Systemic antioxidant defences during acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND: Existence of an increased oxidative stress has been confirmed in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD. This study aims to examine the extent and time-course of antioxidant defence in patients with an acute exacerbation of COPD in comparison with stable patients. METHODS: Twelve patients with acute exacerbation were studied at admission, and then 24 h and 48 h following admission and at discharge. The antioxidants assessed were the endogenous antioxidants: glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, oxidized and reduced glutathione, albumin and exogenous antioxidants: alpha-tocopherol and retinol. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity as a marker of antioxidant status was also measured. RESULTS: There was an increase in glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase 48 h after admission (P<0.05). Alpha-tocopherol was the lowest 24 h after admission and increased significantly at discharge (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is an increase in antioxidant defence during acute exacerbation of COPD reaching a maximum at 48 h after admission. This rise in the antioxidant defence is not sufficient to prevent depletion of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as alpha-tocopherol.     

维生素D缺乏与慢性阻塞性肺疾病

维生素D除了调节钙磷代谢外,近年来大量证据表明它还通过调节炎症因子、氧化应激,以及气道重塑等影响COPD的发展过程。此外,维生素D还能加强呼吸道上皮抗菌肽的表达而产生重要的先天免疫,能够减少病原体负荷和阻塞性肺疾病急性加重的频度。COPD患者的维生素D缺乏经常发生,而且与疾病严重程度相关,因此,严重的COPD患者应该补充维生素D。     

血清25-羟基维生素D缺乏与AECOPD临床分级的相关性研究

目的 研究血清25-羟基维生素D[25(OH)D]水平与慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AEC0PD)临床分级的相关性.方法 收集2017年11月至2019年10月就诊我院急诊科的AECOPD患者(观察组)及同期呼吸科门诊就诊的COPD稳定期(对照组)患者各120例的临床资料,入组后24小时内测定两组的血清25(OH)D水...     

维生素D缺乏与慢性阻塞性肺疾病

维生素D对钙磷代谢具有调节作用,并对骨骼健康会产生影响。但是维生素D及其代谢物广泛的生理作用远不只是对骨骼的生物学效应,许多生理过程都直接或间接受维生素D调节。近年来,维生素D在骨质代谢和钙调节之外的作用越来越受到重视。慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是一种进行性呼吸功能减退的呼吸道疾病,在老年人群中发病率很高。有研究表明,COPD的严重程度与维生素D缺乏相关。本文的主要目的是提高医务工作者对维生素D与COPD相关性的认识,并评估补充维生素D对减轻COPD患者病情的潜在作用。     

Outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective

To evaluate an entirely outpatient-based program of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD, using St.George’s Respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ), the 6-minutes walking test (6-MWT) and BODE index as the primary outcome measures.

Methods

A prospective, parallel-group controlled study of an outpatient rehabilitation program in 80 patients with COPD (67 men and 13 women; mean age 64.8 ± 10.6 years; FEV₁, 42.8% ± 7.6% of the predicted value. The active group (n = 40) took part in a 14-week rehabilitation program [3 h/wk, 1.5 h of education and exercise and 1.5 h of cycling]. The control group (n = 40) was reviewed routinely as medical outpatients. The following evaluations were carried out at study entry and after14 weeks: (1) pulmonary function studies; (2) 6-minutes walking test 6MWT; (3) quality of life; and (4) BODE index.

Results

The following patients completed the study: 35 patients (87.5%) from the active group (mean age, 63.7 ± 11.9 years; mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁), 41.9 ± 2.6% of the predicted value); and 36 patients (88%) from the control group (mean age, 65.9 ± 10.3 years; mean FEV₁, 43.33 ± 3.6% of the predicted value). We found no changes in pulmonary function parameters in the active group and the control one at 14weeks. On the other hand, there were significant changes within the components of the SGRQ (12.3 for the score total) for the patients of the active group but not for the patients of the control one (only 1.5 for the score total), we observed also a significant increase in the distance of the 6-MWT in the patients of the active group but not for the patients of the control one, and finally a decrease of two points (from 6 to 4) was noted in the score of the active group’s BODE index without any change in the control group’s one.

Conclusion

An outpatient-based of 14-week rehabilitation program significantly improved the quality of life and exercise tolerance without any change in the pulmonary function in patients with moderate COPD, and there was also a large decrease in the risk of death in rehabilitated patients as measured using the BODE index.     

