normoalbuminuria (< 15 micrograms/min) were compared with 12 patients with microalbuminuria (> or = 15 micrograms/min). In the second phase, the 12 microalbuminuric patients were paired by sex- and age-matched with 12 normoalbuminuric patients and 12 nondiabetic healthy control subjects. We measured casual systolic and diastolic BP and HR, 24-h ABP and AHR (recorded with a Spacelabs automatic recorder), and microalbuminuria. RESULTS--No correlation between microalbuminuria and casual BP was observed. Microalbuminuria was correlated significantly with diastolic 24-h APR and nocturnal systolic and diastolic ABP (r = 0.35, 0.38, and 0.33, respectively; P < 0.05) and with AHR during all time periods (24-h, r = 0.46; day, r = 0.39; night, r = 0.39; P < 0.05). Normo- and microalbuminuric patients did not differ in casual BP and HR. However, microalbuminuric patients had a significant increase in systolic 24-h ABP (119.1 +/- 8.2 vs. 113.1 +/- 8.1, P = 0.05), diastolic 24-h ABP (74.9 +/- 7.5 vs. 70.2 +/- 5.7, P = 0.04), nocturnal systolic ABP (112.8 +/- 7.1 vs. 105.8 +/- 7.9, P = 0.01), and AHR during all time periods. The same results were observed when patients were paired by age and sex. CONCLUSIONS--Normotensive microalbuminuric type 1 patients, although strictly comparable with normoalbuminuric patients for casual BP and HR, have an increased ABP and HR, especially during the night. This difference might reflect dysautonomia. Ambulatory measurement of BP and HR is more appropriate than casual measurements in hemodynamic studies of incipient diabetic nephropathies and could be proposed as an interesting tool for an early prediction of diabetic nephropathy.     

Hypertension: New perspective on its definition and clinical management by bedtime therapy substantially reduces cardiovascular disease risk

Diagnosis of hypertension—elevated blood pressure (BP) associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk—and its management for decades have been based primarily on single time‐of‐day office BP measurements (OBPM) assumed representative of systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) during the entire 24‐hours span. Around‐the‐clock ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), however, reveals BP undergoes 24‐hours patterning characterized in normotensives and uncomplicated hypertensives by striking morning‐time rise, 2 daytime peaks—one ~2‐3 hours after awakening and the other early evening, small midafternoon nadir and 10‐20% decline (BP dipping) in the asleep BP mean relative to the wake‐time BP mean. A growing number of outcome trials substantiate correlation between BP and target organ damage, vascular and other risks is greater for the ABPM‐derived asleep BP mean, independent and stronger predictor of CVD risk, than daytime OBPM or ABPM‐derived awake BP. Additionally, bedtime hypertension chronotherapy, that is, ingestion of ≥1 conventional hypertension medications at bedtime to achieve efficient attenuation of asleep BP, better reduces total CVD events by 61% and major events (CVD death, myocardial infarction, ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke) by 67%—even in more vulnerable chronic kidney disease, diabetes and resistant hypertension patients—than customary on‐awaking therapy that targets wake‐time BP. Such findings of around‐the‐clock ABPM and bedtime hypertension outcome trials, consistently indicating greater importance of asleep BP than daytime OBPM or ambulatory awake BP, call for a new definition of true arterial hypertension plus modern approaches for its diagnosis and management.     

Headache in Patients with Hypertension

SYNOPSIS
The relationship between high blood pressure and headache (HA) was assessed retrospectively among 241 patients attending a hypertension clinic. HA was common (45.6%), particularly among women (68%). Patients with systolic blood pressure higher than 170 mmHg andor diastolic blood pressure higher than 110 mmHg had nocturnal andor early morning HA more often. Fifty-four subjects became HA free during antihypertensive therapy. Their blood pressure (BP) decrease was significantly greater than the BP fall of those whose HA did not disappear with treatment. Nocturnal and early morning HA may be a symptom of hypertension in subjects with markedly elevated BP, and control of BP may be beneficial in some hypertensive patients.     

动态动脉硬化指数与血压变异性的关系

目的 研究原发性高血压患者的动态动脉硬化指数(Ambulatory arterial stiffness index,AASI)与血压变异性(blood pressure variability,BPV)的关系.方法 随机选择120例原发性高血压患者进行动态血压监测,测定BPV、AASI.结果 AASI与24小时平均收缩压(r=0.231,P＜0.001)、24小时舒张压标准差(r=-0.132,P＜0.01)、24小时收缩压变异性(r=-0.13,P＜0.01)、24小时舒张压变异性(r=-0.21,P＜0.01)及勺型血压(r=-0.13,P＜0.01)有明显的相关性.AASI与24小时平均收缩压(β=0.018,P＜0.001)、24小时舒张压标准差(β=-0.011,P＜0.01)、24小时收缩压变异性(β=0.036,P＜0.01)、24小时舒张压变异性(β=-0.01,P＜0.01)、勺型血压(β=-0.15,P＜0.01)、及左心室质量指数(β=0.022,P=0.034)之间有线性回归关系.结论 AASI与BPV之间有明显的相关性.