Comparative effects of toothpaste brushing and toothpaste rinsing on salivary bacterial counts

The persistence of antimicrobial action of compounds and formulations in the mouth can be demonstrated by recording the magnitude and duration of the reduction of salivary bacterial counts following a single application. Such measures of substantivity appear to correlate with the plaque inhibitory properties of antimicrobial agents. For toothpastes, studies on the short-term inhibition of plaque formation use a number of delivery methods to measure the direct effect of the preparation divorced from toothbrushing. Such methods include paste slurries, paste in trays or cap splints. This study determined whether toothbrushing with a toothpaste produced the same effects on salivary bacterial counts compared to rinsing with a slurry. A group of 24 volunteers brushed or rinsed with a slurry of a commercial toothpaste. Each regimen was repeated twice on 4 separate days by all volunteers and salivary bacterial counts recorded at baseline and time periods to 7 hours. There were no significant differences between brushing or slurry rinsing on salivary bacterial counts and each method produced reproducible effects. This supports the use of the slurry method where the direct plaque inhibitory action of an antimicrobial toothpaste is to be assessed; and indicates that both methods equally make available and activate the relevant ingredients in formulations.     

低摩擦抗敏牙膏与非抗敏牙膏菌斑清除效率的比较

目的 评价低摩擦抗敏牙膏与非抗敏牙膏在控制菌斑方面的效果。方法 本试验采用双盲、随机对照方法,选取符合纳入标准的50名受试者,每位受试者随机选取左右一侧使用1号牙膏,另一侧使用2号牙膏,后期揭盲1号牙膏为含8%精氨酸的低摩擦抗敏牙膏,2号牙膏为非抗敏牙膏。记录左右侧分别刷牙15 s、30 s、60 s、120 s时的左右半口牙菌斑指数,统计分析使用2种牙膏后的菌斑指数,评价低摩擦抗敏牙膏在控制菌斑方面的效果。结果 在单侧刷牙60 s内非抗敏牙膏菌斑清除效率高于低摩擦抗敏牙膏,但在120 s后两者菌斑清除效率无统计学差异。结论 使用低摩擦抗敏牙膏刷牙超过120 s,可以达到与非抗敏牙膏相同的菌斑清除效果。     

Comparative effect of a stannous fluoride toothpaste and a sodium fluoride toothpaste on a multispecies biofilm

ObjectivesThis paper aimed to compare the mode of action of a stannous fluoride-containing toothpaste with a conventional sodium fluoride-containing toothpaste on anti-biofilm properties.MethodsA three-species biofilm model that consists of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis and Porphyromonas gingivalis was established to compare the anti-biofilm properties of a stannous fluoride-containing toothpaste (CPH), a conventional sodium fluoride-containing toothpaste (CCP) and a negative control (PBS). The 48 h biofilms were subjected to two-minute episodes of treatment with test agents twice a day for 5 consecutive days. Crystal violet staining and XTT assays were used to evaluate the biomass and viability of the treated biofilm. Live/dead staining and bacteria/extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) double-staining were used to visualize the biofilm structure and to quantify microbial/extracellular components of the treated biofilms. Species-specific fluorescent in situ hybridization and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were used to analyze microbial composition of the biofilms after treatment.ResultsThe biomass and viability of the biofilms were significantly reduced after CPH toothpaste treatment. The inhibitory effect was further confirmed by the live/dead staining. The EPS amounts of the three-species biofilm were significantly reduced by CCP and CPH treatments, and CPH toothpaste demonstrated significant inhibition on EPS production. More importantly, CPH toothpaste significantly suppressed S. mutans and P. gingvalis, and enriched S. sanguinis in the three-species biofilm. In all experiments CPH had a significantly greater effect than CCP (p < 0.05) and CCP had a greater effect than PBS (p < 0.05).ConclusionsStannous fluoride-containing toothpaste not only showed better inhibitory effect against oral microbial biofilm, but was also able to modulate microbial composition within multi-species biofilm compared with conventional sodium fluoride-containing toothpaste.     