乙酰半胱氨酸泡腾片治疗AECOPD的疗效观察

目的观察乙酰半胱氨酸泡腾片辅助治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的疗效。方法将所选患者分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组46例,对照组44组。治疗组在常规治疗基础上加服乙酰半胱氨酸泡腾片,每次600 mg,每日两次,共十天。对照组给予抗感染应用β受体激动剂,糖皮质激素,茶碱类,甘草片等常规治疗。结果治疗组和对照组有效率分别为93.5%,77.3%。两组疗效差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论乙酰半胱氨酸泡腾片能明显改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者的临床症状,缩短疗程,改善预后。     

AECOPD患者T淋巴细胞免疫的变化观察

目的对老年COPD急性加重期患者T淋巴细胞免疫的变化及免疫干预效果进行探讨。方法选择AECOPD患者50例为COPD组;同期在我院健康体检中心体检的30例健康老年患者作为健康对照组。将COPD组患者随机分为观察组和对照组,对照组患者采用常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗基础上,给予普利莫口服。治疗2周后,对两组患者T淋巴细胞免疫变化进行比较。结果 (1)COPD患者急性发作期CD3+、CD4+水平、CD4+/CD8+比值均低于健康对照组,P<0.05;(2)治疗后,观察组患者CD3+水平、CD4+水平及CD4+/CD8+比值明显升高,与治疗前及对照组相比,P<0.05。结论老年AECOPD患者存在细胞免疫功能紊乱,给予免疫调节药物治疗可改善其免疫功能,增强机体抵抗力。     

乳酸阈测定在中重度COPD患者康复治疗中的应用价值

目的观察乳酸阈测定在中重度COPD患者康复治疗中的应用价值。方法选择32例中重度COPD患者行6min步行试验,于试验前后分别测定血乳酸水平,观察低氧血症发生情况。结果试验后血乳酸浓度、心率、肺动脉收缩压较试验前显著增高（P〈0.001）,SpO2显著降低（P〈0.01）;9例出现低氧血症,其血乳酸浓度及肺动脉收缩压显著升高,6min步行距离显著缩短。Pearson相关分析显示,血乳酸与肺动脉收缩压呈正相关,与SpO2呈负相关（r=0.515和-0.575,P均〈0.01）。结论血乳酸浓度是评价中重度COPD患者康复治疗运动强度的重要指标。     

Retinoic acid receptor alpha: One of plasma biomarkers associated with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background: Exacerbation of COPD is a major risk factor for bad prognosis of COPD. A few plasma proteins have been discovered to associate with hospital admission due to exacerbation up to date. We tried to find new plasma biomarkers to predict the exacerbation of COPD. Methods: We examined the plasma of normal control (n = 8) and COPD stable (n = 8) and exacerbation (n = 8) using 2-Dimentional Electrophoresis. The differentially expressed protein spots were identified by MALDI-TOF. ELISA were performed for quantitative measurement of RARα in plasma from normal control (n = 37) and COPD (n = 35). Results: 17 proteins were differentially expressed in plasma between stable and exacerbation state in the subjects with COPD. Identification using MALDI-TOF showed that retinoic acid receptor alpha, ninein, isoform CRA_a, alpha-1 antitrypsin, fibrinogen gamma, tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2, and T cell receptor delta chain were increased in exacerbation of COPD, while fibrin beta, Crystal Structure Of An Autoimmune Complex Between A Human Igm RF* And Igg1 Fc, transferrin, serpin peptidase inhibitor member 6, complement factor B preproprotein, Chain B, Crig Bound To C3c, and WD repeat-containing protein 1 isoform 1 were decreased. Quantitative measurement showed that RARα plasma levels significantly increased in exacerbation state compared to stable state of COPD (n = 14). In the plasma of stable state, the COPD subjects (n = 14) having more than 0.4 time/yr of admission had very high levels of RAR alpha protein and those (n = 11) having less than 0.4 times/yr of admission had the intermediate levels compared to those having no exacerbation (n = 10). ROC analysis of RAR alpha levels to frequency of admission showed an area under the curve of 0.844. A cut-off of 0.154 ng/ml of RAR alpha predicted hospital admission with a sensitivity of 71.4% and a specificity of 92.8%. Conclusion: The proteomic analysis of plasma indicates that alteration of several proteins may be associated with admission of COPD. Among them, plasma RAR alpha level may predict hospital admission with a sensitivity of 71.4% and a specificity of 92.8%.     

Review of ventilatory techniques to optimize mechanical ventilation in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major global healthcare problem. Studies vary widely in the reported frequency of mechanical ventilation in acute exacerbations of COPD. Invasive intubation and mechanical ventilation may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. A good understanding of the airway pathophysiology and lung mechanics in COPD is necessary to appropriately manage acute exacerbations and respiratory failure. The basic pathophysiology in COPD exacerbation is the critical expiratory airflow limitation with consequent dynamic hyperinflation. These changes lead to further derangement in ventilatory mechanics, muscle function and gas exchange which may result in respiratory failure. This review discusses the altered respiratory mechanics in COPD, ways to detect these changes in a ventilated patient and formulating ventilatory techniques to optimize management of respiratory failure due to exacerbation of COPD.     

PSI评分和CURB-65评分对急诊慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重合并肺部感染患者预后的评估价值

【】 目的 研究肺炎严重程度指数(PSI)和 CURB-65评分对于评价慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期( chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with acute exacerbation,AECOPD)合并肺部感染患者病情及预后评估的价值。 方法 选取 2014年1月至2015年12月北京市垂杨柳医院急诊科就诊留观及入住EICU的107例AECOPD患者, 随机分为PSI组和CURB-65组。就诊24小时内分别进行CURB-65 和PSI评分。每组再以评分分为低危组、中危组和高危组。以28天为观察终点,分别观察患者的有效率、机械通气率、死亡率,比较各亚组差别。对比研究两种评分系统判断AECOPD患者病情及预后的灵敏性特异性。结果107例AECOPD患者,两种评分系统均显示低中危组的有效率、住院天数、机械通气率、死亡率明显低于高危组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。PSI有效率低中高危组分别为85.01%和58.82%、 25.00%,机械通气发生率PSI低中高危组分别为0%和35.29%、 93.752%。 死亡率PSI 低 中 高危组分别为0%和11.78%、 68.75%。 CURB-65组,有效率低中高危组分别为76.91%和76.92%、 21.73%,机械通气率低中高危组分别为2.7%和15.38%、 56.52%。死亡率分别为 0%和15.38%、 65.21%。低高危组亚组间差异无统计学意义,但中高危组两评分组治疗有效率和机械通气率、年龄比较有统计学差异(P < 0.05) 。用ROC 曲线对两种评分方法对 AECOPD 患者预后预测价值研究发现,采用 CURB-65 评分对 AECOPD 患者的预后绘制ROC 曲线,结果曲线下面积AUC =0．842,采用PSI评分法对 AECOPD 患者的预后绘制ROC 曲线,结果曲线下面积AUC =0．914,两种评分方法的 AUC 值比较差异无显著性,表明两种评分系统均可有效预测 AECOPD 患者预后,且预测准确度基本一致。 结论 PSI和CURB-65 评分系统均能较准确的反映AECOPD患者的病情严重程度和判断预后。但PSI评分系统在预测中危患者时准确度低于CURB-65,CURB-65评分高危患者年龄大于PSI组患者,提示鉴别较年轻患者PSI优于CURB-65,但CURB-65更加简便,可以快速判断患者预后。     

动态观察C反应蛋白在AECOPD的临床意义

目的探讨C反应蛋白（CRP）在慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期（AECOPD）患者治疗中的临床意义。方法对65例COPD急性加重期患者入院治疗后第2天及感染控制后采血,测定CRP、白细胞计数,中性粒细胞百分比,血沉,同时观察患者体温,并进行比较。结果COPD急性加重期患者在感染期CRP浓度显著高于感染控制后（P〈0．01）,且CRP的阳性率明显高于白细胞计数,中性粒细胞百分比,血沉,体温。结论CRP有助于COPD急性加重期的早期发现,并可作为判断疗效的指标之一。     

Predictors of 6-month mortality in elderly patients with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease discharged from a medical ward after acute nonacidotic exacerbation

OBJECTIVES: To identify clinical outcomes and variables associated with 6‐month mortality in very elderly patients admitted for nonacidotic acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: General medicine acute care ward. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred forty‐four elderly patients with COPD (mean age±standard deviation 82±7, 55.7% female) admitted to the hospital because of non‐acidotic AECOPD. MEASUREMENTS: Cognitive and mood status and physiological variables were measured. Self‐reported comorbidities were assessed using the Charlson Comorbidity Index. In‐hospital and long‐term mortality and clinical outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: At admission, this elderly population with AECOPD had low cognitive performance (mean Mini‐Mental State Examination score 21±5), no presence of significant depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale score 4±3), good nutritional status (body mass index (BMI) 25.1±5.5), moderate comorbidity (Charlson Comorbidity Index 4.0±1.9), high functional disability (Barthel Index (BI) 52±34), and moderate severity of acute exacerbation (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score 9.7±4.2). Two hundred twenty‐five inpatients with AECOPD were successfully discharged, whereas 15 were transferred to the intensive care unit, and four died in the hospital. The 6‐month cumulative mortality rate in discharged patients with AECOPD was 20%. Multivariate Cox analysis shows that lower BMI (β=?0.16; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.73–0.99), higher APACHE II score (β=0,17; 95% CI=1.03–1.36), and lower BI at discharge (β=?0.02; 95% CI=0.96–0.99) were independently associated with 6‐month mortality. CONCLUSION: Malnutrition, severity of exacerbation and disability status could be identified as risk factors associated with 6‐month mortality of elderly patients admitted for nonacidotic AECOPD.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并贫血的临床分析

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者合并贫血的临床意义.方法选取AECOPD住院患者病例99例,记录患者性别,年龄、住院时间、血常规、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血清白蛋白、动脉血气、肺功能,身高、体质量、严重程度分级、呼吸机使用情况等临床指标.以COPD患者是否贫血分为两组,回顾性分析红细胞参数,FEV...     