Plaque growth-inhibiting effects of an abrasive fluoride-chlorhexidine toothpaste and a fluoride toothpaste containing oxidative enzymes

The aim of this 4 times cross-over double-blind clinical trial was to test the plaque-inhibiting effect of 2 fluoride-containing toothpastes. One toothpaste contained 0.8% chlorhexidine together with amine fluoride (0.1% F degrees) and a suitable abrasive agent. The other contained 1.7 U/g glucose oxidase and 8.0 U/g amyloglucosidase, added to an amine fluoride (0.1% F degrees) toothpaste. 1% Hibitane dental gel was used as a positive and a conventional fluoride toothpaste (Vademecum MFP Fluor) as a negative control. 9 dental students, in a randomized sequence, applied the 4 dentifrices twice daily from Monday afternoon to Friday morning with cap splints, designed to cover the teeth and about 2 mm of gingiva. No other oral hygiene measures were allowed during the 4 test periods. On Fridays, the teeth were cleaned professionally and good oral hygiene was maintained during the week-ends. At the beginning and at the end of each test period, per student plaque thickness was recorded using the plaque index, the visible plaque index, and plaque fresh weight as parameters, and the area of plaque as related to the area of the tooth surface was recorded planimetrically and according to the PLQ index. The best plaque growth-inhibiting effect was recorded for the positive control (CHX) with the test chlorhexidine toothpaste (TX) as next best. The enzyme-containing toothpaste (TE) did not differ significantly from the negative control (C). All the significant differences in anti-plaque effect between the 4 toothpastes were obtained by recordings of plaque thickness and none on the basis of area of plaque.     

Contact stomatitis caused by toothpaste

A clear association between the use of cinnamaldehyde containing toothpaste and inflammation of the lips, labial mucosa, and gingivae is described in a 59-year-old man. The sensitivity reaction was verified by patch testing with cinnamaldehyde.     

The rational use of fluoride toothpaste

Well-formulated fluoride toothpastes are clinically proven to prevent and control dental caries. They may also be a risk factor in the aetiology of dental fluorosis. This review considers the available evidence to support the appropriate use of fluoride toothpaste to maximise the benefit and minimise the risk. Three factors have an important influence on the anticaries efficacy of fluoride toothpaste, namely concentration, frequency of brushing and post brushing rinsing behaviour. The evidence suggests that low-fluoride (<600 ppm F) toothpastes provide less caries protection than standard (1,000 ppm F) or high (1,500 ppm F) concentration formulations. However, low-fluoride toothpastes are appropriate for very young children (under 7 years) at low caries risk, particularly if living in fluoridated areas. For other young children, higher concentrations of fluoride should be used. Brushing should be recommended twice daily, whilst rinsing with large volumes of water should be discouraged. Small amounts of toothpaste are comparable in efficacy to large amounts. The risk of fluorosis is associated with the ingestion of high doses of fluoride during tooth development and consequently only young children are at risk. The variability in the dose of fluoride ingested is mainly a function of the amount used, less so its concentration. To minimise fluorosis risk, parents should be advised to use only a pea-sized amount of toothpaste and encourage spitting out of excess. It is concluded that by using fluoride toothpastes appropriately, the benefits can be maximised and the risks of fluorosis minimised.     

牙膏磨擦剂的清洁作用和牙齿磨损--牙膏磨擦剂对牙齿磨损和清洁效果的影响及研究进展Ⅱ

牙膏在作为口腔保健用品的同时有可能造成牙齿的磨损。本文就磨擦剂对牙齿的清洁作用和对牙齿的磨损影响，以及牙齿磨损的研究方法和标准等三个方面进行了综述。     

Abrasion of restorative materials by toothpaste

The procedure developed in this investigation is suitable for determining the abrasion resistance of restorative materials to toothbrush/dentifrice abrasion. Ideally, a restoration should have an abrasion resistance similar to that of enamel. Of the materials tested, gold was the only one that wore slightly less than enamel, whilst amalgam wore almost twice as quickly. The silicate material and composites (excluding TD.71) wear away 2-4 times faster than enamel. TD.71 and especially the unfilled resin exhibited very high rates of abrasion. After prolonged toothbrush/dentifrice abrasion, the surfaces of gold and amalgam were considerably smoother than those of the silicate and composite materials.