AECOPD患者C反应蛋白检测的临床意义

目的 检测并分析AECOPD病人C反应蛋白治疗前后的变化,探讨其动态变化的临床价值.方法 选择42例AECOPD患者,检测其在治疗前及使用抗生素后10~14天的CRP水平,分析这些指标的变化情况,并分析其与白细胞总数及中性粒细胞比例的相关性.结果 在急性加重期CRP水平明显升高(57.224±54.86552 mg/L),而治疗后迅速下降(10.3976±15.1405 mg/L),其变化差异具有统计学意义,且与白细胞总数及中性粒细胞比例具有显著相关性,此外CRP与预后具有正相关,抗感染疗程及住院时间有随CRP增高而延长趋势.结论 CRP检测对COPD急性加重期感染的诊断及疗效观察、预后判定具有一定的辅助诊断意义.     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期营养不良干预与治疗的意义

目的探讨营养不良干预与治疗在老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者中的应用价值。方法入选辽宁省金秋医院呼吸内科2015年8月至2016年8月收治的62例老年AECOPD合并营养不良或营养不良风险患者,按意愿分为营养治疗组及对照组,各31例,治疗8周。两组均给予常规抗感染及对症治疗;营养治疗组给予专业的营养咨询、营养教育及肠内营养支持,对照组给予普通饮食指导。比较两组治疗前后的体质量指数(BMI)、肱三头肌皮褶厚度(TSF)、上臂围长(MAC)及血清总蛋白(TP)、血清白蛋白(ALB)和血红蛋白(Hb)水平等。采用第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV_1)、用力肺活量(FVC)和实测第1秒用力呼气容积与预计第1秒用力呼气容积的比值(实测FEV_1/预计FEV_1)评估患者治疗前后肺功能。采用圣乔治呼吸问卷(SGRQ)评分评估患者治疗前后生活质量。结果治疗后,两组各项营养指标都有所改善(P0.05),但营养治疗组升高幅度更大(P0.05);两组肺功能指标FEV_1、FVC及FEV_1A/FEV_1E均有改善(P0.05),但营养治疗组改善程度更大,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);两组SGRQ总分均显著下降(P0.01),但营养治疗组总分显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论及时合理地干预和治疗老年AECOPD患者的营养不良,能够明显改善患者的营养状况、恢复呼吸功能、提高生活质量。     

Bacterial infection and risk factors in outpatients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 2-year prospective study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) are commonly observed in community-based patients worldwide. The factors causing exacerbation are largely unknown. This study was undertaken to determine the predominant bacterial pathogens cultured from sputum in community-based patients with AECOPD, to assess the risk factors associated with exacerbations and to compare these findings with published studies. METHODS: Forty-five patients with stable COPD were prospectively followed in the outpatients' clinic of King Abdulaziz University Hospital. At the first visit, personal data, CXR and measurement of baseline PEF were obtained from each patient. In the subsequent visits, sputum culture and CXR were carried out during exacerbations. RESULTS: Over a period of 24 months, patients made a total of 139 visits for exacerbations, and 69.8% had a positive sputum culture for a single pathogen. Moraxella catarrhalis (25.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.2%) and Haemophilus influenzae (11.5%) were the most common isolated organisms. Patients with a lower level of baseline PEF had a significantly increased frequency of exacerbations (r = 0.337, P = 0.024). However, there was a weak correlation between exacerbation frequency and duration of COPD and exposure to cigarette smoking. CONCLUSION: There was a higher incidence of Moraxella catarrhalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa than reported in previous studies. These findings should influence antibiotic selection for exacerbations. COPD patients with a low baseline PEF are at a higher risk of having repeated exacerbations and gram-negative pathogens.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者病情加重与昼夜节律的相关性

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(简称慢阻肺)患者病情加重与昼夜节律的相关性。方法对154例慢阻肺患者随访3年,记录每位患者的一般情况和病情加重的情况,分析吸烟、年龄、性别与慢阻肺病情加重昼夜节律的相关性。结果 154例患者共出现急性加重次数1401次,觉醒型512次(36.5%),睡眠型889次(63.5%)。其中82例为睡眠型慢阻肺急性加重患者(53.2%),32例为觉醒型慢阻肺急性加重患者(20.8%),40例为弥散型慢阻肺急性加重(26.0%)。高龄(≥70岁)、吸烟和男性均较低龄(70岁)、非吸烟和女性患者更容易出现夜间病情加重(P0.05)。结论慢阻肺患者病情加重存在昼夜节律性,病情恶化更容易出现在夜间,睡眠型加重患者更为多见,尤其是吸烟、高龄男性。